Mikhail Botvinnik: Biography, guulaha, sawiro

Mikhail Botvinnik (1911 - 1995) - suubban a, laakiin nin adag ah, aad u goostay, lahaa dabiiciga ah ee qof ee horyaalka kii kaamil ah in ka badan inta uu nool yahay. dugsiga chess Ruush, taas oo uu ku abuuray - uu guul ugu weyn. In this article waxaan kuu sheegi doonaa sida nin isu jiray Mikhail Botvinnik. Uu Biography aan ku xaddidnayn chess.

carruurnimada

Ahaanshaha Israa'iil sanadkii 1964, Botvinnik qudhiisuna, wax sidan oo kale ah oo ku saabsan sano caruurnimadiisii. Aabbahay markii hore ahaa ka tuulo u dhow Minsk iyo dhaqda. Wuxuu ahaa nin nemeryany xoog. Free in ay la wareegaan dibiga geesaha iyo waxa dhulka ku dul shubay. Botvinnik Mihail Moiseevich qudhiisa u maleeyey in dhammaan dhaxlay aabihiis - iyo dabeecadda iyo jireed noqon. Aabaha u tageen inay St. Petersburg inaad wax ka barato farsamo ilkaha. Waxaa uu kula kulmay Serafima Samoilovna Rabinovich, dantistkoy. Oo waxay ka guursadeen, maxaa yeelay, waxay ahaayeen kuwa aan xirfad oo kaliya dhow, laakiin xagga ruuxa - labadaba ka qayb 1905 Kacaanka. aabbihiis farsamo ee horyaalka mustaqbalka ahaa heer sare ah. Si dhakhso ah qoyska dhallinyarada ah, taasoo u dhashay wiil ugu horeeya ee Isxaaq, guurtay guri weyn qoraxda semikomnatnuyu on Nevsky. Qoyska uu ka lahaa cunto kariye, governess, gabadh. Ka dibna yimid sanadkii 17aad, markii uu lahaa si ay u qariyaan ka visitors lama filaan ah. aabbe u ahaa 20-sano ka tagay qoyska oo mar kale guursaday. In guurka wuxuu lahaa laba gabdhood iyo hooyadeed iyada carruurta kiciyey nafteeda. Laakiinse aabbahoodna wuxuu iyagii caawiyey dhaqaale.

Aqoon chess

Buddy walaalkiis, kuwaas oo ku noolaa beer yar oo deriska la ah, ee 12 sano ayaa muujisay Migaretionka, sida loo ciyaaro chess. Waqtigaa, Mikhail Botvinnik, durba dugsiga iyo akhriyey dhammaan suugaanta classical: Lermontov, Gogol, Turgenev. Waxa uu si gaar ah u jeclaa "Nabadda iyo Colaadda" iyo Pushkin. Later, wuxuu noqday qof aqoon u leh shuqullada Zoshchenko iyo inaad iyaga u jeclaatay. ka dib wuxuu helay qoraa isaga rumaysatay, ma aha oo kaliya in chess, laakiin sidoo kale nin badan gaari doonaan nolosha. Laakiin waxay ahayd in 1933. Oo intii Migaretionka agagaarka chess madax banaan bartay. Waxa uu diiwaan geliyay xisbiga buugaagta ee Lasker iyo faallo iyaga on. Halkan yihiin qaar ka mid ah loo doortay isboortiga Mikhail Botvinnik - chess.

