Shuqullada Gorky: liis dhamaystiran. Maxim Gorky: shuqullada hore taataabtay

The qoraaga weyn Ruush Maxim Gorky (Peshkov Aleksey Maksimovich) waxa uu ku dhashay March 16, 1868 ee Nizhny Novgorod - dhinteen June 18, 1936 in Gorki. At da'da hore, "Waxaan u baxay inuu dadka", in erayada uu u gaar ah. Waxa uu adag ku noolaa, la seexday raranta ka mid ah urur bayna, ambaday, kala gooyey by gabal marmar oo kibis ah. Wuxuu qabtay dhuleed baaxad, booqday Don, in Ukraine, ee gobolka Volga ah, ee xagga koonfureed oo reer Bessarabia, Caucasus iyo Crimea.

laga bilaabo

Ka qayb qaatay hawlaha bulshada iyo siyaasadda, taas oo uu si joogta ah ayaa loo xiray. In 1906 wuxuu dibadda u baxay, halkaas oo uu noqday guul ah shuqulladoodu qoro. By 1910, Gorky noqday caan ah, shuqulkiisuna waa dan weyn. Horaantii, 1904, waxaan bilaabay in ay ka baxaan articles muhiim ah, ka dibna buugga "The qadhaadh". Shuqullada Gorky siyaasiyiinta iyo dadka caanka ah ee danaynaya. Qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah waxay dareemeen in qoraa waa mid aad u free dhaqmo dhacdooyinka ka dhacaya dalka. in ku qoray Maxim Gorky oo dhan, u shaqeeya masraxa ama maqaalo saxaafadda, sheekooyin gaagaaban, ama multi-story, noqnoqonayey oo waxaa inta badan la socda bannaanbaxyo dawladda ka soo horjeeda. Intii lagu guda jiray dagaalkii 1aad World, qoraaga qaaday mawqifka bayaan anti-militarist. Revolution ee 1917, sanadkii la soo kulmay xamaasad, iyo gurigiisa ku yaal Petrograd galay ayey doorasho ah siyaasiyiinta u soo jeestay. Inta badan, Maxim Gorky, shuqulladiisa oo ku noqotay mid ku sii mariyo, sameeyaa iyadoo dib u eegista ee uu shaqada u gaar ah si looga fogaado khaldan.

dibadda

In 1921, qoraaga dibadda si loogu soo daweeyo diray. Muddo saddex sannadood, Maxim Gorky ku noolaa Helsinki, Prague iyo Berlin, ka dibna u dhaqaaqay Italy iyo nagaadeen Sorrento. Waxaa uu bilaabay inuu daabaco-qorka uu ku saabsan Lenin. In 1925 wuxuu warqadihii ku qoray sheeko ah "The Business Artamonov". All shuqullada Gorky waagaas ayaa la siyaasadeeyo.

Ku noqo Russia

1928 noqday hal dhibic ka jeestay for Gorky. At martiqaad ee Stalin, wuxuu ku Russia iyo dhammaan bil ka qaadista iyo magaalo ilaa magaalo ayaad ku soo laabtay, ka hor tago dadka, bartaan guulaha ee warshadaha, daawanaya dhismaha sida hantiwadaagga yeesho. Markaas Maxim Gorky tagay Italy. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in soo socda (1929), qoraa mar kale u yimid inuu Russia iyo waqtigan booqday Camp Ujeeddo Gaar ah Solovki. Rogaal sidaas baxo aad u wanaagsan. On safar this Gorky ku xusan Alexander Solzhenitsyn in uu novel "Gulag Jasiiradaha The."

soo laabtay kama dambaysta ah ee qoraaga ee Midowga Soofiyeeti ka dhacay October 1932. Tan iyo waqti in Gorky ku nool a hore Ryabushinsky guri nagaadi on Spiridonovka, at uu dacha in Gorki, iyo tagaa on fasax ee Crimean ah.

