Sarreen Winter: noocyo sii kordhaya, processing iyo

sarreen Winter - dalagga cuntada qiimo leh. Waraabka abuuraa xaalad wanaagsan kobaca habboon iyo horumarka caadiga ah iyo in la hagaajiyo ay hardiness, kaas oo bixiya koboca dhirta wanaagsan.

sarreen Winter: waxaa macquul ah ee wax-soosaarkooda sare

Dalbashada teknoolajiyada degdegga ah ee UK u koraan celcelis ahaan 69,56 t / ha oo sarreen ah, halka Netherlands - 81.2 c / ha. beeraha badan oo caan ah si technology beerista sarreen ah jiilaalka degdeg ah, soo saaray dhulka waraabka wax-soosaarkooda deggan 60 ama xitaa 70 quintals halkii hektar. goosashada ugu sarreeya gaadhay 92.4 centners halkii hektar.

Under xaaladaha cimilada wanaagsan beero-iyo-lagu xad ka heli kartaa dhalidda qaali. sarreen Winter dareensan wanaagsan ee dalalkan waraabka - siinayaa beergooyska ilaa boqol kiilo halkii hektar. dhaqanka ayaa waxaa la waraabiyo in meerto dalagga ayaa sidoo kale koray on Shiiloh ama feed a cagaar iyo xoreeyay ka dib marka la isticmaalo ka dib markii jarida degaanka hoos dalagga firileyda, khudaarta iyo dhirta calafka xoolaha.

Tilmaamo Biological oo sarreen ah jiilaalka

cawska oo sarreen ah iska leh qoyska, jiilaalka waxa uu siiyaa geedo, duurka iyo waddaa Adkaan dayrta. Ka dib markii overwintering dhirta horumarinta sii. Waxaa bilaabmaa kaladuwan ee dhibic sii kordhaysa. Its koritaanka xoog ku xiran yahay xoogga caleemaha iyo xididdada content biyaha ee unugyada. biyo u damaysay Full lagama maarmaanka u ah si ay u ilaaliyaan unugyada ay turgor taagay, la kordhiyo tirada uurjiifka dhagaha mustaqbalka. Tani waa muddo aad u muhiim u ah nolosha geedka. Muddada muhiim u ah nolosha oo sarreen ah jiilaalka kordhiyay ka bixitaanka tube in bisil jėrto ah.

waraabinta SNMna Early hor spikelets saareen waxay kordhisaa tirada badar, iyo waraabiyo ubaxa bilowga dhismaha kordhiyaa tirada ubaxa horumariyo. Inta lagu guda jiro ubax iyo dheddiga marka maqalka dhirta neefsashada iyo qashinka walxaha organic, dhirta ayaa si gaar ah dareen u kululaado iyo dabaylo kulul. in muddo this heerkulka hawada baxsad si mug leh waa 14-19 ° C, at 35 ° C dhirta waxaa si weyn hoos u dhalid photosynthesis waa la dhimay ilaa 20, iyo 40 ° C - 50%. Sidoo kale u dhaqmo qoyaan si xun u hooseeyo iyo dabayl qalalan. Koraaya oo sarreen ah jiilaalka on asalka ah ee gaadhista heerkulka sare iyo huurka ah u baahan fiiro.

Bacarimiso sarreen ah jiilaalka

sarreen Winter waa si caddaalad ah muddo dheer muddo Dhirta, waxay u saamaxdaa iyada inay si buuxda u isticmaalaan nafaqooyinka ciidda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baahida loo qabo in bateriga, iyadu waa kala duwan, waxay ku xiran tahay muddada koritaanka geedka. Sidaa darteed, unugyada labka iyo dheddiga sarreen ah jiilaalka guga waa ku haboon.

