X-rays

X-rays laga helay by WK Roentgen ee 1895 iyo magacaabay X-rays. Labadii sano ee soo socota, saynisyahan a ku lug leh ay cilmi. Muddadan, marka hore waa la abuuray tuubooyinka X-ray. Waxay yihiin ilaha ugu badan ee shucaaca.

Waxaa la soo shaaca ka qaaday in X-rays adag ay awoodaan in ay dhex gasho noocyo kala duwan oo qalab, iyo sidoo kale jilicsan unugyada aadanaha. Xaqiiqdu waxay dambe si deg deg ah codsiga in daawo helay.

daahfurka ee X-rays qabtay halka dareenka saynisyahano adduunka oo dhan. soo socda ka dib markii ay soo saar, caddadka badan ee shaqada ay daraasad iyo isticmaalka waxaa la daabacay.

saynisyahano badan oo bartay sifooyinka X-rays.

J .. Stokes saadaaliyay ay dabiicadda electromagnetic, waxaa la xaqiijiyay in experimentally Charles Barkley, kaasoo sidoo kale la furay iyo kala fogaansho. physicists Jarmal Knipping, Friedrich, Laue diffraction shaaca ka qaaday (ifafaale la xiriira weecasho ka faafinta rectilinear). In 1913, oo madax banaan ka soo kasta oo kale oo Bragg Wolfe helay xiriirta fudud u dhexeeya Milanello, xagal diffraction iyo masaafada u dhexeysa diyaaradaha qaaradda deriska ah ee baraf. All shaqada kor ku sameeyay ku salaysan falanqaynta X-ray dhismaha. Isticmaalka spectra ee falanqaynta aasaaska ah ee wax ka bilaabeen in 20 ka. In horumarka waxbarasho iyo codsiga ee shucaaca ka ciyaaraan door weyn Physico-Technical Institute, taas oo la aasaasay A. F. Ioffe.

The ku jirase aad isha ugu badan waa tube X-ray ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ilo waxaa laga yaabaa in isotopes radioactive shaqsi. mid ka mid ahu wuxuu si toos ah dhaadheer X-rays, iyo shucaaca nuclear kale (a-Qurub ama electrons) emitting shucaaca bombard diirada biraha. tube waxay leedahay xoogga si wax ku ool weyn shucaaca ka badan ilaha isotopic. Ugu isla waqti, size, kharashka, oo miisaankeedu yahay oo laga helay ilo isotopic fog ka yar la tube rakibo.

Ilaha jilicsan X-ray waxaa laga yaabaa in ay synchrotrons iyo drives electronic. Sida xooga leh ee shucaaca synchrotron ee laba ama saddex amarada baaxaddeeda badan tube shucaaca kala duwan ee deegaanka gaar ah ka weyn.

Ilaha dabiiciga ah, kaas oo dhaadheer X-rays ka mid ah Sun iyo waxyaabaha kale ee Cosmos ee.

Iyadoo la tixraacayo hab ay of dhacdo of hawada spectra isu laga yaabaa in sifo (garoomada) oo kala jejebiyey (joogto ah).

In kiiska labaad, spectrum X-ray timaada by Qurub degdeg ah (nabi) aaneynayo in ay Iscelin in geeddi-socodka is dhexgalka atamka bartilmaameedka.

warshadu hawada Line ahbaa iyadoo ay sabab u ionization qaaradda la ejection electron ka mid ka mid ah madaafiicdii la eb ee. Tani waxay ifafaale laga yaabaa in natiijo ah oo isku dhac ah, iyo qayb ka eb degdeg ah, tusaale ahaan, la electron ah (primary X-rays), ama nuugista eb ee photon ah (fluorescence X-rays).

rays dhexgalka arrinta ka abuuri karaan saamayn photoelectric oo uu weheliyo ay nuugista ama dhereg badan. Tani waxay ifafaale la ogaado in kiiska halkaas oo nuugista ee photon la eb shanqarta ka mid ah hore ee electrons hoose. Waxaa laga yaabaa in markaas ay dhacaan labada guurka radiative la warshadu hawada ee hawada photon eb sifo ama ejection of electron labaad ee kala guurka radiationless.

Under saameynta ay nonmetallic ah crystal X-ray (tus, cusbo dhagax weyn) in qanjidhada qaar ka mid ah in ka qaylisay oo qaaradda ka mid ah udhigo sameeyay, isagoo ah mas'uul wanaagsan oo dheeraad ah, oo u dhaw in ay jiraan electrons xad-dhaaf ah.