aragtida waalidka

Migaretionka tegey kooxda chess ah. Laakiin marka u sheegay oo ku saabsan inuu aabbihiis, markaas hamiday ina ee aaneeyay in ay soo maratay xun. kaliya wuxuu u maleeyey in ay ahayd kulan ka mid ah fursad sida kaararka. Oo wiilkii hooyadiis ma ansixin of hiwaayadaha ina. Marka martiqaad ay u wiilkeeda ka yimid Stockholm, waxa ay galaan buuq ah oo ku soo orday dugsiga iyaga lagu waydiisanayo inaysan ha yarkaan dibadda ee 1926. Laakiin dugsiga si welwelidda iyada loola dhaqmo si sarbeeb iyo Migaretionka sii daayay in Sweden. Heshii hooyada iyo aabuhu in chess hal wax oo keliya, waayo, taasu ma aha xirfad, iyo hiwaayadaha. Oo ma ciyaari Mikhail Botvinnik kari waayeen. Tababaraha isagu ma uu samayn. Si aad wax kasta isaga qudhiisa ku samayn. Waxaan ku akhristaan buugaag on chess, falanqeeyay. Ilaa iyo dhamaadka ee uu noloshiisa uu rumeysan yahay in ciyaaryahan oo dhan uu leeyahay in uu iska qaban, u falanqeeyaan, u falanqeeyaan iyo mar kale. Waxaa muhiim ah, iyo macluumaadka maalmahan ma ahan mid adag in la helo.

Study, shaqada iyo chess

Mikhail Botvinnik hore, markii uu weli ma ahaa 16 sano jir, ka qalin jebin dugsiga sare, iyo fiidmeerta dhufatay horyaalka qaranka. Natiijada waa heer sare, sagaal guul, toddoba barbaro iyo afar guuldarro. Wuxuu ahaa ka qaybgalayaasha ugu da'da yaraa. Markaasaa kaliya sannad ka dib, wuxuu codsan karo oo qoraan Institute Polytechnic ah. Chess yar laabatay. Laakiin waxbarashada machadka, iyo ka dib dugsiga ka qalin, Michael lug ee koobabka waa sports. In 1933 at ciyaarihii qaran, ururinta xoogga oo dhan, uu helo guusha. In isla sannaddaas kulanka S. Flohr aadka sharafta leh. Laakiin oo dhan reer galbeedka rumeysan yahay in kooxda heysata horyaalka ee Czechoslovakia. Waayo, guul this Botvinnik waxaa la guddoonsiiyey baabuur oo horyaalka ah sayidkayga waaweynaa ee USSR.

guurka

In '34 ahaa yiqiin ah saaxiibaday la deris on miiska. Waxay ahayd dhallinyar oo qoob cayaarto quruxda madow lehba xarrago leh. Waxa uu raacay gurigeeda oo ku yaala roobka shubtay. Sannad ka dib, arooska ka dhacay. guurka Happy socday laba iyo konton sannadood. Gayane Davidovna xigmadda leh, haddii ay ku tegi karin on iyada tartanka ninkeeda, waxaa had iyo jeer lagu talinayaa in aadan bixin in fiiro kasta. Waxay ninkeeda lagula talinayaa in ay is ogow of habka dareemayaasha jirka. Oo xiganaya tusaale ah ee Galina Ulanova, kuwaas oo si show ka yimid laba saacadood ka hor bilowga iyo ma hadli, diyaar.

guul caalami ah

In 1936 kulan ee England keenay ciyaaryahano wada muhiimka ah ee dunida - Euwe, Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine. Botvinnik Capablanka iyo 1 iyo 2 meel kala qaybsan. In 1938, xisbiga Botvinnik - Capablanca ku guulaystay abaalmarinta "Waayo, quruxdiisa," iyo waxaa Mikhail Moiseevich garaacday Alekhine.

Waxa uu ku guuleystay meesha 3aad. guul Kuwani awood ciyaaryahan chess in ay aaminsan yihiin in ay naftooda. At ciyaarihii adduunka ee Michael ayaa isku raacay in la isu dhigma la Alekhine, laakiin dagaal ka bilowday. All sano oo dagaal u GM ka soo shaqeeyay sidii injineer korontada ee Perm oo dhan horyaalka ee USSR ayaa si joogto ah ugu horeysay kaalinta. Shirkii Alekhine waxaa dib loo dhigay in 1946, laakiin kooxda heysata horyaalka adduunka ayaa si lama filaan ah u dhintay. In 1948, isla markiiba hogaanka ee koobka aduunka oo laga badiyay kaliya labo kulan Mikhail Botvinnik. Kooxda heysata horyaalka adduunka ayaa markii ugu horeysay nin Soviet. Tan iyo 1948, ku guuleystay horyaalka ee World Champion, Botvinnik ayaa iska daayeen inay u dhaqmaan, iyo nasashada socday saddex sano. Waxa uu si dhab ah ku hawlan sayniska. In 1951 wuxuu ahaa PhD ah injineernimada korontada. Tani ma balse saamayn ku yeelan kara tayada kulankiisii sanadkan.