Nitrogen waa muhiim inta lagu guda jiro xilli sii kordhaysa, laakiin ugu culus waxaa la nuugo by dhirta in weji, marka uu ka tago gelin tube iyo dhegaha. Bacarimiso sarreen ah jiilaalka waa muhiim in guga hore, waxay ahayd waqti this sabab u ah heerkulka hoose iyo geedi socodka ay suurto gal nitrification ciidda loo baajiyey waa la baabi'iyay karaan, iyo xashiyihii biyaha iska nitrogen amooniyam ee lakabyada ay dubka sare ee carrada, dhirta la kulmi karaan gaajo nitrogen xataa si fiican-in carradu ay. Tani waxay fasireysaa natiijada waxqabadka sare markii bacarimiso sarreen ah jiilaalka guga si sax ah u qaadeen.

Inta lagu jiro biqilka iyo horumarinta hore ee sarreenka ugu muuqataa dalabka badan ee nafaqada fosfooraska, waxaa kobciyaa horumarka caadiga ah ee nidaamka xididka. Iyada oo qoyaan wanaagsan xididdada helitaanka geli karin dayrta si qoto dheer ah 1 mitir, taas oo kor u hardiness oo sarreen ah jiilaalka. Fosfooraska xoojisaa heerka uu ku kaladuwan yihiin iyo tiro badan oo ah miraha halkii dhegta. la'aanta waxaa ka mid ah bilowga ah ee koritaanka aan la magdhow karo by bixinta mid ka mid ah bacriminta warshad this taariikh dambe.

khasaare The of potassium si fudud digestible ee ciidda lagu jiro mudada tan iyo bilowgii koritaanka in ubax natiijada sarreen ah in ay goosato weyn ee koritaanka dhirta ay goosato koritaanka dhirta - ay u noqdaan kuwo u nugul kala duwanaansho ah ee heerkulka iyo qoyaanka ciidda. bixinta ku filan ee fosfooraska, dhirta iyo potassium dayrta kordhiyaa hardiness ah oo sarreen ah jiilaalka, iyo sahayda ku filan oo nitrogen kordhisaa content ee borotiin ah ee hadhuudhka. xad-dhaaf ah ee qoyaanka ciidda dambe, iyo sidoo kale xad-dhaaf ah, taasoo keentay in beeri hoydo.

sarreen ah jiilaalka

Gobollada leeyihiin breeders mar walba hab u gaar ah. Noocyo oo sarreen ah jiilaalka koray ka yar waraabinta waa in la calaamadeeyay jawaab u bacrimin sare, qoyaan oo dheeraad ah oo ciidda iyo sidoo kale iska caabin ah inay u hoydaan iyo cudurada fangas.

Best sarreenka yihiin brown iyo madow ciidda dhulka ee ay ka sameysan yahay, celcelis ahaan, tuulista wanaagsan. Taasi waa sarreen ah jiilaalka, dalbanayaan in carradu. Haboonayn, waayo - cusbayn, compaction iyo dhulal. kala duwan oo casri ah oo sarreen ah jiilaalka, waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku xiran tahay gobolka, kuwa soo socda:

• Tarasovskaya bristlecone - cultured gobollada Voronezh iyo Rostov.
• Rosinka Tarasovskaya - noocyo kala duwan oo sare dhala.
• Prestige - meelaha la dhaxan goor dambe (gobolka Volga ah, ee Jamhuuriyadda North Caucasus).
• Severodonetsk yubilii (koray on Kuban, Krasnodar, Rostov on dalalkii Waqooyiga Caucasus).
• Spring Tarasovskiy - waxaa lagu beero koonfurta.
• August - noocyo abaarta u adkaysta ah.
• Guddoomiyaha Don.
• Don 105.
• Kamyshanka-3 - waa kaymo ee Volga Hoose.
• Nemchinovskaya-57 iyo 24.
• Moscow, 39 iyo 56.
• Galina.

fasalka ugu danbeysay ee liiska la rijeynaya in Black Earth, ay hadhuudh leeyahay tayo dubista sare.

bacrimin sarreen ah jiilaalka

Iyadoo codsiga saxda ah ee Bacriminta in goosashada beeraha waraabka kordhay min 40 ilaa 70%. Bacrimin sarreenka jiilaalka si weyn loo kordhiyo tayada dhalidda iyo hadhuudh ah. In ka tijaabo ah Institute of beeraha on dalagga dhulka la waraabiyo oo sarreen ah jiilaalka kor uga 28.3 in 51.9 quintals halkii hektar.

