Plasmid - function plasmids waa ...

Maqaalkani waxa uu ka kooban yahay macluumaad ku saabsan qaababka dahsoon iyo adag kelli unugyada kala duwan, sida caadiga ah bakteeriyada - plasmids. Halkan waxaad ka heli doontaa macluumaad ku saabsan in ay qaab-dhismeedka, ujeedada, hababka taranka, sifooyinka guud iyo wax ka badan.

plasmids The ahaayeen

Plasmid - DNA waa Britain ayaa ah in uu leeyahay size yar iyo meel jirka ka nooca koromosoom cell genomic ka soo soocay. Laha awood for habka taranka goboleedka. Asal ahaan plasmid helay noolaha bakteeriyada. Dusha, Britain this haystaan u-ekaanta double ku xayiran wareeg ah. Aad iyo aad plasmid dhif ah waxaa laga heli karaa archaea iyo eukaryotes.

Caadi ahaan, bakteeriyada plasmids ku jira macluumaad hidde in ay hagaajin kartaa iska caabin ah si ay arrimo nooca dibadda daran u saameeyay gobolka ee u shaqeeyo, taas oo ay ku yaalaan. In si kale loo dhigo, plasmid ka yareyn kartaa waxtarka antibiotics sabab u ah xasiloonida kordhay bakteeriyada laftiisa. habka of plasmids wareejinta ka bakteeriyada bakteeriyada badanaa laga helaa. Plasmids - Waxyaabo dhismaha in ay yihiin hab wax ku ool ah oo ah wareejinta macluumaad hidde ee fashion ka siman.

J. Lederberg - nin cilmiga nafleyda barta kelli, saynisyahan asal ahaan kasoo jeeda dalka Mareykanka, soo bandhigay fikradda ah plasmid ee 1952.

magnitude ayaa waji leh ee plasmids iyo lambarada ay

Plasmid - dhismeedka a isagoo noocyo kala duwan oo tirada. Foomka yar ku jiri kara abbaaraha laba kun oo laba laba saldhig ama ka yar, halka qaab kale oo weyn oo plasmids koobi dhowr boqol oo kun oo ah nooca labada ciyaaryahan ee saldhiga. og kuu ogolaanayaa inaad u soo jiidi line u dhexeeya megaplazmidami iyo mini-koromosoomyada. Waxaa jira bakteeriyada in gudashada karaa noocyo kala duwan oo plasmids. Xaaladdan oo kale, wadarta guud ee wax hidde ka badan waxaa laga yaabaa in size mid ah waxyaabaha la mid ah unugyada ciidanka.

Tirada nuqulo ka mid ah plasmids oo ku jira gacanta isla, aad bay u kala duwanaan karaan. Tusaale ahaan, mid ka mid unugyada waxaa laga yaabaa in kaliya laba, halka tiro ka mid ah plasmids kale oo nooca la mid ah ku yimaado ilaa tobanaan ama boqolaal. Tiradooda waxaa sabab u ah nooca taranka.

Plasmid - a xubno dhismaha gacanta awood u taranka goboleedka. Taasi waa, ay yeeli karaa on iyaga u gaar ah, iyagoo aan maado si loo xakameeyo koromosoomyada. Isla mar ahaantaana, koromosoomyada waa ay awoodaan in ay naftooda xakameeyaan plasmids. In the case of gacanta adag ee tirada plasmid hirgaliyay inta badan yar yar, oo ku saabsan 1-3. Plasmids tirada yar yihiin nugul oo gacanta ku hay wiiqay abuuri karaan nuqullo dheeraad ah.

taranka

plasmid bakteeriyada awood taranka goboleedka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, habkan ku xiran yahay darajo of control koromosoomyada kala duwan. Tan waxa u sabab la'aanta ah ee qaar ka mid ah hiddo-maarmaan ah. In view of this ensaymes gacanta ku jiraan taranka plasmid.

Tallaabada taranka u qaybsan yahay tallaabo bilow ah, muruqa iyo joojinta. DNA polymerase bilaabo taranka kaliya ka dib markii seeding isticmaalaya Primer ah. First circuit furan dhacdaa RNA priming, raaceen by Cadha mid ka mid ah silsiladaha waxaa la aasaasay oo lacag la'aan ah dhamaadka 3`-OH.

Xaaladaha intooda badan, marxalad bilow ah dhacdaa ka yar tallaabada of Xoojiya borotiinada encoded by plasmid ah. Mararka qaarkood, kuwaas oo la mid ah borotiinka geli kari Primer vіrabotki geedi socodka.