ciyaarihii adduunka

• In 1951 kulan la Davidom Bronshteynom ahaa barbaro, laakiin horyaalka ku hadhay la Mihailom Moiseevichem.

• In 1954 tartanka kula V. Smyslov sidoo kale wuxuu ahaa barbaro.
• In 1957, isagu ma uu hor Vasiliya Vasilevicha Smyslova ahaa, laakiin 1958 guul celis u tageen inay Botvinnik.
• Sanadkii 1960, wuxuu badiyay in Mihailu Talyu, laakiin 1961 - mar kale guul, iyo mid aad u qanci karo.
• Waxa ay ahayd oo kaliya 1963, waxaa ka hor Tigran Petrosyan ahaa.

Taasi waa 15 sano waxa uu ahaa horyaalka adduunka diidanayn. Mikhail Botvinnik ka dibna wuxuu ku guuleystay tartamada kale ee caalamiga ah.

xiriirka horyaalka

First, kuwaasoo xiriir oo dhammu wuxuu noqon Bronshtein ayaa joojiyo maxaa yeelay, wuxuu unethically dhaqantay. In hoolka hore ee wareega ee sanduuqa fadhiistay taageerayaashiisa, iyo haddii uu ku guuleystay dhilif ah, ka dibna isla markiiba maqlay sacab ah. Bronstein, samaynta dhaqaaqo, si deg deg ah ka dambeeya marxaladda ku orday, oo dabadeedna soo noqda. Waxaa melteshenie wareeri by Botvinnik. Intaa waxaa dheer, Bronstein, shaqaalaha KGB ah, waxay ahayd dhanka ah Alekhine ciyaarta - Botvinnik. Waxa uu talinayaa in ciyaaryahanka chess ah in uu ku dhawaaqo qofka Alekhine kuwaas oo la lahaa naasigii la shuraakowday, iyo inay isaga ka qaadid oo aan dagaal, horyaalka ee horyaalka adduunka.

T. Petrosian sidoo kale u qaatay, markii si ay u meel dhexaad ah gelin, aan sax ahayn. Inta lagu jiro mid ka mid ah kulamada uu cajiib xun: diiday in uu saxiixo hal dhibic wax aan waxba tarayn in xeerarka ee ciyaarta, ka dibna la isku raacay, ka dibna mar kale diiday. Taasi waxay keentay wax ka mid ah oo keliya - uu doonayo in uu soo jiid dareemayaasha Botvinnik. Laakiin markii ciyaarta bilaabay, taageerayaasha Petrosian hor galaya Sallaan bilaabay qablamaya off dhulka ku, ka Armenia keenay. Sida aad uga jawaabaysaan Botvinnik? Sida loo dulleeyo. Waxa uu soo jeediyay in haddii ay ka hor waxaa lagu shubay dhulka quduuska ah oo Yeruusaalem, wuxuu soo jeedin lahaa in "Taageerayaasha" si fudud u xaaqi dabaqa.

sifooyin kala

Tenacity iyo dulqaadashada, awood u leh inay dhigay gool iyo kalajeedsadla'aan, in iyada raaco. Jawiga at kulan la badanaa dagaal. Kor GM this shaqeeyay on tababar jireed. Indeed, ee dagaal tartanka daran baabbi'iyey tamar badan. ciyaaryahan chess qudhiisu rumaystay in haddii inta lagu guda jiro tartanka saaray miisaanka, waxaa loola jeedaa in aan la dhigay baxay ee ciyaarta. Oo si taam ah ka fiican in aad kulan muhiim ah, wuxuu had iyo jeer xoojiyaa by naftaada shukulaatada.

