Sare jira Council: sannadda abuurka iyo ka qaybgalayaasha

Sare Golaha jira waxaa la aasaasay dhimashada Peter Great ka dib. Catherine ayaa goysiga carshiga ayaa sababay baahida loo qabo in uu ururka si loo caddeeyo xaaladda: Empress ma uu karin inuu kormeero hawlaha dowladda Ruush.

shuruudaha

Dhismaha Golaha jira Sare, la filayay, waxay ahayd in "dejiyo dareenka waxyeelladayda" ee ku abtirsan hore, ka maamulka tirooyinka nerodovitymi ku reebtay. Waxaa la ma in la beddelo qaabka, kuwaas oo ah nooca iyo nuxurka awoodda wayn, maxaa yeelay, halka xafidaada horyaal oo ay, waxa uu ku beddelay hay'ad dadweyne.

taariikhyahanadu badan ayaa muujiyay aragtida ah in cillad ugu muhiimsan ee nidaamka aasaasay by Peter meydadka weyn oo xoog awood isku nooca awoodda fulinta la mabda'a ah ee collegiality, oo sidaas daraaddeed Council jira Sare waxaa la aasaasay.

Waxaa soo baxay in soo bixitaanka of this jirka talinta sare aan wax badan natiijada hor imaad ah ee danaha siyaasadeed, sidii loo baahan yahay, la xiriira dhimman ee nidaamka Markos dhamaystirnayn heer sare maamulka. Natiijada waxqabadka muddo gaaban ah Council ma ahaayeen kuwo aad u muhiim ah, sababtoo ah waxa uu u lahaa in ay si degdeg ah u dhaqmaan ka dib markii Zaman xooggan oo firfircoon, markii mid ka mid ah dib u habaynta kale oo bedelay, laakiin dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha dadweynaha dareemay si adag u faraxsanahay.

Sababta abuuraya

Abuurista Council jira Sare waxaa loo qorsheeyay in la fahmo dhibaatooyinka adag oo ka mid ah dib u habaynta Markos, ayaa weli la xalin. Shuqulkiisa si cad u muujiyeen in ay ka dhaxashay ka Catherine hor joogsaday tijaabada waqtiga, iyo in ay tahay in la habayn. Isku xigxiga ee Golaha oo dhan Sare line ee soo xulay Peter in siyaasadaha la xiriira warshadaha ee raacay, inkastoo guud ahaan ay arrimuhu guud ee ay hawlaha lagu tilmaami Karin dib u heshiisiinta ah ee danaha dadka danaha ciidanka, diidmada oo ka mid ah ololaha milatari ballaaran iyo fashilka of dib u habaynta mid ka mid ah ciidamada Ruush. Isla, hay'adda uu mas'uul ka ahaa in hawlaheeda iyo baahiyaha ganacsiga, taas oo loo baahan yahay xal degdeg ah.

Xubno ka mid ah Golaha jira Sare

Taariikhda samaynta hay'ad gobolka talinta ugu sareeya bilaabay bishii February 1726. xubnaha waxaa loo doortay by uu degan Sarreeyayaal Prince General Field Marshal Menshikov, Golovkin goskantsler General Apraksin, Tiri Tolstoy, Baron Osterman iyo Prince Golitsyn. Hal bil ka dib, xubnaha ayaa lagu soo daray iyo Duke of Holsten - in-sharciga ah ee Catherine, ugu qof aad aaminsantahay ee Empress ah. Bilowgiiba, xubnaha jirkaaga wayn si gaar ah waxay ahaayeen kuwo raacsan Peter, laakiin ugu dhakhsaha badan Menshikov, kuwaas oo ka yar Peter ahaa Labaad ee Hijrooday ee, ka eryay Tolstoy. Muddo ka dib, Apraksin dhintay iyo Duke of Holsten oo joojiyay ka qaybgalka shirarka dhammaantiis. From xubno hore u magacaabay Golaha jira Sare Saf ay jiraan xubno ka tirsan saddex keliya - Osterman, Golitsyn iyo Golovkin. Halabuurka The oo jidhka this talinta ayaa bedelay badan oo ka sarreeya. Golitsyn iyo Dolgoruky - Tartiib tartiib xoogga gacmaha ka mid ahaa qabiilooyinkii princely awood mareen.

