Safeeyo oo lacag ah, guriga

Currently, habab badan oo la garanayo ee nadiifinta biraha, dabaqi karo labadaba shaybaarka iyo guriga. Mid ka mid ah habka noocaas ah waa turxaan ah, ilaa dhawaan si gaar ah loo isticmaalo ee shirkadaha gaarka ah ee farsamooyinka xiranayo.

Waa maxay turxaan

Guud ahaan, ereyga "turxaan" macnaheedu helo bir ah Ehelkeedu sare iyada oo taxane ah oo hannaanka in meesha laga saaro nijaasta ahaa. Nidaamkan waxaa loo sameeyaa in dhowr marxaladood, kuwaasoo mid walba uu codsan hababka physico-kiimikada qaar ka mid ah kala walxaha fara. Inta badan ee sida hab sifeeyo birta qaaliga ah.

Qoraalkani wuxuu ku xawliga ah u affinirovaniya kiiskan laga yaabaa duugga dahabka ah, "xumbo lacag ah" slurry ka dib markii saabsanaa isdaahirinta, korontada oo ka mid ah walxaha iyo dahab schlich.

turxaan lacag

Inta badan, habka daahirintiisa this waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo soo saaro fasalka sare oo lacag ah. Guud ahaan, habka jiro kala duwan oo ka mid ah hababka fuliyay ee biraha kale oo sharaf leh, ferrous ama non-ferrous. Tusaale ahaan, turxaan ah oo dahab iyo lacag ah ama mid ka mid ah macdanaha platina waxaa laga yaabaa in ay isku mid. Kaliya mararka qaarkood habka kala duwan.

Siyaabaha ee turxaan

In ka baaraandegidda technology turxaan lacag wakiil saddex siyaabood oo kala duwan - biraha la nadiifiyaa waxaa laga yaabaa in ee nijaasta ahaa, kiimikada, ama habka kupelirovannym electrolytic. Marar dhif ah loo isticmaalo ay ka saareen chlorine xad-dhaaf ah. Doorashada qaababka waxaa sabab u ah xaddiga lacag ah ee lagu dawaynayo iyo xaaladda. Waxay leeyihiin macnaha iyo muuqaalada habka wax soo saarka.

Sida loo doorto Jidka

Waayo-fasalka sare lacagtii markii hore dalbatay turxaan electrolytic. Sida caadiga ah, marka la isticmaalayo habkan, waxaa jira wax soo saarka ah maalin kasta. Electrolysis caawisaa heli khayroon daahirnimo lacag gaar ah ay sabab u tahay isdhexgalka qayilo-reduction taas oo nijaasta ah ma geli waqtiga lagu nadiifiyo.

In kiiska halkaas oo Argentum kaydiyaa foomka of xal (sulphates beelaya iyo chlorides), habka ugu dhaqaalo badan oo ku habboon waa dhigaalka bir kiimiko (xaaladaha qaar ka mid ah - electrochemical) Habka.

Alloys Base marar badan oo kala duwan ayaa la isticmaalayo cupellation - kiiskan in la kordhiyo nadiifiyo walxo ugu fudud.

habka cupellation

Wixii noocan ah wuxuu u baahan yahay chashepodobnyh foornada turxaan (dayo dab) Weelka. habka isdaahirinta isticmaalo dhalaalisa hogaanka oo lacagta loo oxidized in joogitaanka oxygen. Dhammaan walxaha wasakheysa, oo ay ku jiraan dareeraha, laga soocay biraha sharaf leh, waxaa la siinayo ka khayroon daahirnimo qof qaraabo ah: daawaha waa Biraha dahab iyo qoyska platina.

Si ay u fuliyaan preheat foornada turxaan loo baahan yahay. Waxaa kaalinta farsamo isku dar hogaanka-lacag ah, taas oo ah kulul ilaa complete barafku. hawada foornada baxsad ku qubanayo in sababta lagu qayilo oo ka mid ah waxyaabaha uu ka kooban yahay ka. Marka la dhameeyo of daaweyn kulaylka Weelka lacagta laga saaro iyo ku shubtay galay wasakhahaasi.