Muruqa dhacdaa golofermenta la isticmaalayo DNA polymerase III (mararka qaarkood waxaan) iyo qaar ka mid ah borotiinka gacanta, oo ka kooban in replisome.

Joojinta taranka bilaabi karaa oo kaliya haddii shuruudaha qaarkood la buuxiyo.

The mabaadiida gacanta taranka

hababka Control taranka sameeyo marxaladda of bilaabidda taranka. Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa in aad haysato tirada plasmids in tirada adag. Si Britain ah oo awood u leh waxa uu ogaaday, waa:

1. RNA isagoo polarity ka soo horjeeda.
2. DNA - xigxiga (Iteron).
3. RNA isagoo polarity ka soo horjeeda, iyo borotiinada.

habab waxay sababi inta jeer ee ku celiyaan cilinta plasmids gudaha wareegyada gacanta, sidoo kale waxay u qoraan wixii khaldama ka soo noqnoqoshada iska caadi ah.

Noocyada kala duwan ee hab taranka

Waxaa jira saddex hababka of taranka ee plasmids:

1. farsamo Theta ka kooban yahay unwinding wajiga 2 waalidiinta circuit RNA Primer Avv for qayb kasta, taranka ee ay bilaabeyso kharash ku siyaadiyaa PrNK nooca covalent ee labada silsiladood oo Avv DNA ah oo u dhiganta ku wareeggeedii silsilad waalidka. In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in geeddi-socodka ereygu wuxuu qaadataa meel waqti isku mid ah, mid ka mid ah silsiladaha waa hogaamiyaha, iyo kuwa kale ee ka danbeeya waa.
2. silsilad bedelay - barakac cusub soo saaray silsilad mid DNA ee waalidka. Natiijada farsamo this waxaa la aasaasay foomamka silsilad hal DNA nooca giraan ah iyo supercoiled DNA laba silsiladood. ka dib DNA ka mid silsilad loo soo celiyo doonaa.
3. goobada Rolling farsamo taranka - farqi hal-ku xayiran ee DNA isticmaalaya protein Rep. Tani waxa ay keentey in kooxda 3`-OH ah, kuwaas oo u shaqeyn doonaa sida Primer ah. Hannaanku wuxuu dhacaa siyaabo kala duwan cell borotiinada side, tus, helicase DNA ah.

Siyaabaha loo kala qaado

Plasmids galaan gacanta, iyadoo la isticmaalayo mid ka mid ah laba siyaabood. Habka ugu horeysay - waa abuuritaanka xiriir ka dhexeeya gacanta iyo side gacanta, taas oo aanay ku jirin plasmids ka dhashay geedi socodka conjugation ah. Waxaa jira plasmids conjugative in bakteeriyada, Gram-positive iyo Gram-negative. Habka koowaad ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ka mid ah gudbinta waqtiga transduction ama isbeddel. waxaa kiimikaysan Habka labaad sameeyey by bandhigid plasmids galay gacanta, u shaqeeyo waa in ay u noolaadaan muujinta hiddo unugyada side, i.e. unugyada u bartaan aqoonta.

hawlaha

Doorka plasmids guud ahaan waa in la siiyo unugyada ciidanka guryaha gaarka ah. Qaar ka mid ah si dhib leh ku yeelan karaa sifooyinka phenotypic ee sayidkiisa, halka qaar kalena ay yihiin keeni karaa expression in guryaha warbaahinta, la siiyo waxaa ka xoogbadan, in unugyada kale ee la mid ah. Fadilmo Tani waxay marti gelin doonto unugyada waa ka wanaagsan in ay la kulmaan xaalad aad u qalafsan deegaanka kuwaas oo waxaa ku nool. Maqnaanshaha plasmids ama unugyada ma kori doono iyo horumarinta, ama ma at dhan lagu lumin doonaa.

