Silica

Waayo, xubno ka kiimikada tirada qaaradda 14, waa in koox miiska wareegsan IV ee muddada 3 iyo III taxane, la abuuri karaa laba oxides Silicon, oo ka kooban laba cunsur Si iyo O:

• monoxide Silicon, kuna waari dhexdeeda Si waa divalent, waxaa formula kiimikada okisda matali karaa sida SiO;
• silica - waa Silicon xabagta ugu sarreeya oo Si waa tetravalent, ay formula kiimikada, waxaa qoran sida SiO2.

Silicon (IV) xabagta muuqaalka waa kiristaalo hufan. cufnaanta ee SiO2 Shurako 2.648 g / cm³. walaxda dhalaalayaa kala duwan heerkulka ka 1600 si ay u 1725 ° C a, booguhu waxay at 2230 ° C.

SiO2 xabagta Silicon ayaa lagu yaqaanaa in ay engegnaantaada iyo xoog tan iyo wakhtiyadii hore, ugu badan ee dabiiciga ah sida cammuudda ama quartz, iyo sidoo kale in derbiyada unug oo ka mid ah diatoms. walax waxa uu leeyahay polymorphs badan, inta badan laga helay laba nooc:

• Crystal - quartz ah macdanta dabiiciga ah iyo noocyo ay (khalkedoon, crystal ayaa dhagaxayga weyn, yasbid, iyo agate, dhagaxmadow); Quartz waa ku saleysan ee ciid quartz, waa waxyaabo muhiim ah dhismaha iyo alaabta ceeriin ee warshadaha silicate;
• amorphous waxay dhacdaa iyada oo qaab-dhismeedka Opal macdanta dabiiciga ah taas oo lagu tilmaami karo by caanaha SiO2 • nH2O; Foomamka cammuud ah SiO2 amorphous yihiin Tripoli (bur dhagax weyn, oo dhulka diatomaceous) ama dhulka diatomaceous; dardaro silica ammooniya amorphous - waa silica, taas oo laga sameeyey metasilicate sodium.

xabagta Silicon SiO2 waa xabagta ah acidic. factor waxaa la go'aaminaya guryaha kiimikada ay.

Fluorine sameynayso la Silicon dioxide: SiO2 + 4F → SiF4 + O2 si ay u sameeyaan gaaska tetrafluoride Silicon midab iyo oxygen, halka gaasas kale (halogens Cl2, Br2, I2) ka jawaabaan firfircoon ka yar.

Silicon xabagta IV waxaa ka jawaabay hydrofluoric acid si aad u hesho fluorosilicic acid: SiO2 + 6HF → H2SiF6 + 2H2O . hantida waxaa loo isticmaalaa in industry Semiconductor ah.

Silicon (IV) xabagta kala diri ee la shubay ama kulul ku urursan alkali si ay u sameeyaan silicate sodium ah: 2NaOH + SiO2 → Na2SiO3 + H2O.

Silicon dioxide sameynayso la oxides biraha aasaasiga ah (tus, oxides of sodium, potassium, lead (II), ama isku dar ah ee xabagta zinc oo loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka galaas). Tusaale ahaan, dareen-celinta ah ee xabagta sodium iyo SiO2, natiijo taas la abuuri karaa: sodium orthosilicate 2Na2O + SiO2 → Na4SiO4, sodium silicate Na2O + SiO2 → Na2SiO3, iyo galaas Na2O + 6SiO2 + XO → Na2O: XO: 6SiO2. Tusaalooyinka galaas sida isagoo qiimaha ganacsiga, waa muraayad soda-lime, galaas borosilicate, muraayadda sunta rasaasta.

dioxide Silicon at heerkulka sare, waxaa ka jawaabay Silicon ah, taasoo keentay in monoxide oo iskiis: Si + SiO2 → 2SiO ↑.

Inta badan, SiO2 silica loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee Silicon aasaaska. Geedi socodka ah ee la dhexgalo baxa carbon aasaaska heerkulka sare ee foornada dabka ah oo koronto, 2C + SiO2 → Si + 2CO. Waa tamar arrin degdeg ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay alaabta loo isticmaalo farshaxanka Semiconductor ee soo saarta unugyada cadceedda (tamarta iftiinkooda waa loo beddelay korontada). Sidoo kale Si saafi ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa in ganacsiga birta ah (ee wax soo saarka ee steel kulaylka u adkaysta iyo Silicon acid u adkaysta). The sidaas heli Silicon aasaaska lagama maarmaanka ah si aad u hesho dioxide ah Silicon nadiif ah, taas oo muhiim u ah tiro ka mid ah warshadaha. SiO2 Dabiiciga ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa foomka of ciid in kuwa warshadaha aan u baahnayn in ay ka khayroon daahirnimo sare.

Neefsasho jar budada ah ciidda SiO2 crystalline, xataa in tiro aad u yar (ilaa 0.1 mg / m³), la sharxi boronkiitada ama kansarka horumariyaan karaan waqti kasta. Boorka noqdo khatar ah haddii ay gala sambabada, si joogto ah iyaga wax aad looga xumaado, sidaas yareynta shaqadooda. In aadanaha, xabagta Silicon ee foomka of Qurub crystalline aan la kala diri muddo Caafimaad ahaan la xiriira gudahood. saamayn Tani waxay abuuri kartaa khatarta cudurada shaqada la siiyo dadka qaba qalabka sandblasting ama wax soo saarka kuwaas oo ka kooban budada silica crystalline ka shaqeeya. Children, xiiqda qaba da 'kasta oo ay dhibaatadu ka xasaasiyad, iyo sidoo kale dadka waayeelka ah si dhakhso ah xanuunsato karo.