Noocyada microscopes: description, sifooyinka ugu muhiimsan, shaqo. microscope electron wuxuu ka yimid xagga iftiinka kala duwan?

"Microscope" Ereyga xidido ku leeyahay Greek. Waxay ka kooban tahay laba eray in ka dhigan tahay "yar" iyo "eegno." Doorka ugu muhiimsan ee microscope waa in ay codsiga markii la tixgelinayo waxyaabaha aad u yar. Waxaa intaa dheer, qalab this kuu ogolaanayaa inaad si loo ogaado xajmiga iyo qaabka, qaab-dhismeedka iyo sifooyinka kale ee aan la arki karin in ay isha qaawan, tel.

History of abuurka

macluumaad sax ah oo ku saabsan waa kii alifay ee microscope ah, ma taariikhda. Sida laga soo xigtay xogta qaar ka mid ah, waxaa la dhisay sanadkii 1590, aabbihiis iyo ina Janssen, sayidyadooda for dhibcood saarka. tartamaya kale oo horyaalka ah hindisa ee shaashadaha ka - Galileo Galilei. In 1609, saynisyahano, kuwaas oo la hor keenay qalab la lenses concave iyo convex soo bandhigay dadweynaha ee dei Accademia ku Lincei.

Muddo sanado ah habka loo tixgeliyo mid ah walxaha cqaadir horumariyo iyo in la hagaajiyo. Tallaabada A weyn ee ay taariikhda ahayd been abuurtay ee ah doublet achromatic fudud la qabsato qalabka. Waxaan soo bandhigay nidaamka this Holland Kristian Gyuygens ee dabayaaqadii 1600s. Eyepieces ah hindisa yihiin in wax soo saarka maanta. Ay khasaare oo kaliya waa la'aanta ah ee ballaadhkiisuna duurka of view. Waxaa intaa dheer, marka la barbar dhigo qalab ah ee qalabka casriga ee eyepieces Huygens leeyihiin meel xanibayo indhahana.

kaalin gaar ah si ay taariikhda microscope ka dhigay soo saaraha qalabka sida, Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723 GG.). Waxa uu ahaa kii jiideen cutubkan dareenka bayoolajiga. Leeuwenhoek waxaa soo saarayo alaab-size yar yar, qalabaysan hal, laakiin aad u xoog badan gelis. Isticmaalka qalabka sida ayaa raaxo, laakiinse iyagu ma ay saaxibo cilladaha image joogay in microscope xarunta. Daaweyso deficiency this, alifay ayay u suuragashay in sano 150 oo kaliya ka dib. Wada jir ah ula horumarinta hagaagay tayada image indhaha oo ka mid ah qalabka kooban.

Hagaajinta microscopes sii ilaa maantadan la joogo. Sidaas daraaddeed, in 2006 saynisyahano Jarmal ka shaqeeya machadka Biophysical Chemistry, Mariano Bossi iyo Stefan Hella dambeeyay microscope indhaha loo sameeyay. Sababtoo ah ee awood u leh inay dhawraan alaabta la cabbir ah 10 nm oo tayo sare leh saddex dhinac-cabbir qalab 3D-image yeedhay nanoscopy ah.

microscopes soocidda

Currently, waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo qalab loogu talagalay in wax looga qabto waxyaabaha yaryar ee ugu weyn. Waxay isutagga lagu sameeyaa ku salaysan koobin kala duwan. Tani waxay noqon kartaa magacaabidda microscope ama jidka aqbalay of iftiiminta, qaabka loo isticmaalo Bannaanka indhaha iyo wixii la mid ah. D.

Laakiin sida caadiga ah, noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee microscopes waxa lagu tilmaamay by size ee ogolaanshaha microparticles, kuwaas oo loo arki karaa iyadoo la kaashanayo of nidaamka this. Sida laga soo xigtay qaybinta this, microscopes waa:
- indhaha (iftiinka);
- elektaroonik ah;
- X-ray,
- baaritaan Scanning.

Nooca ugu loo isticmaalo ee microscopes iftiinka. Xulashadiisa hodan laga heli karo dukaamada indhaha. Iyada oo taageero ka qalabka furfuraya hawsha ugu muhiimsan ee daraasadda of shay. Dhammaan noocyada kale ee microscopes ka mid ah oo gaar ah. Ay u isticmaalaan la sameeyo, sida caadiga ah, ee shaybaarka.