Inside foornada la damacsan la marl - nooc ka mid ah dhoobo, hodan ku nuuradda, iyo qaab furan. Waxaa nuuga oxides hogaanka la sameeyey intii lagu turxaan, sida tan dambe ayaa u muuqdaan in ay uumi markii loo feydo socodka hawada. At baxo, ka dib markii lagu qayilo ee nijaasta ahaa, waxaaga aan ka helay iyadoo dusha qaansoroobaad iridescent. Marka ay arrinkaas in isku dar ah waa luster dhalaalaysa oo lacag ah, taasoo muujinaysa dhamaystirka affinirovaniya.

Cupellation tixgeliyo farsamada nadiifiskeeda u xoqdo ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in aan la gaari xorriyadda dhameystiran ka nijaasta ahaa, oo dhammaantoodna Biraha sharaf leh in daawaha ayaa weli ku jirta kaalinta. safeeyo oo dahab ah, iyo lacagta, iyo group platina biraha ay isa-soociddiisa waxaa la sameeyaa habab kale.

habka electrolysis

affinirovaniya Electrolysis sida habka lagu sameeyo lakabyada electronic miyir labanlaab, habka anode ay suntu la goosin lacag kaalinta boorso ah, cathode ah - ku tumeen sidii caleemo khafiif sameeyey bir aan xoqe. electrodes ayaa la Hawiyaha in xal amooniyam biraha la nadiifiyey ah (fiirsashada of udhigo - 50 mg / ml) ayaa lagu daray nitric acid at cufnaanta ah 1.5 g / L, iyo qulqul koranto la ansixiyo.

bacaha anode waxaa socday oo gogo 'oo lacag ah undissolved, iyo sidoo kale wasakhaysan. sample space saafi cathode The ururiyay foomka mikrokristallin. mugga oo lacag ah la sii daayay sara kaco xagga baallaha kale ee nidaamka ah in dhirfinaya circuit gaaban. Si looga hortago xaalad noocaas ah, koray jajabkii crystalline hoos kareyso xal oblamyvayutsya electrodes cathode barbar dhow goobta. lacag keentay waxaa soo kabsaday sida soo dadajin ka dibna galay goosimo tuuray. Waa muhiim in la bedelo elektrolytka ee waqti, si haddii xayl qabta u joogo sidii copper, ka dib markii habka loo baahan yahay si ay u bilaabaan oo ay dhigaalka on top of cathode ee biraha sharaf leh.

Haddii xal lacagtii u dhaqmo sida cell ah electrochemical, sida habka ugu waxtarka badan ee kala electrolytic bir. anode wuxuu noqon karaa graphite ama xoqe (Alloys), cathode a - ahama. Xiisadda in element ayaa lagu wadaa in aan ka badnayn 2 V. reaction laftiisa waa la fuliyay ilaa dhammaan lacagtii dhigaalka.

turxaan kiimikada

Silver laga saari karo by farsamooyinka kiimikada ka soo xal cusbo ama colloids. Waa geedi socod multistage. Waayo, nidaamka loo baahan yahay ee sulfite sodium, isagoo intaa ku daray in uu cadaanyo dhaafsiga qaadataa meel cusbo cusub madow soo dadajin sharaf leh biraha. Marka buuxinta falcelinta, xalka keentay waa in lagu shubo ammoniac SAL (chloride ammonium) ama cusbo. Isku dar ah degtaa ilaa soociddiisa jajab cad - waa in la sameeyay qayb turbid oo hufan. Silver lagu shubo waxaa loo arkaa buuxa haddii sal-dhigida ee dheeraadka ah ee cusbada ma keenaya ciida.

Waxaa jira laba hab oo go'doon ah chloride biraha saafi ah - qalalan iyo qoyan.

Habka carbonate, waayo, go'doomin of chloride lacag

Farsamada Tani waxay ku lug helo chloride lacag daahir ka qalajiyey - walax ku xidhay in lacagta kortay of carbonate sodium ah. Isku dar ah ka heli jiray Weelka kulul (loo baahan yahay in la buuxiyo koobka kaliya kala bar ku jira ay sabab u tahay mugga kordhay ay sabab u tahay horumar gaaska). Marka la dhameeyo of formation of alaabta kacsan ee geedi socodka heerkulka soo baxdo, oo gaarey qiyamka loo baahan yahay isuga xasilloon.

Ka dib markii qaboojinta lacagta loo soo kabsaday waxaana la hoos geliyey in ay dib-u-dikhaw, ka dib markii taas sheyga la oran karo waa dhammaadeen. dhibic xun noqon kartaa xaqiiqda ah in soda farsamo leedahay saamayn taban ku leh gobolka ee Weelka ah. Laakiin faa'iido ugu weyn ee habkan of turxaan kiimikada waa ay xawaaraha.