Kororka dhalidda ka heerka aan fiicnayn oo bacrimin nitrogen ee koonfurta dalka ayaa ahaa 10-10,6, ka phosphate - 1.2-1.6, iyo by ay tallaabo wadajir ah - 12,1-16,9 t / ga.To waxaa sarreenka qaboobaha siyaabo kala duwan u leh baytariyo shaqsi. Dhamaadka saynisyahano, Bacriminta potash waa in la sameeyaa oo keliya marka ciidda ka yar 300 mg / kg of potassium mobile.

Rate of bacriminta loo xisaabiyaa hab dheelitirka, oo ku salaysan heerka beergooyska qorsheeyay, helitaanka nafaqada ciidda iyo Wehliyaha ee digestibility dhirta. Dulinka oo sarreen ah jiilaalka si weyn u yaraynaysaa oolnimada isticmaalka bacriminta, yaraynta beergooyska gaaro 12-15%.

reserve muhiim u ah sii kordhaya waxtarka Bacriminta kala duwan oo sarreen ah jiilaalka waa kala dheereynta aad u labisan oo duurka jooga. By xaalad this waa in si taxadir leh loo soo dhawaaday. Bacriminta nitrogen sarreenka qaboobaha waa in la eegista loo isticmaalo, iyada oo la tixgelinayo ciidda iyo cimilada xaaladaha maxalliga ah, iyo sidoo kale bayoolajiga ah noocyo beerayaa, qiimaha wax soo saarka la qorsheeyay.

Marka koray in carradu culus iyo mid dhexdhexaad ah oo leh gogosha aad u qoto dheer oo biyaha dhulka iyo content nitrogen hooseeyo ee ciidda si ay u bacrimin wanaagsan kala qaybsameen - saddex-meelood laba ka mid ah xeerarka aasaasiga ah ee hoos daaweynta, iyo inta kale - ee dhaymo dhamaadka tillering guga.

On carradu iftiinka, iyo sidoo kale culus, biyo dhulka halkii gacmeed khasaare suurto galka ah ee Bacriminta nitrogenous, si 30% heerka sanadlaha ah waa in la isticmaalaa ka yar presowing beerashada, inta kale - in quudinta guga. In meelaha kaydka nitrogen ee ciidda kor u kacay, samaynta bacriminta nitrogen dayrta shaqayn karto sababtoo ah waxa ay keeni karto in ay kordheen geedka, dhagid dalagga. Xaaladaha noocaas ah, 40% ka mid ah heerka sanadlaha ah ee nitrogen waxaa loo isticmaalaa in guga hore, halka 60% - ka dib.

Seynisyahanno ku Germany, Belgium, Great Britain iyo Austria waxay aaminsan yihiin in si aad u hesho 80-95 kg / ha oo sarreen ah jiilaalka Bacriminta nitrogen loo baahnayn ay gacan muddada pre-beeridda, sidaas heerka nitrogen oo dhan waxaa lagu talinayaa in loo qoondeeyo at 3-4 bacrinta, iyo codsiga of Bacriminta waa in ay weheliso hordhaca ah ee fungicides.

Si loo hagaajiyo tayada dalagyada hadhuudhka oo sarreen ah jiilaalka HOL feed in la falo wajiga. In Germany, ka yar oo sarreen ah jiilaalka ka dhigi digada dareere at heerka of 20-30 mitir oo saddex jibbaaran halkii hektar, waxa ka codsan ka hor laga beerto ama inta lagu guda jiro xilli sii kordhaya. Cilmi-baadhayaal jooga France iyo Mareykanka ayaa sheegaya in si aad u hesho dhalidda a of 80 DT / ha daruuri u baahan yihiin isticmaalka biyaha waraabka oo ay la socdaan codsiga foliar of Bacriminta in dareere dhaqanka noocan ah oo adag, taas oo ka kooban macro- iyo nafaqeeyayaalka yar (amayno, mg, Fe, B). sarreen ah jiilaalka Bacarimiso Tani wanaajinaya tayada miraha beeraha iyo in la xaqiijiyo kobaca by 2-6 centners halkii hektar.