Congress First of Writers

markii qaar ka mid ah ka dib, qoraa helo amar siyaasadeed ka Stalin, bal yaa isaga u dhiibtay diyaarinta Congress 1aad ee Soviet Writers. In iftiinka codsigan, Maxim Gorky abuuraa dhowr wargeysyada iyo majaladaha cusub, soo saarta taxane ah oo buugaag ku saabsan taariikhda warshadaha Soviet, dagaal sokeeye iyo dhacdooyinka kale ee muddada Soviet. Isla mar ahaantaana uu u qoray play ah "Yegor Bulychev iyo Qaar kale", "qeybaha iyo kuwa kale." shuqullada Qaar ka mid ah Gorky, qoraal hore, ay sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa in diyaarinta Congress koowaad ee Writers, kaas oo ka dhacay August 1934. At Congress ka, inta badan wax looga qabto arrimaha urureed, ayaa loo doortay hogaaminta mustaqbalka ee Midowga Soofiyeeti Writers, abuuray qaybaha suugaanta by sifayn. shuqullada Gorky ayaa sidoo kale bixisay dareenka ee Congress 1aad ee Writers, si kastaba ha ahaatee, loo doortay guddoomiyaha guddida. Guud ahaan, haddii ay dhacdo waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay guul, iyo Stalin shakhsi ahaan uga mahadceliyay Maksima Gorkogo ay shuqulkiisa u sameeyaan badan dhala.

caan

Gorky, shuqulladiisa oo sanadihii la soo dhaafay ay sababtay muran qadhaadh dhex intelligentsia ah, isku dayeen in ay ka qayb qaataan doodda buugaagta iyo gaar ahaan reer Riwaayado. Muddo markii la joogaba qoraaga inay ka qayb galaan tiyaatarka, halkaas oo uu arki karin naftooda in dadkaasi aanay ku taag daran oo uu shaqada. Indeed badan qoraa Maxim Gorky, shuqulladiisa oo la fahamsan yahay ninka caadiga ah, wuxuu noqday kaari ah nolol cusub. dhageystayaasha Tiyaatarka baxay inuu show ah dhowr jeer, akhriska iyo akhriyo buugga.

shaqada Early jaceyl qadhaadh

shaqada qora waxa loo qaybin karaa dhowr qaybood. shuqullada hore Gorky waa jaceyl, xataa dhisan caadifad. Iyagu ma ay dareemeen rigidity ee dareenka siyaasadeed, kuwaas oo lagu cufay la sheekooyinka ka dib iyo tixaha qoraa.

Sheekadiisa gaaban qoraa ugu horeysay "Makar Chudra" - a jacayl soo Dagdagaysa socoto. Ma aha sidaas Dagdagaysa in "jacayl yimid oo way iska tageen", laakiin sababta oo ah waxa soconayay oo keliya hal habeen, oo aan hal taabasho. Waxaan ku noolaa jacayl qubeyska aan taabashada jidhka. Markaas gabadha ayaa ka soo gaartay mid ka mid ah u jeclaaday ayaa ku dhintay a Baarlamaanka socoto kuwa kibirka leh, raaceen isaga qudhiisu by loiko zobar - wada dhoofeen oo dhan samada, gacanta ee gacanta.

Sheekada oo heer sare ah, sheeko xoog cajiib ah. Sheekada "Makar Chudra" waxa uu ahaa sanado badan astaanta of Maksima Gorkogo, ayaa degan meesha ugu horeysa ee "shuqullada hore ee Gorky."

Writer shaqo badan dhal badan ee uu dhalinyarada. shaqada Early jaceyl qadhaadh - taxane ah oo sheekooyin, characters oo ahaa Danko, Sokol, Tchelkache iyo kuwa kale.

sheeko gaaban oo ku saabsan Fadilmo ruuxiga ah ee ka dhigaysa waxaad la Yaabteen. "Chelkash" - sheekada nin caadi ah, siday a dareen bilicsanaanta sare. Baxso guriga, vagrancy, looga hirgelin lahaa in dembi. Kulan laba - mid ku hawlan caadi ah, kiis kale oo hoggaamineed. Hinaaso, aaminaad, rabitaankooda in ay subservience kuwa is-hoosaysiiya, cabsi iyo Gavrila subservience soo horjeeda u dhiirranow, isku kalsooni, jacayl xorriyadda Chelkash. Si kastaba ha ahaatee bulshada Chelkash uma baahna, sida ka soo horjeeda Gavrila. pathos Romantic isku maran la naxdin leh ka. Description of nooca sheekada waxaa sidoo kale gelinayo ilxidh ka hindiga ee.