Habka dib u soo kabashada ee qoondeynta chloride lacag

Inuu ka soo kabsado lacag ka xalka qaadan kartaa nooc oo kala duwan oo reagents - sulfuric acid in zinc ama bir ama cusbo ah oo ka mid ah biraha la mid ah, oo ay ku jiraan aluminium.

dhexdhexaad chloride The soo bandhigay mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha. Si slurry ka dhalanaya lagu shubay acid xulay at uruuray of 0.2 jajab mass. Isagoo intaa ku daray in xalka laga yaabaa in qayb by gacanta xadka cadaanyo iyo buuxiyo kafado ay dhammaystirka. tilmaan A tayo isdhexgalka kiiskan waa doorashada ee hydrogen - gaaska jireyso la soo saaray xilligan ee kala diridda dhamaystiran oo bir ama waayitaanka acid (ay isticmaalka la xaqiijin kartaa warqad tilmaame).

Go'doon oo cusbo ah oo lacag la dhamaystiro, nidaamka noqdo hadh la mid ah si uu u hoggaamiyo. Intaas ka dib, acid waxaa lagu darayaa in xalka si loogu badalo jajabkii ka haray biraha loo baahnayn (inta badan gacanta laga saaray). Hartay wax budada (yeedhay cement lacag a) la nadiifin biyo arimaha debeda, qalajiyey iyo dhalaaliyaa.

turxaan chlorine

Habka wuxuu ku salaysan yahay male ah in uu u Biraha lacag qaali ah oo chlorine waxaa jawaabay in jawi dhakhso xubno qoyska dahab iyo platina. Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa in la kala saaro dambe ka walax la nadiifiyey (ee technology ah ee geedi socodka turxaan waa kala soocan ee ugu waqti lumis ah Alloys oo qaali ah).

dahab la shubay xanafta leh ee foomka of gaaska chlorine waxaa dhex maray. dhexgalka wuxuu ku bilaabmaa xubno nijaas, oo sharaf leh nooca, ka dibna waxaa soo baxa lacag ah, kaas oo markii danbe dooran kartaa farsamooyin kale affinirovaniya qaab xarunta. Chlorides in isku dar ah ku kici dusha ay sabab u tahay marka la barbar dhigo cufnaanta ee cusbada hoose la biraha.

Turxaan xaaladaha kale

In the case of copper in uu xayl lacag qumman uma hadli of daawaha, oo isku mid ah biraha (matali karaa qaab chips). Markaas, nitric iyo sulfuric acids waxaa la kala diri karaa in biraha salka. walxaha urursan loo isticmaalo cold- ama kulul (heerka fal-celin ku xiran tahay waxa on).

Si aad u saaro galkeeda lacag ah oo la isku dar alaabta la kululeeyo on laambad khamriga ama qubeyska biyaha ah. Marka heerkulku hoos ku 50-60 degrees waa suurto gal in ay isticmaalaan hal galaas ama iib ah galaas. By habka la mid ah waxa loo qaybin karaa cadayashada biraha la nickel, iyo waxa daasadda ah ama lead.

safeeyo oo lacag ah ee guriga

hababka oo dhan kor lagu sharaxay, aragti ku haboon isticmaalka guriga in helitaanka qalab gaar ah iyo waayo-aragnimo. Bilowga ah isku dayaan hab electrolytic waa ka wanaagsan. Sida caadiga ah, turxaan waxaa lagu fuliyaa hab of xiriirada lacag sida.

Nidaamka jira 3 tallaabo. lacag Tani waxay kala diridda in nitric acid, iyo keenidda alloying iyo turxaan xaaladaha ay electrolysis si toos ah lacag ah ee guriga.