Mid kasta oo ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee qalabka ayaa dacawo ay, kuwaasi oo loo isticmaalo in meel gaar ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, maanta waxaa jirta fursad ay si ay u iibsadaan microscope dugsiga (ama tababar), kaas oo ah nidaam heer-galo. Waxay bixisaa macaamiisha iyo qalabka xirfadeed.

codsiga

Maxaad ugu baahan tahay microscope ah? isha aadanaha, isagoo nidaam gaar ah indhaha nooc noolaha leeyahay heer qaar ka mid ah xalinta. In si kale loo dhigo, waxaa jira ugu yaraan fogaan ah u dhexeeya walxaha arkay marka ay wali waa la gartay karo. Si aad isha caadiga ah ogolaanshaha sida a waa 0,176 mm gudahood. Laakiin size ee warshadda ugu iyo xoolaha unugyada, sheyga, Alloys microstructure crystal, biraha iyo P. m. Inta badan wax ka yar qiimaha this. Sidee, ka dibna, si ay u bartaan iyo inay xajiyaan oo shay oo kale ah? Halkan si loo caawiyo dadka yimaadaan oo noocyada kala duwan ee microscopes. Tusaale ahaan, qalabka nooca indhaha u ogolaan in la kala saaro qaab dhismeedka, halkaas oo masaafada u dhexeysa xubno ka yahay ugu yaraan 0.20 microns.

Sidee microscope ah?

Device kaas oo isha aadanaha noqdo baaritaanka la heli karo walxaha cqaadir, waxa ay leedahay laba cunsur ugu weyn. Waxay yihiin gashto iyo eyepiece. Data go'an in qayb ka mid ah la dhaqaajin karo of tube microscope ah, oo ku yaalla on salka biraha. Waa la heli karo iyo marxaladda.

noocyada casriga ah ee microscopes waxaa sida caadiga ah ku qalabeysan yahay nidaamka nalalka a. Tani, gaar ahaan, condenser lahaynu iris ah. set dhamaystiran waajib ku ah weynaynaya qalabka waa micro iyo makrovinty, taas oo u adeega si ay ula qabsadaan macaamiloon ah. design ee microscope ayaa la siiyaa iyo helitaanka nidaamka si loo xakameeyo booska uu ka condenser ah.

In khaas ah, microscopes dheeraad ah oo casri ah waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalo, iyo habab kale oo dheeraad ah iyo qalabka.

lenses

Bilow sharaxaad ku saabsan oo shaashadaha ka jeclaan lahaa sheeko ku saabsan mid ka mid ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee ay, ie siku. Waxay yihiin nidaamka indhaha adag, waxay kordhisaa size ee mawduuca in diyaarad image ah. design gashto lagu daro nidaamka oo dhan, hal ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale addoonsi by laba ama saddex xabbadood oo lenses.

kakanaanta ee design opto-farsamo oo caynkaas ah ku xiran tahay kala duwan ee hawlaha u baahan in la xalliyo in qalabka qaar ka mid ah. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa la hubaa in afar iyo toban lenses in microscope xarunta.

gashto waa qayb ka mid ah qayb ka mid ah aad kaliga iyo, ku xiga in ay nidaamka. Waa maxay aasaas u ah dhisidda tayada doonayo image, iyo sidoo kale xaaladda hawl? gashto Tani hore ama nidaamka. Raac gashto loo baahan yahay si ay u siiyaan weyneeyey ah ayaa doonay, dhererka focal iyo tayada image. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, fulinta hawlaha, kuwaas oo la heli karaa oo kaliya in lala gashto hore. Waa in la sheegay in design ah ee saamaynta ku xiga on dhererka tube iyo height of unit siku.

eyepieces

Metelaysa oo qayb ka ah nidaamka microscope ah indhaha loogu talagalay in ay dhistaan images cqaadir doonayo on ileyska ee dusha isha observer ah. laba kooxood oo la gashto waa qayb ka mid ah eyepiece ah. Dhow isha waxaa lagu magacaabaa baaraha isha, iyo fog - field (iyadoo la kaashanayo siku dhistaa image ee shayga bartay).

nidaamka iftiiminta

microscope waxay bixisaa dhismaha adag oo Diaphragmski, muraayadaha iyo lenses. Iyada oo waxaa la siiyaa Nuur uniform of shayga hoos waxbarasho. In ka microscopes ugu horeysay, shaqo this waxaa fuliyey ilo iftiin dabiici ah. Sida horumarka qalabka indhaha u noqday codsatay markii hore guri, ka dibna concave muraayad.