In sheekada "Makar Chudra", "Old Isergil" iyo ugu dambayntii, in "The Song of Falcon ah" ogan dhiirogelin "waalli ah geesi ah." Qoraagu wuxuu Yeela jilayaasha xaaladaha adag ee, ka dibna, iyada oo aan macquulka kasta, iyaga oo keentay in finalka. Dulucda iyo shuqullo xiiso leh qoraaga weyn, in sheekada waa la saadaalin karin.

Farshaxanka Gorky "Old Isergil" wuxuu ka kooban yahay qaybo dhowr ah. qof ka mid ah iyada story hore - oo ahaa ina gorgor iyo qof dumar ah oo kale, Wuuna af-weershe ah Larry soo bandhigay, hadayana jirin, aan awoodi karin dareenkooda sare. Isagu markuu maqlay sika in ciday inay bixiyaan wax ka qaaday qaar ka mid ah ka muujiyay gaalnimo, isagoo sheegay in "waxaan jeclaan lahaa inay ku sii dilkaasi." Dadka way diideen, ayaa cambaareeyay in jabkii. Pride Larry ahaa dilaa ah isaga.

Danko ma ku faani ka yar, laakiin wuxuu loola jeedaa dadka qaba jacaylka. Sidaas daraaddeed soo saarta xoriyad loo baahan yahay si aad u rumaysataan qabiil. In kasta oo hanjabaad shakiya in uu awoodo in uu hoggaamiyo qabiil ee kaynta primeval, hoggaamiye dhallinyarada sii jidka, dadka jiidaya weheliyaan. Oo markii ciidamada oo dhammu waxay ahaayeen on wane, iyo kaynta kuma dhammaanayo, Danko goysay laabta, ka qaaday qalbiga wax gubaya ololkiis, iyo kor u shiday Jidka in iyagii ku hoggaamiyey inay banaanka. dalka Gaalnimo badane, baxsanaya xorriyadda, xitaa ma fiirin jihada of Danko, markii uu burburay oo ku dhintay. Dadka cararay, jarka tuntay wadnaha ololaya oo waxay ku firdheen dhimbiiluhu buluug.

shuqullada Romantic ah Gorky tagay calaamad ah tirtiri karin qalbigayga. Readers damqadaan iyaga geesiyaal ah, aan la saadaalin Karin ee dhagarta ku hayaa xiisadda, iyo dhamaad yahay inta badan aan la filayn. Ka sokow shuqullada taataabtay ee Gorky ku kala duwan yihiin anshax qoto dheer in unobtrusive, laakiin waxa ay taasi waxaad la Yaabteen.

theme ee xorriyadda shakhsiga taliso in shuqullada hore ee qoraaga. Heroes ee Gorky xorriyadda-jecel iyo xataa ayaa diyaar u ah inuu naftiisa, waayo xaq u leedahay inaad doorato aayahooda.

gabay "Geeri iyo xaasnimada ka" The - tusaale cad is-allabari magaca jacayl. Young, ka buuxda nolosha iyadu waa inay geerida ka qabtaan, hal habeen jacaylka. Waxay diyaar u yahay inuu dhinto oo aan qoomamayso subaxdii, oo kaliya in ay mar kale la kulmo aad ugu jeceshahay.

King, kuwaas oo isu arkaa dhan-awooda badan, ifaysay ee gabadha si uu u dhinto oo kaliya sababtoo ah, soo laabtay ka dagaalka, in niyadda xun oo isna ma uu iyada jeclaan qosli faraxsan. Dhimasho ugama uu lexejeclaan Love, weli waxay ahayd nool iyo "caato la scythe ah," waxa uu ahaa mar hore ee waxa uu leeyahay awood u lahayn.

Nasjonalromantiske sidoo kale goob joog in "The Song of Petrel dabayla ah." shimbir kuwa kibirka waa lacag la'aan, waa sida hillaac madow, dhexda u Caraabaah oo ah cirradiisa badda iyo daruuraha ka soo laalaadeen ka badan hirarka badda. Ha duufaan dubkiisa oo xoog, shimbir geesi ayaa diyaar u ah in ay la dagaallamaan. pingvin A waa muhiim si ay u qariyaan baruurta jidhka dhagaxyada dhexdooda, uu leeyahay aragti duwan xagga duufaanka - iyadoo aan loo eegayn baadad sida qooyay.