Plasmid - a unugyada qayb MFT. Waxay qabtaan dhowr ah oo weyn of hawlaha:

1. Qaado macluumaad hidde inta lagu guda jiro conjugation ah. Sida caadiga ah, waxa ay taasi F-plasmids.
2. Bakteriotsinogennye gacanta plasmid Avv borotiinka, taas oo keeni karta in la dilo bakteeriyada kale. Tani inta badan waa Col-plasmids.
3. Hly-isuga plasmid ku hawlan hemolysin.
4. Keeni caabiga saamaynta macdanaha culus.
5. R-plasmid - hagaajinaysaa caabiga wakiilada antibiotic.
6. ENT-plasmid - ogolaanaya in synthesize enterotoxins.
7. Qaar ka mid ah loo kordhiyo heerka uu caabiga shucaaca UV.
8. Plasmids cudur gumaysigii ogolaan meel Amda qaadataan bakteeriyada on dusha unugyada gudahood jidhka xoolaha ah.
9. Qaar ka mid ah wakiilada ay masuul ka tahay qaybta strand DNA ah, in uu yahay, xanibaad iyo wax ka beddelid.
10. Plasmids Cam kaafuur sababta cholesterol, xylene XYL milmaan plasmid iyo plasmid SAL - salicylate.

The noocyada ugu bartay

Dadka intooda badan ay si fiican u bartay sifooyinka plasmid F, R iyo Col.

F-plasmid - waa plasmid ku kongativnaya ugu caansan. Ma episome ah, oo ka kooban hal boqol oo kun oo saldhig nooca labada ciyaaryahan. Waxay leedahay in ay hal dhibic u gaar ah oo taranka bilowga iyo dhibic nasasho. Sida noocyada kale ee plasmids conjugative, ku hawlan habaynteeda borotiinada awood antagonizing lifaaqa habka Pili noolaha kale bakteeriyada si gaar ah derbiga cell.

Ka sokow macluumaadka caadiga ah waxaa ku jira TRA loci iyo trb, oo abaabulo caadi ah, operon a muhiim ka kooban yahay boqol iyo soddon afar kun oo laba laba saldhig. The hiddo ku yaalla operon this, mas'uul ka ah dhinacyada kala duwan ee conjugation ah.

R-plasmid (factor) - waa Britain DNA ah oo uu leeyahay qaab ah annular. plasmids DNA ku jira macluumaad in masuul ka tahay la socodka iyo hirgelinta habka taranka iyo guryaha u adkaysta kala iibsiga galay gacanta qaataha. Waxay sidoo kale loo ogaado heerka iska caabin cell antibiotics qaarkood. Qaar ka mid ah R-plasmids waa conjugative. Transfer R-factor waxaa sabab u ah transduction caadiga ah iyo qeybinta unug. Waxay si loo wareejin u dhexeeya noocyada kala duwan ka soo midba midka kale, ama xitaa qoysaska awoodaan.

Waxaa foomkan of plasmids inta badan sababa dhibaatooyinka daawaynta cudurada bakteeriyada iyadoo la isticmaalayo wakiilada antibiotic la gartaa.

Col-plasmids ayaa ka mas'uul ah ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee colicin - protein gaar ah in la xakameeyo kara geeddi socodka koritaanka iyo taranka bakteeriyada, marka laga reebo side.

kala soocidda feature

Nidaamka qoondaynta oo dhan ayaa lagu dhisay si waafaqsan hantida qaar ee plasmids:

1. Hababka tarankooda iyo farsamo la baxsiga.
2. Joogitaanka kala duwan oo badan ee warbaahinta.
3. Features nuqulka lambarka.
4. sifooyinka Topological of plasmids.
5. Waafaqid.
6. Waxa uu / plasmid conjugative.
7. Joogitaanka hiddo calaamad ku yaal plasmid ah.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in hab kasta oo soocidda ku jira dhibic bilow taranka.

Codsiga plasmids

function plasmids marka loo isticmaalo by nin waa hab ka mid ah abuurista nuqul gjærceler ee DNA ah. Plasmids naftooda u dhaqmaan sidii dulinka ah. Kartida ay u oggolaadaan taranka ee plasmids cilinta DNA recombinant ee side gacanta. isticmaalka baahsan ayaa waxay heleen in injineernimada hidaha. Tani laan ka mid ah plasmids sayniska waxaa abuuray kiimikaysan saxiixa macluumaadka nooca hidde ama ficil kasta oo xarfad leh wax hidaha.

Fikradda ah, kuwaas oo ka kooban gacanta helay in industry ee ciyaaraha ( "Bioshock"). Plasmids qabtaan shaqo ee walxaha gaar ah oo ay awoodaan in ay siiyo sifooyin u gaar ah ee jirka. Waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado in plasmids ciyaarta leeyihiin shiidaa waxba kuma laha dhabta ah wax. Ciyaarta ayaa ku sameeyaa jabkii dhabta nooca waxyaabaha RPG ah, loo yaqaan Bioshock, plasmids waa wax ka beddelid hidaha ee hantida qaar ee jirka, iyo bedelaan habka bixinta superabilities.