Iyada oo taageero ka faahfaahinta sida rays fudud qoraxda ama laambad lagu faray in ay wax ka baran jireen. In nidaamka microscopes nalal casri ah ka kaamilsan. Waxay ka kooban tahay condenser iyo ururiyaha ah.

stage

diyaarinta cqaadir oo u baahan waxbarasho, waxaa lagu dhejiyay on dusha a flat. Kani waa heerka. Noocyada kala duwan ee microscopes yaabaa in lagu siiyo dusha loo dhisay si wax ka mid ah daraasad lagu wareejiyo doonaa in duurka ku of view of observer-tax, vertical ama xagal gaar ah.

Mabda 'hawlgalka

In nidaamka ugu horeysay qalab indhaha gashto siiyey image dambe ee walxaha cqaadir. Tani waxay noo ogol yahay in ay arkaan qaabka arrinta iyo faahfaahinta ugu yar, taas oo ugu hoos jiray daraasadda. Mabda'a hawlgalka ee microscope iftiinka maanta la mid tahay shaqada qaada xoqad ka madax adkaadeen. In qalab this, iftiinkuna waa ku refracted marka iyada oo qayb galaas ka soo gudbeen.

Sidee kordhin karaan microscopes iftiin sare? Ka dib markii galaya dogobka iftiinka qalabka rays waa isbeddel galay durdur isku midka ah. Markaas oo keliya waa refraction iftiinka ee eyepiece ah, sidaas darteedna waxay kordhisaa image ee walxaha cqaadir. Dheeraad ah, macluumaadkan u dhaco si xaq for-jooge ah oo ah qaab ay analyzer muuqaal ah.

Dacawo ah microscopes light

Modern alaabtii indhaha waxa lagu tilmaamay:

1. Sida ku cad cilmi-fasalka kakanaanta, shaqada iyo dugsiga oo shaashadaha ka.
2. In codsiga in qalliin, noolaha iyo farsamo.
3. By cayn microscopy ka muuqataa iyo qalabka, xiriirka wajiga, iyo kala fogaansho dhaadheer-light kala qaado.
4. In jihada ka daadanayo iftiin on the rogay oo toos ah.

microscopes electron

Waqti ka, qalabka baaritaanka ee walxaha cqaadir ayaa noqonaya mid aad u casri ah. Waxaa jira noocyo sida of microscopes, kaas oo la isticmaalo gebi ahaanba ka duwan, oo madaxbanaan oo mabda 'hawlgalka ee refraction nuurka. In la isticmaalo oo ka mid ah noocyada ugu dambeeyay ku lug leh qalabka elektarooniga ah. Nidaamka noocan oo kale ah u sameeyo suurtagal ah si ay u arkaan qaybo yar oo ka mid ah walxaha in ay si fudud u qulquli agagaarka rays iftiinka.

Maxaad ugu baahan tahay microscope nooc elektaroonik ah? waxaa la, barato qaabka kelli unugyada iyo heerarka subcellular. Sidoo kale, qalabka sida loo isticmaalo daraasadda of fayrusyada.

The microscopes electron qalab

Waa maxay been at ku saleysan oo ka mid ah aaladaha ugu dambeeyay ee baaritaanka oo alaab ah cqaadir? microscope electron wuxuu ka yimid xagga iftiinka kala duwan? Ma jiraan wax iyaga ka mid ah egyihiin kasta?