Man shuqulladiisa Gorky ee

Gaarka ah, cilmi nafsiga khiyaano Maksima Gorkogo joogo in sheekooyinka oo dhan waxaa mar kasta loo xilsaaray doorka ugu weyn ee qof this. Xitaa shanqadh hoy la'aan, characters flophouse, iyo waxay waxaa lagu soo bandhigay in ay qoraa sida muwaadiniinta ixtiraamo ah, inkastoo ay dhibaatada haysata. Ninka in shuqullada Gorky saaray safka hore, wax kasta oo kale waa kuwa sare - dhacdooyinka ku tilmaamay, xaaladda siyaasadeed, xitaa falalka meydadka gobolka yihiin ee asalka ah.

Gorky novella "Childhood"

Qoraagu wuxuu ku sheegayaa sheeko nolosha wiilka Aleshi Peshkova, sida haddii ay wakiil u gaar ah. Sheekada Cheerless bilaabmaa dhimasho aabbihiis iyo dhimasho darafyadiisa oo hooyadiis. Left agoon ah, wiil ka uu awoowe, maalin ka dib markii aaska hooyadiis maqlay: "Waxaad ma tahay billad qoortay ii saaran yihiin in ay kaa soo deldeli Waajib ma aha in ... Tag-ka inaad dadka ...". Oo eryay.

Sidaas dhamaado shaqada ah Gorky ee "Childhood". Iyo dhexe waxa ay ahayd dhawr sano nolosha guriga uu awoowe, Lulaa nin jir yar, kuwaas oo loo isticmaalo in lagu Saturday Gana qof kuwaas oo ahaa taagta daran isaga ka badan karbaash. awoowe A liita ee awoodda kaliya by dhaleen, oo uu ku nool guriga, wuxuu ku garaacday ay backhand, oo gashanno hubka keydka.

Aleksey Ros, oo ay taageerayaan hooyadiis, iyo guriga ayaa aad u dhegaysanayay nacayb ceeryaanta qarada waaweyn oo dhan oo dhan. Eedadaa, dhexdoodana way isu diriray, hanjabeen uu awoowe in ay garaaci doonto ilma adeer ah cabbay, iyo naagahoodiiba, way awoodi waayeen in ay dhalaan. Alyosha isku dayeen in ay saaxiibbo wiilasha xaafada noqdaan, laakiin waalidka iyo qaraabada kale ay ahaayeen xiriir adag oo kale oo leh uu awoowe, ayeeyo iyo hooyadiis in carruurta xiriiri karaa oo keliya iyada oo god xayndaabka.

"Moolkeeda Hoose"

In 1902, Gorky jeestay mawduuca falsafada. Wuxuu u abuuray play ah oo ku saabsan dadka, by qaddar u degay hoose ee bulshada Ruush. Dhowr characters, dadka deggan guriga doss ah, qoraaga sketched xaqiiq ah naxdinta leh. In xarunta of sheeko dadka guri la'aan ayaa qarka u saaran kuwo Quusan. Qof uu ka fakarayo isdaldalid, qof kale ayaa rajeynaya ugu fiican. wax soo saarka ee Maxim Gorky "guntiisa hoose" - sawir cad ee ammaan-darrada bulshada iyo qoyska ee bulshada, inta badan beddelin musiibo.

Milkiilaha doss-guriga Mihail Ivanovich Kostylev oo nool oo aan ogayn in uu nolosha waxaa si joogto ah loogu hanjabay. Xaaskiisa Vasilisa sasabayo oo mid ka mid ah martida - Vaska Pepel - si ay ninkeeda dilaan. Tani waxay sidoo kale dhamaado tuug Vaska dila Kostyleva oo la geeyo xabsiga. Inta kale ee deggan guri doss weli ku nool yihiin jawi diyaafadda kuwa sakhraanka ah oo dagaal lagu hoobtay.