sarreen

Habka Cross-beeridda on hektar kasta badbaadiyay 50-60 kg tahay iniinaha oo, la kordhiyo dhalid hadhuudhka marka la barbardhigo ah oo dhoollatus beeridda xiran gaadho toddoba quintals halkii hektar. Sidaa darteed, sarreen beeray cross qaboobaha, xiray oo dhoollatus, suunka iyo razbrosnym siyaabo. Farsamada ugu badan ee caadiga ah - oo leh hayirin of 15 cm, iyadoo raacaysa tramline ah.

Marka beerta waa la fuliyay kala duwan oo sarreen ah jiilaalka semi-kii cilin, waxaa lagu talinayaa in la abuurayo suunka saddex-line ah, kaas oo bixiya la kordhiyo dhalid la abuurayo line marka la barbar dhigo. si fiican u oofiyo iyo seeding jimbaar, oo waxaa lagu fuliyaa leh isku dar ah ee miraha kala duwan cilin oo caadiga ah. Sababo la longline iyo dalagga dhismeedka horumar 10-15% phytoclimate waa soo hagaagtay, taas oo ka dhigaysa dhamaystiran, kharash-ool ah iyo isticmaalka wax soo saar ee kaydka qoyaan, yaraynta saamaynta xun ee heerkulka sare, sidaas sii kordhaya at 8-24% iska caabin ah oo sarreen ah ka gees ah, tusaale ahaan, waa qudhunka xididka.

dalagga oo sarreen ah jiilaalka waa tiirsan markii beero. Maalin kasta nolosha laga badiyay yaraynaysaa dhalidda hadhuudh by 20-60 kg. seeding sarreen ah jiilaalka waa in lagu sameeyo waqti. Gaar ahaan soo maratay yaraynaysaa beeridda dalagga ee October, ka badan wax fal noocyo korotkostebelchatye u baahan xirmin hore. miraha yar yar waa in la beeray gacmeed, iyo ballaaran - qoto dheer. Iskudarka gacmeed galay abuur ciidda fuliyay seeders hawada ama unugyo isku daro, kor arrin koror weyn oo dhalidda ee dalagga.

Seed caadi beeridda mabda 'ku xidhan tahay size kala duwan, farcanka, beero taariikhaha iyo gobolka kordhaya. heerka seeding waa in ay sidoo kale kala ku xiran tahay heerka uu faddarayn duurka.

Daryeelka dalagyada

Daryeelka dalagyada ka mid ah compacting, qabashada Bacarimiso, guga halganka meeydadka la hoydo, iyo sidoo kale caws iyo cayayaanka iyo cudurada kala duwan. Meelaha badan ee haynta barafka barafka waa in la sameeyaa, taas oo hagaajinaysaa dhirta wintering iyo kordhisaa qoyaanka ee kaydka ciidda. daryeelka Spring for dalagga bilaabmaa unugyada labka iyo dheddiga iyo caleemaha meeydadka. In the beeraha, taas waxaa loo diyaariyey waraabka sii kordhaysa, meeydadka waa in la sameeyaa iyada oo la tixgelinayo dabeecadaha network waraabka. In joogitaanka strips waraabiyo waa in meeydadka oo kaliya ay weheliyaan beeridda, ku dhex yaal jeexjeexyada natiijada ugu wanaagsan waxaa laga heli by hoe Rotary meeydadka.

In joogitaanka haramaha ee dalagga ee processing qaboobaha waa in la sameeyaa doogga sarreen ah. Ka hor inta ay u aasaan dalagga waxaa lagu buufiyaa tuubada. Isla muddadaas, dalagga waa in la daaweeyaa ka dhanka ah wax xagta oo budada ah ama miridhku caleen. cudurka oo sarreen ah jiilaalka lagu daaweeyaa daawooyin systemic waa "Bayletonomil" iyo "fundazol".