Fasakha nitric acid

amooniyam Silver waxaa loo diyaariyaa si dhakhso ah in geeddi-socodka oo dhan - sida caadiga ah laga qaaday 50 garaam oo bir ah halkii litir ee dareeraha (ratio si ay u helaan 32 g of duugga ah kala diri in 80 g of hydrogenated nitrogen xabagta V). Milo acid loo baahan yahay in saamiga loo siman yahay biyo iyo kiciyey ul galaas. Turxaan la fulin karo by qasin lacagtii amooniyam ammonium amooniyam elektrolytka (dhexdhexaad dareen-celin ka yar 7) si aad u hesho HNO3 isku. Si xal ka dhalanaya ayaa lagu daray xabbadood oo lacag ah. Isku dar ah waa in la tagay 10-11 saacadood, sida biraha kala guurka ee ganaax kolkiiba ma aha dhici doona. Waxaa laga yaabaa in doorashada degdeg ah mid guduudan oo brown gaaska. Haddii xalka noqdo buluug ama cagaar, waxa ay muujinaysaa joogitaanka nijaasta ahaa bir ama vitriol. safeeyo oo lacag la nitric acid waa la helay fiican marka xayd daran maqan yahay.

Soo saarida cement lacag

Isku dar ah ayaa lagu daray ulood oo copper for reaction barokaca lacag ah. Ku dhawaad islamarkiiba dushiisa of sharaf leh biraha cas bilaabo inuu soo dadajin, oo waa inuu muddo ka noqon gilgil xal u dardar-socodka ah. Haddii gudban yihiin si buuxda u kala diri, waxaad u baahan tahay in ay ku baddallo kuwo cusub. Ka dib markii falcelinta kiiskan waxaa loo arkaa mid sii qaboobaya ka xal iyo isa-soociddiisa galay serebryanotsementnuyu jajab iyo qaybtii dareere ah oo buluug.

shaandhaynta

Si aad u kala biraha ka soo xalka waxaa laga codsadaa masaf iyo warqad filter. In weel leh cement si gaar ah loo diyaariyey daryaa xal: cusbo copper mara suuf ah soo Dejino iyo lacagtii weli dushiisa. Later weli loo baahan yahay 5 jeer lagu dhaqo biyo arimaha debeda.

Xalka malaha waa joogitaanka lacagta qaar ka mid ah lacag haraaga ah. Si aad u soo saaro cusbo copper ah ayaa lagu darayaa soo dadajin Curd sodium.

cement Silver qalalo. isuga The waxaa lagu qabtaa Weelka ah, isticmaalka taas oo ah in ay ka shaqeeyaan iyada oo muunad nadiif ah lama filayo. Kuleyli saamiga siman si looga fogaado baahida ah khasaarinayay lacag ah ama boodhka oxidized. Waxaa suurto gal ah in aad ku darto dusha dhalaalisa la dubayo soda iyo borax isku qasan ee Joogaba, loo siman yahay - in ka badan dhismeedka biraha abuuraa filim madxafka ka ilaaliya khasaaro.

Qoraalkani wuxuu ku keentay waa a-fasalka hooseeyo. Wixii nadiifinta more dhamaystiran loo baahan yahay si ay u fuliyaan electrolysis oo lacag ah. Dhalaalinayaa, kiiskan by habka sameeyey horey u kor lagu sharaxay - waa habboon in la dhalaalin birta ee kaabsal ah.

ka hortagga shilka

Waxaa muhiim ah in qolka uu si fiican hawo. Sida ilaalinta, gacan-gashi ah, dhar qubeys ah iyo muraayadaha indhaha ku tuman. Si looga fogaado acid firidhka biyo lagu daraa shancosbitaal laftiisa, oo ma qeybsanaan. reaction sarrifka Diyaarinta HNO3 waa habka ugu ammaan ah by kuwaas oo si ay u fuliyaan turxaan lacag ah. amooniyam waxaa lagu daray haddii ay taasi la elektrolytka ee (dhexdhexaad dareen-celin uu ka yar yahay 7). Galaasyada waa in la hubiyaa for caabiga heerkulka, sida kulaylka geedi socodka badan karto 100 digrii. Xalka waxaa ka buuxsamay in aan ka badnayn hal saddexaad ee markabka si looga fogaado in qarash acid.

natiijooyinka

safeeyo oo lacag ah ma ahan nidaam adag tahay in joogitaanka khibrad iyo qalab gaar ah. Haddii ay kuu muuqdaan tallaabooyin ammaanka ah dibaddaa lagu fulin karo ma aha in shaybaarka.

Si aad u hesho saamiga ugu badan bir ah oo waxaa laga codsadaa turxaan electrolytic oo lacag ah ee guriga, maxaa yeelay, habkan yaraynaysaa halista ah ee nijaasta ahaa galaya iyadoo la adeegsanayo hadda.