Glass. The diyaarinta iyo isticmaalka. Glass dhibic barafku

Sida mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha ugu da'da weyn, galaas ayaa loo isticmaali jiray dadka kumanaan sano, ma mid keliya. miday ee wax this ogol yahay in la isticmaalo ee kala duwan ee warshadaha. guryaha Physico-kiimikada ee muraayadda loola jeedaa xeryahooda ka imanba, waa adag tahay, waxa uu leeyahay qaab-dhismeedka ah amorphous waa isotropic.

Waayo, nooc kasta oo habka wax soo saarka muraayad lagu gartaa in diinta gobolka xulkii of flowable, sare viscous foomka madxafka. technology Production arzuqo iyada qaboojinta heerka a kaas oo aan u oggolayn in ay u guuraan ee crystallization ee wajiga dhalaalid.

Glass heerkulka barafku ku xiran tahay tayada iyo waxqabadka la filayo. Sida caadiga ah, cunto karinta qaadataa meel in ka badan kala duwan oo heer kulka C cadaalad ah balaadhan oo ka 300 ilaa 2500 ° a. Guryaha walax this ku xiran tahay qaybaha ka mid ahaa in dhalaalisa galaas-sameynta ee. Liiska waa arrin ballaaran oo ka wakiil yahay noocyo kala duwan oo oxides, phosphates, fluorides, oo lagu daro kale. In classic this, hufnaan ma aha feature ee la soo dhaafay, waayo, noocyada kala duwan ee galaas dhaca ee dabiiciga ah iyo ku dhexsameeysmo koorsada ee wax soo saarka.

Laga soo bilaabo goob dhismeedyada galaas ugu qadiimiga ah, oo taariikhdiisu tahay toddoba qarniyo BC, la kulmay archeologists ku hawlan excavations ee Masar. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen kuusha iyo qardhaasaha. Laakiin ka dib markii dhawr kun oo sano, ilaa dhalashada ka mid ah dhirta ugu horeysay warshadaha, warshadaha galaas ee qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad. feature A ee wax soo saarka galaas amray waa in dhibic xaabo uu muraayad helay iyada oo la isticmaalayo dhuxul, iyo barafka kululeeyaha steel xidhay.

Ka hor in loo isticmaalaa sida qoryo shido, workshops galaas-dheer ku jiray meel, foornada kala firdhiyey oo shidaalka ku baabba'saday aagga si deg deg ah. kululeeyaha waxay ahaayeen furan, qoryaha ma sii daayo walxaha in saamayn ku hufnaan iyo midab of saarka alaabta. Heerkulka ee geedi socodka barafku galaas oo nooca gaadhay 1450 ° C.

dhacdo muhiim ahaa la alifay ee qarnigii hore XX soo saarka ee habka galaas flat, magacaabay ka dib markii ay sameeysa Emilya Furko, kuwaas oo la soo jeediyey si ay u daboosho mashiinka. Waxaa jiray ilaa 1959, waxaa la bedelay habka birtiina ah, ee ay shirkadda "Pilkington".

Tiirarka ugu muhiimsan ee galaas caadiga ah waa ciid silica in cabirku yahay 69-74%, soda (12-16%), shamiindo iyo dolomite (5-12%). Laakiin in geeddi-socodka lagu soo saarka waa weyn ma aha oo kaliya heerkulka at kaas oo dhalaalayaa galaas laakiin taas dhalaaliyey qaboojinta heerka. Fikrad ahaan, ku dul qaboojinta degdeg ah waxaa laga heli karaa oo hallawda iyo bir, markii ugu weyn ee uu ku qaboojiyo dhalaalisa si formation daaqaddii baraf.

Marka kala duwan oo dhan guryaha jiidasho muraayad caadiga ah waqtiga uu jiro degdeg ah wax ka badan raagaya iyo miisaanka yar hufan u baahan. First of dhan, waxaa taabtay warshadaha, takhasusay dhismaha diyaaradaha. Plexiglas ay magaca helay oo kaliya on muuqashadii ah maqaar saar inay galaas dhaqanka.

Its iska caabin saameynta ilaa shan jeer, waxaa ka hawl yar in 2.5 jeer. Sida uu soo gaadho heerka gudbinta iftiinka ee 92%, waxa uu leeyahay iska caabin sare si gabowga. plexiglass badan ka fudud oo ka awoodi karo in howsha. barta barafku plexiglass waa 90-105 degrees gudahood, kaas oo u ogolaanaya in ay noqon kulaylka loola dhaqmo.

Laakiin labada qalabkan yeesheen Misbaax kasta oo goobta casriga ah. galaas imanba dhaqanka adag ka haya mowqifkeeda iyo ma in la qaato ugu dambeeyay polymers organic.

Isticmaalka qaybaha kala duwan ee nijaasta kala duwan oo lagu daro waxay bixisaa la yaab ah ma aha oo kaliya sifooyinka indhaha ee galaaska, laakiin sidoo kale si weyn u hagaajin hantida farsamo.

Waxa intaa dheer in codsiyada warshadaha, waa mid aan macquul ma ah in la ogaado doorka galaas tahay. glassmakers Master, sii xeerkii ah fanaaniinta qadiimiga abuuro masterpieces ka samaysan tahay quraarad galay tahay run. In siminaaro ay Foornooyinka heerkulka barafku galaas la gaaro, ka shaqeeya ku dhawaad gacanta ee uu shaqada oo keliya ma aha waxay ku tusi male cajiib ah, laakiin sidoo kale ku qaataan wax badan oo dadaal jireed.