Muddo ka dib, waxaa jira a Luke kubadsameeyaha qaarkood iyo chatterbox ah. Waxa uu "qabanaysa", tuura, waa sheekada dheer, ballan mustaqbalka aan kala sooc lahayn ku faraxsan yahay iyo barwaaqo buuxda. Markaas Luke baaba'aa, iyo dadkii oo nasiib-darro ah, kii uu ku dhiirri-galiyay, at khasaaro ah. Waxaa jiray niyad jab aad u daran. Afartan guri la'aan, naaneeso Aktarka ka go'an ismiidaamin ah. Kuwa kale kama aad fogid ka.

guriga Doss sida calaamad u ah ismariwaagii bulshada Ruush dhamaadka qarnigii XIX ah, cudurku si bulshada u dejisey.

Hal-abuurka Maksima Gorkogo

• "Makar Chudra" - sanadka 1892. Sheekada A ee jacaylka iyo musiibo.
• "Awoowe Arkhip iyo Lenka" - 1893. Miskiinkii oday buka, oo waxaa isaga la awow u ahaa Lenka, wiil dhalinyaro ah. awoowe First isma hor taagi belaayooyinkiinnii iyo dhinto, uu markaas dhinto awoowe. dadka Good aasay shilalka waddada.
• "Old Isergil" - 1895. sheekooyin Dhawr ka mid ah qof dumar ah oo duug ah oo ku saabsan anaanimada iyo aqan.
• "Chelkash" - 1895. Sheekadu waxay ku saabsan "sakhraan ah naaneys, oo xariif ah, tuug dhicin."
• "Lammaanaha Eagles" - 1897. Sheekada A ah oo ku saabsan labo gablan guursatay, kuwaas oo go'aansaday in ay caawiyaan dadka buka.
• "Konovalov" - 1898. sheeko ku saabsan sida cell xabsi deldelay Aleksandr Ivanovich Konovalov, kuwaas oo lagu xiray vagrancy.
• "Foma lageliyay" - 1899. SHEEKADII dhacdooyinka dhamaadka qarnigii XIX ah, kaas oo ka dhacay magaalada Volga ah. About wiil la odhan jiray Thomas, kuwaas oo la rumaysan yahay in uu tuug oo heer sare aabbihiis.
• "Falastiin" - 1901. Story of a xididdada reer Falastiin iyo isbeddellada cusub ee ka dambeeya waqtiga.
• "Qeybta hoose" - 1902. play mariyo Ba'an oo ku saabsan dadka guri la'aanta kuwaas oo waayey rajo oo dhan.
• "Hooyo" - sanadka 1906. Roman on theme ee caadifo kacaan bulshada oo ku saabsan dhacdooyinka ka dhacaya warshad wax soo saarka gudahood, iyadoo ka qaybgalka ee xubnaha ka mid ah qoyska.
• "Vassa Zheleznov" - 1910. play A ku saabsan naagtii dhallinyaro ah 42-sano jir ah, milkiilaha shirkadda maraakiibta, xoog iyo awood badan.
• "Childhood" - 1913. SHEEKADII wiil fudud oo ma aha nolol sahlan.
• "Warkii Italy" - 1913. taxane ah oo sheekooyin gaagaaban oo ku saabsan nolosha ee magaalooyinka dalka Talyaaniga.
• "Xaraaradda-ilqabad The" - 1913. A yar oo sheeko ku saabsan qoyska si qoto dheer ku faraxsanayn.
• "Dadka" - 1914. Sheekada A ku saabsan gofer ah ee dukaanka kabaha rayn.
• "Jaamacadaha My" - 1923. SHEEKADII University Kazan iyo arday.
• "Blue Life" - 1924. Sheekada A ku saabsan riyooyin iyo duni.
• "Artamonov Business" - 1925. SHEEKADII dhacdooyinka ka dhacaya dhar leh tolmo wanaagsan warshad ah.
• "Life Klim Samgin" - 1936. Dhacdooyinka laga bilaabo qarnigii XX - Petersburg, Moscow, xiratay.

Mid kasta oo ka akhrisan sheeko, sheeko ama sheeko ah, ka baxo aragti of a art suugaanta sare. characters lagu qaado qaar ka mid ah sifooyinka iyo sifooyinka gaarka ah. Falanqaynta shaqeeya qadhaadh waxay ku lug leedahay sifooyinka dhamaystiran characters si gooni gooni ah u raacay. si qoto dheer ee sheeko ah isku weheliso qalabka suugaanta adag laakiin la fahmi karo. All shuqullada qoraa Ruush weyn Maksima Gorkogo galay fund ee dahab ah oo dhaqanka Ruushka.