In nolol maalmeedka

qoyska ku noolaa ah guri caadi ah laba qol. Waxay ka koobnayd shan qof, oo ay ku jiraan nanny ah gabadhayda. Shaxda ee guriga waxaa ka mid ahaa. Waxaa ilmahaaga inuu sameeyo shaqada guriga, iyo Mikhail Moiseevich yire a dhigay baxay. Oo 1951, intii ay socotay ciyaartii ay la Bronstein habeenkii, si aanay u dhexgalin guriga, ayaan meel fadhiistay oo u maleeyay in ka badan xisbiga musqusha, iyo guddiga istaageen iyagoo dambiil ah lagu dhaqdo.

Sida khabiir weyn oo casri ah (PhD, professor), wuxuuna ka mid ahaa oo dhan homework lab wareegay. gacmihiisa, tusaale ahaan, dayactirka tuubooyinka ah. Marka dalka, dhan wasakh ah, wuxuu sameeyey wax ceelka. Waxaan by deris, kaaliyaha Brezhnev, oo ay arkeen duckling fool xun wasakh maray, si caadi ah: "Oo dabadeedna igu soo." ismaandhaaf ayaa la xalin markii ay ku kulmeen.

Golaha on goobta, ka go'an in 1949, sidaas waxa muujiyay xisaabo u gaar ah iyo sawiro mar kale gacmaha Mikhail Moiseevich uu naftayda dhisay.

guriga waxa uu ahaa gabi ahaanba aan qabyo ahayn. Wuxuu jecel yahay cunto wanaagsan, laakiin waxaa laga yaabaa inuu ku qanci kaleh oo kaliya.

In shaybaar saynis ah

In shaybaarka, isagu ma uu yeelan miis. Waxa aan ahaa shil. Mikhail Moiseevich u maleeyeen in kursiga niyad jebisaa iyo istaago in aad ka fikirto. Waxa uu si xiiso leh oo ku saabsan soddon sannadood diiradda lagu dhisayo barnaamijka chess ah "Pioneer". Oo waxay ku tidhi ayaa guul muhiim ah in Kanada on shisheeye la mid ah.

Saynisyahan u jawaabay oo musiibo ee Chernobyl. Waxa uu rumeysan yahay in dhirta nukliyeerka la dhisi lahaa meesha kaliya ee dadka ku noolayn ee North Fog, tusaale ahaan. Laakiin "top" oo jawaab u jeedinta this ee dhamaystiran aamusnaanta.

Abuurista dugsiga chess Soviet

Mikhail Botvinnik abuuray hab cusub oo isku diyaarinaya tartanka, ayuu horumariyo dhinacyada akhriska ee chess. Uu design asalka ah marka hore, marka Black ciyaara in uu qaado tallaabo. eegno sayidkiisa grand New eegay tiro ka mid ah alaabta caadiga ah. Mikhail Botvinnik mar kale la falanqeeyay ee aragtida iyo dhaqanka ah endgame ah.

Mikhail Moiseevich ciyaaray nolosha ee xisbiga iyo 1202 ka qaybqaatay 59 koob. Laba ka mid ah ardayda noqday kooxda heysata horyaalka adduunka - Anatoly Karpov iyo Garry Kasparov.

Faahfaahinta ku saabsan geesiga of this article waxaa laga heli karaa buugga, taas oo la qoray by Linder - "Mikhail Botvinnik: nolosha iyo ciyaarta» ah, akhriste, in ay ka furtay, barto ma aha oo kaliya oo ku saabsan noloshiisa qaaska iyo isboortiga, laakiin ay awoodaan in ay u arkaan jiri doonaa, oo hufto oo kulan chess.