Haddii dalagga leeyihiin cayayaanka chinch, aphid, safar, piyavitsy, hab loo isticmaalo "Metaphase" ama "phosphamide", 40%. Daryeel Hawlgallada dalagga oo sarreen ah u baahan tahay in la isu geeyo oo iyaga dibadda u bixiya laba ama saddex jeer, taas oo badbaadiyaa lacagta, shaqada iyo waqtiga. dalagyada Processing desirably fuliyay at codsiga waraabinta isku mid ah kuwan wakiilada biyo waraabka ah.

sarreen ah jiilaalka jaban waxay ku xiran tahay xoogga iyo muddada ku hoydo dalagga oo hoos waraabka gaadho 25-50% ee kharashka shaqada, iyo waxay ka dhigan tahay, waayo goosashada koraa saddex jeer, iyo tayada of dalagga waxaa si weyn u dhimay. Codsiga Turan dhulka waraabka daruuri heerka aan fiicnayn ee daroogada waa saddex kg / ha a.i. Daaweynta waxaa lagu fuliyaa inta lagu guda jiro dhamaadka tillering. On cultivars nugul inay u hoydaan, samaynta caadi waaweyn, iyo dhinaca kale ah - yar ah. Qiimeyntu cultivars sarreen ah jiilaalka safar korotkostebelchatyh shaqayn karto.

waraabka

Waraabka - factor ugu weyn ee dhalidda sare oo sarreen ah jiilaalka ee dhammaan gobollada ay beerashada. Kororka hadhuudh waraabka dhalidda - waa technology ee beerashada oo sarreen ah jiilaalka, waxtarka dhaqanka waraabka kordhiyaa oo uu wada-shaqayn la bacrimin ah.

Marka koraya sarreen ah jiilaalka u baahan tahay si ay u bixiyaan qoyaan ciidda si mug leh for biqilka horumarinta dhirta dayrta saaxiibtinimo leh oo caadi ah. Taana waxaa lagu gaarayaa presowing ama waraabinta dhaqanka. Ay muhiimadda kala duwan yihiin qaybaha kala duwan ee beeraha. Goobaha ay roobabka inta badan waa in dayrta iyo barareyso qoto ciidda ilaa guga, xoojinta waraabiyo hoos. Meelaha la dayrta qalalan oo aan ku filnayn, qoyaan ciidda roobabka dayrta waraabinta ayaa muhiim u ah wax-soosaarkooda sare oo sarreen ah jiilaalka.

In la dhiso heerka waraabka qaadan waa in xisaabta lagu darsadaa si qoto dheer ee jahooyinka milix iyo heerarka biyaha dhulka. biyaha waraabka waa in aan gaadho kaabiga cusbo-sidday, tan iyo cusbada kala diri kici kartaa in gaddoonka ah hadda iyo lakabka carrada qajaar halkaas oo xididdada ka yaalaan. Waraabiyo xumaada heer ku dhow dhulka. heerka waraabka xad-dhaaf ah waxay keeni kartaa waterlogging. Waraabiyo wax ku ool ah si qoto dheer dhulka of 3 m ama in ka badan. At qoto dheer ah mitir iyo badh ah ee ciidda waraabiyo bedeli waraabka ka hor la beero. Baahida loo qabo waraabiyo ka dib markii biqilka dhacdaa in xaaladaha qalalan iyo dayrta on dalalkii oo miis dhulka u qoto dheer. Waqtiga waraabka waa in la go'aamiyo waqtiga la abuurayo oo sarreen ah jiilaalka, goobaha qaybinta biyaha, qalabka waraabinta iyo dhaqanka waqtiga lagu nadiifiyo.