waxqabad

Golaha jira on amarka Empress jebiyey iyo Guurtida, kaas oo markii hore hoos ka hor inta aysan goostay inaan isaga diro ka mid ah amarrada hore ee Synod ee loo siman yahay isaga. Menshikov ee jidhka cusub ee abuuray isku dayeen in ay xoojiyaan awoodda naftooda iyo dawladda. Wasiirada wuxuu u bixiyey sidii xubin ka mid ah, si wadajir ah ula senators ku dhaariyey in ay Empress ah. Waxaa mamnuuc ah in ay fuliyaan amar ma saxiixeen Empress iyada iyo ilmaha, taas oo ah Golaha jira Sare.

Sida laga soo xigtay Catherine Testament koowaad, waxay ahayd in jirka this on laga tirada badan yahay ee Peter II la siiyey xoog, oo u dhiganta xoogga madax ka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Golaha ku jira oo lahaa xaq u lahayn inuu isbedel ku sameeyo oo keliya in amarka of xigta carshiga.

Beddelidda qaab dawladda

Laga soo bilaabo marka ugu horeysa ee aasaaska ururka, dad badan oo dibada ka yaabsatay suurtogalnimada uu isku dayo in la beddelo qaab dowladda Russia. Oo weliba iyagu way midig. Markii uu dhintay , Peter II of, oo waxaa dhacay habeenkii of January 19, 1730kii, in kasta oo ay doonista Catherine, Faracoodii iyada loo diiday in ay carshiga. andacoonaya uu dhallintayaraa oo uu dheel Elizabeth ah, bedelka a yar ee Peter, iyo yaraantaadii ay awow - ina Anna Petrovna. Su'aasha ah doorashada Boqortooyada Ruush lagu xalliyay cod saameynta of Prince Golitsyn, kuwaas oo uu sheegay in mid ka mid fiiro gaar ah u line wayn ee qoyska Butros, oo sidaas daraaddeed jeediyay dirayaan Anny Ioannovny. Gabadha John A., sagaal iyo toban sannadood ku nool Kurland qof kasta ku haboon, sababtoo ah waxa uu lahaa ugu cadcad lahayn in Russia. Waxay u muuqatay maamuli karo iyo docile, iyadoo rabitaan jirin in kaligiitalinimo. Intaa waxaa dheer, go'aankan ay sabab u ahayd ku-garashada non of dib u habaynta Golitsyn Markos. Tani waxay si ciriiri ah shaqsi u badnaanta baxday muddo dheer ka hor ku biiray qorshaha, "ugu sarreeya" in la beddelo qaab dowladda, kaas oo, Dabcan, waxa fudud in la sameeyo inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Anna gablan ahaa.

"Xaaladaha"

Ka faa'iidaysanaya xaalada, "sare ku jira Golaha", go'aan in la xadido tirada awood-maroorsi, dalbadeen ka Anna inay la soo wareegto shuruudo gaar ah, wax-u ah "conditioner hawada." Sida laga soo xigtay iyaga, awoodda dhabta lahaa si ay u leeyihiin, Golaha ku jira oo sare, iyo doorka gooyo waxaa hoos u dhigay hawlaha wakiilka keliya. nooc ka mid ah dowladda Russia Kaasi waxa uu ahaa cusub.

Dhamaadka bisha Janaayo 1730kii Empress cusub-helay wareegtay soo bandhigay iyada "xaaladda." Laga soo bilaabo hadda waxa on iyadoo aan oggolaansho la mid ah Golaha Sare ee ma xerin yaabaa dagaalka, gabagabeeyo heshiisyada nabadda, soo bandhigid cashuur cusub ama bilaa cashuur ah. Ma aha gudahood ay aqoon, oo waxaa lagu qarash khasnaddii on iyaga u gaar ah in ay ka shaqeeyaan iyagoo saf ah ee kor ku xusan ku darajo ah kornayl, guryaha mushaaraadka, laalista ku abtirsan ah nolosha ama hanti aan nala xukumin oo ah, iyo ugu muhiimsan - magacaabidda walad carshiga.