Mabda'a hawlgala ee microscope electron waxay ku salaysan tahay guryaha in ay leeyihiin beeraha korontada iyo magnetic. Ay dhabanada isku wareeg ah waa inay awoodaan inay bixiyaan saamayn diiradda alwaaxdii saqafka haysay electron ah. Iyadoo ku saleysan, waxaa suurtagal ah in ay ka jawaabaan su'aasha ah: "microscope electron wuxuu ka yimid xagga iftiinka kala duwan?" In u, ka duwan qalabka indhaha, waxaa jira gashto ma. Doorkooda si sax ah loogu talagalay beeraha magnetic iyo korontada. Waxaa loo abuuray windings ee gariiradda kaas oo hadda la barwaaqaysan. Intaa waxaa dheer, beeraha, kuwaas oo u dhaqmaan sida a gashto wada. By badaneyso ama ay yaraaneyso unit xoog hadda badala masaafada focal.

Sida fikradda, ka dibna microscope electron la mid tahay nidaamka of unit iftiinka. Farqiga been oo keliya ee in xubno indhaha lagu bedelay sida korontada.

Kororka microscopes electron wax dhacaa sabab u refraction geedi socodka dogob iftiin, oo maraya shayga hoos waxbarasho. At xaglo kala duwan rays geli diyaarada gashto Ujeedada, iyo badanu ku jiraan weyneeyey koowaad ee tusaalaha ah. Dheeraad ah, electrons ka gudub waddo in siku dhexe. Waxaa isbeddelllada habsami kordhiyo tirada shayga. Sawirka ugu dambeeya ee waxyaabaha la siinayaa gashto qiyaas ah. Laga soo bilaabo iyada image dhaco shaashad dhaadheer.

Noocyada microscopes electron

noocyada casriga ah ee weynaynaya qalabka ka mid ah:

1. Buls- ama microscope electron gudbinta. In qalab this image ah ee aad u dhuuban, hoos si 0.1 microns qaro weyn, waxaa la aasaasay ka mid ah shayga dhexgalka ee dogob electron ah inay maal bartilmaameedka iyo kororka ku xiga ee lenses ay magnetic ku yaalla siku.
2. SEM, ama microscope electron iskaanka. qalab Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa in la helo image ah dusha shayga la xallinta sare on amarka of dhowr nanomitir. Marka la isticmaalayo habab dheeraad ah sida microscope saarka macluumaadka si loo garto Halabuurka kiimikada of layers dusha ka.
3. microscope electron iskaanka tunnel, ama stm. Iyada oo qalab this qiyaasay gargaarka ee meelaha tabinta la xal sare da'ayeen. In hawlgalka, stm la irbad biro af leh waxaa bixisey in shayga hoos waxbarasho. Isla mar ahaantaana ilaaliyaan fogaan ah angstroms oo kaliya dhowr ah. Next, irbadda waxaa looga adeegaa awoodda yar, sidaa darteed waxaa jirta tunneling hadda ah. Xaaladdan oo kale, observer helo image saddex geesood ah ee shayga hoos waxbarasho.

Microscopes "Leeuwenhoek"

In 2002, in America, shirkad cusub oo ka go'an in ay wax soo saarka ee qalabka indhaha. Liiska Kumaan alaabta ay yihiin microscopes, telescopes iyo casriga. Qalabka Kuwan oo dhammu waa of images tayo sare leh.

waaxda shirkadda Xafiiska madaxa iyo horumarka ku yaalaan USA, in Frimonde (California). Laakiin sida awoodda wax soo saarka, ay ku jiraan Shiinaha. Waxaas oo dhan macnaheedu waa in shirkadda siisa suuqa la soo saarka oo tayo sare iyo sare qiimo ah la awoodi karo.

Waxaad u baahan tahay microscope ah? Levenhuk bixiyaan fursad u baahan yahay. kala duwan ee shirkadaha qalabka indhaha ku jira hindisooyin digital iyo noolaha ay u kordhiyaan wax la bartay. Intaa waxaa dheer, qofka macaamiisha ah ku bixiyeen oo lagu daydo design, qaybshay in midabo kala duwan.

Microscope Levenhuk ayaa shaqeynta balaaran. Tusaale ahaan, qalab tababar heer galo waxaa laga yaabaa in lagugu xiro kombiyuutarka, iyo wixii uu awoodo si ay u qabtaan fiidiyowba daraasaadka. In model waxa lagu qalabeeyey D2L a Levenhuk functional.

Shirkadda waxay bixisaa microscopes noolaha heerar kala duwan. Tani waa model fudud, iyo waxyaabaha cusub ee ku haboon xirfadlayaasha.