goosashada

Muddada mug leh oo sarreen ah jiilaalka goosashada - wax-u bisil wax of Xabbad sarreen ah. Talaabadani waxay dhacdaa marka content ee miraha waxay leeyihiin walax sare qalalan. Senikatsiya (xereen guran) dalagyada kordhinaya dhaqan koriinkedu wanaagsan, kordhiyaa dhalidda ee sarreenka jiilaalka, sidaas darteed waa in aad isku daydo inaad ku bixisaan nadiifinta in wakhti yar oo gaaban oo khasaaraha ugu yar ee suurto gal ah.

goosashada Hawleed yareeyo khasaaraha iyo ilaaliyo tayada sare ee hadhuudhka. Waa in la xusuustaa in lagu hayo ee sarreenka la goosanayay ayaa qaboobaha ah in ka badan toban maalmood oo keentay in hoos u lagama maarmaan ah dhalidda hadhuudh toddoba quintals halkii hektar, laakiin content ee borotiin la mid ah in hadhuudh laga dhimayaa boqolkiiba badh.

hab dhawrista

jiilaalka hab beerista sarreen ah, iyo sidoo kale wax soo saarka kasta oo beeraha, dhowr arrimood:

• khayraadka dabiiciga ah - tamarta qoraxda ee tooska ah, kulaylka Hawada, biyaha ee foomka of roobab, ciidda,
• qiimaha tamarta si toos ah wax soo saarka ee alaabta technology gaar ah ama shirkada,
• qiimaha tamarta aan toos ahayn, kuwaasi oo loo isticmaalo in farsamooyinka beerashada dhirta duurka ku ah ururinta, processing iyo kaydinta.

In dunida waxaa caadi u ah guud ahaan overruns awoodda. Si aad u hesho 1% of GDP tuulada korodhka isticmaalka tamarta by 2-3%. daaweynta ciidda by hab dhaqameed waa ugu qaalisan. Tani technology in dhowrkii sano ee la soo dhaafay ayaa keentay in hoos u dhac in humus iyo nabaad ciidda. isbeddellada Global ee horumarinta oo sarreen ah jiilaalka, isbeddel ah ee technology beerista farta jidka loo maro beeraha dhaqaale.

In ka badan 124 milyan oo hektar oo dhul ah in dunida turjumay uubatooyin technology. Mid ka mid ah tallaabooyinka ay kor u qaadista heerka tamarta iyo keydinta tamarta waa horumar ah ee beeraha cusub - daydo deegaanka iyo dhaqaalaha ee wax soo saarka hufan la uruuray tamarta casriga ah iyo teknoolajiyada khayraadka lagu badbaadinayo. teknoolajiyada ka mid ah: dalagyada ku walaaqaya, seeding toos ah, hufnaan waraabka. horumarka sarreen ah jiilaalka siinayaa hordhaca ah ee teknoolajiyada kuwaas.

Isticmaalka qashinka, kaas oo laga heli karaa beeraha, waa iyada oo loo marayo fulinta mashaariic ku saabsan isticmaalka tamarta la cusboonaysiin karo oo dunida dacaladeeda ah. Gaar ahaan, beerista oo sarreen ah per ton oo hadhuudh la soo saaray 2 tan oo kale caws buu u. caws engegan oo hordhac ah la jarjarey la doorbidayo jeexi dalka for soo celinta bacriminta. Laakiin qayb ka mid ah caws waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si ay u badalo tamar briquettes.

Sarreen ah - waa dhaqanka cuntada ugu muhiimsan ee dalal badan, ay sabab u tahay qiimaha gaarka ah ee nafaqada ee ahaa hadhuudh iyo inta ay ka kooban hodan. Halkee sarreen ah jiilaalka si fiican u sii kordhaya, waxaa dhaqan ahaan waa horseedka u dalagga. Tani Jamhuuriyadda of North Caucasus, gobolka Central Black Earth, Ukraine. sarreen Winter dhammaataan waa isticmaalaa qoyaanka ee dayrta iyo guga, duurka u, ku fulan aad u hore, oo wax badan ka yar ay saameeyeen abaarta iyo dabaylo qalalan.