Halganka loogu jiro dib u eegis ah "Xaaladaha"

Anna Ivanovna, isagoo wado Baydka, u baxay inuu Cathedral ee male ah, halkaas oo madaxda sare ee dowladda iyo ciidanka dhaartay Empress. qaab cusub oo dhaartii ayaa laga diiday, qaar ka mid ah muujinta jir ah taasoo la micno ah -Raaxaysta- ah, ma jirin oo xusuusiya ku saabsan xaq u leeyihiin jidhka sare ku jira. Dhanka kale, halganka fiiqan u dhexeeya labada dhinac - "ugu sarreeya," iyo taageerayaasha -Raaxaysta- ah. In madaxda sare ee dambe ayaa ciyaaray door firfircoon Yaguzhinskii P., A. Kantemir, Prokopovich Feofan A. Osterman. Waxay ahaayeen oo ay taageerayaan qaybaha kala duwan ee abtirsan jiray, oo doonaya in ay dib u eegaan "Xaaladaha." Carada ahaa sababta ugu weynina faa'iidada goobo cidhiidhi ah xubnaha Golaha ku jira. Intaa waxaa dheer, xaaladda inta badan oo ka mid ah wakiilo ka abtirsan jiray, in kuwa maalmood loo yeedhay ku abtirsan, arkay ujeedka lagu doonayo in la dhiso in oligarchy Ruushka iyo rabitaanka inuu ku meeleeyo laba magacyada - Dolgoruky iyo Golitsyn - xaq u leeyihiin inay doortaan Boqortooyada iyo bedesho qaab dowladda.

Cancel "Xaaladaha"

Bishii Febraayo 1730kii koox weyn oo wakiillo ka abtirsan jiray, waxay ahayd, sida laga soo xigtay ilo qaar ka mid ah, ilaa siddeed qof, oo ahayd hoygii boqorka in ay soo gudbiyaan codsi ah u Anne Ioannovne. oo iyaga ku dhex jiray kuwo badan oo ka mid ah saraakiisha ilaalada. In codsi ah u Empress ka wada muujiyeen codsi degdeg ah la abtirsan mar kale dib u eegaan qaab si looga dhigo waxay ka farxiyey dadkii Ruush oo dhan. Anna, by ay dabiiciga ah xoogaa kala duwan, laakiin walaasheed iyada ka weyn - Ekaterina Ioannovna - iyada lagu qasbay in ay weli saxiixa codsiga. Waxaa gobta codsaday in ay qaataan dhamaystiran gobannimada iyo baabbi'in waxyaabaha "Xaaladaha."

Anna on xaaladaha cusub ayaa xaqiijisatay ansixinta shakiyey "sarreeya", sidaas daraaddeed waxba uma hadhin waxaa jiray, madaxooda iyagoo leh kaliya nods. Sida laga soo xigtay saffarro, mana ay lahayn doorasho kale, sababtoo ah mucaaradka ugu yar ama Diido, ilaalada ah ayaa weeraray lahaa. Anna si farxad leh si cad oo aan ka jareen "xaalad" oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale uu warqad u gaar ah aqbalaada of alaabta.

Golaha dhamaadka Inglorious

The ugu horeysay ee March 1730kii ka hooseeya marka la eego Xukunka dadku ka buuxay mar kale wuxuu dhaariyey in ay Empress ah. Oo wakhtigii Maanafesto ee March 4 baabiiyo Golaha jira Sare kaliya seddex ka dib.

Masiirka xubnihiisa hore ayaa soo saartay duwan. Prince Golitsyn ayaa casaan, laakiin in muddo ah ka dib uu u dhintay. Walaalkiis, iyo sidoo kale seddex ka mid ah afartii Dolgorukov ah, waxaa la dilay ee boqortooyada Anne. Cadaadis mid ka mid ah oo kaliya u tudhay - Vasily Vladimirovich, in marka Elizabeth ayaa la waayay, ka soo laabtay iyo, weliba, ayaa loo magacaabay madaxa Collegium Milatariga.

Osterman inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Empress Anny Ioannovny ahaa posts muhiim ah xukuumadda. Waxaa intaa dheer, in sanadaha 1740-1741 ayuu si kooban u noqday taliye oo dalka ka mid ah Qolyihii, laakiin iyadoo ay sabab u kale Inqilaab ka adkaadeen oo loo musaafuriyay in bjørk ah.