Macdanta ee igneous, ku aasan iyo dhagaxyada metamorphic Rock-sameynta

Inta badan macdanta dhagax weyn-sameynta waa mid ka mid ah shuruudaha ugu muhiimsan ee dhulka udubyadiisa - dhagaxa. The ugu caansan quartz, Miikaa, feldspar, amphibole, olivine, pyroxene iyo kuwa kale. Meteorites iyo dhagaxyada dayaxa, sidoo kale, waxaa iska leh iyaga. Kasta macdanta dhagax weyn-sameynta iska leh mid ka mid ah fasalka ama mid kale - si ay ugu weyn, taas oo ah in ka badan boqolkiiba toban, sare - ilaa boqolkiiba toban, siyaada ah - in ka yar boqolkiiba hal. Waxa ugu muhiimsan waa in ay jiraan aasaasiga ah, waa silicates, garoocad, oxides, chlorides ama sulfates.

kala duwan

Rock-sameynta macdanta laga yaabaa in iftiinka (leucocratic, Salic), sida quartz, feldspathoids, feldspars, iyo wixii la mid ah, iyo midabka madow (melanocratic, mafic) sida olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, iyo kuwa kale. Waxa kale oo kala duwanaayeen ka kooban. macdanta Rock-sameynta waa silica, carbonate ama halogeen dhagaxyada. Paragenesis - isku-dar ah noocyada kala duwan, oo qeexaya magaca, loo yaqaan jiifoo ah. Tusaale ahaan, ay weheliso granites oligoclase, microcline iyo quartz.

Koox ka mid ah macdanta dhagax weyn-sameynta, oo meel siiyaan dhagaxa in Taxonomy petrographic - ogaanshaha ama astaamaha. Tani quartz feldspathoids iyo olivine. Sidoo kale kala saaro macdanta hoose syngenetic la xirrira sirdoonka oo dhan iyo sare ee dhaca inta lagu jiro qaab beddelidda idaad. Curinta ugu weyn ee macdan dhagax weyn-sameynta waxaa xubno ka kiimikada yeedhay petrogenic ah. Ma O, N, F, S, C, cl, mg, Fe, Na, Ca, Si, Al, K

guryaha oo ah macdanta

Crystal-dhismeedka iyo Halabuurka kiimikada waxaa go'aamiya sifooyinka oo dhan macdanta. Cilad waxaa lagu fuliyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo farsamooyin kala duwan oo gorfaynta - Falanqaynta spectral, chemistry, microscopy electron, diffraction X-ray. In beerta dhaqanka goostay protozoa (ogaanshaha) sifooyinka macdanta Gaarna aragga by isha. Inta badan waxay yihiin jirka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qeexidda dhabta ah ee macdanta waxay u baahan tahay kala duwan oo dhan hababka ogaanshaha. Guryaha qaarkood waxay leeyihiin macdanaha kala duwan waxaa laga yaabaa in la mid ah, halka kuwo kale - ma.

Waxay ku xiran tahay joogitaanka nijaasta farsamo, Halabuurka kiimikada iyo xulashada qaab. Waxay jeelyihiin in dhif ah sifooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee aad u dabeecad u, in ay macquul tahay in si sax ah wax dhagax buurta ogaado. guryaha Baarista waxaa lagu qaybiyey saddex kooxood. guryaha indhaha iyo farsamo ee ay u mahad kooxda ogolaan go'aanka guryaha dhagaxa kasta. Kooxda Saddexaad - kale, iyadoo guryaha waxtar u leh cudurka macdanta gaar gaar ah.

Monomineral iyo sirdoonka polymineral

Dhagaxyada dhagaxyo - a accumulations macdanta dabiiciga ah ee mass, oo daboolaya dusha sare ee dhulka, ka qeyb qaadanaya dhismaha ay jilif. Halkan, sida la sheegay, waxay ku lug leedahay gebi ahaanba kala duwan ee Halabuurka kiimikada oo ah walaxda. dhagaxyada kuwa, kuwaas oo ka kooban - mid ka mid ah macdanta loo yaqaan hal monomineral, iyo kuwa kale oo dhan ka kooban laba nooc oo dhagaxyada iyo dheeraad ah - multimineral. Tusaale ahaan, nuuradda - calcite oo gebi ahaanba, sidaas darteed, ayuu monominerals. Laakiin dhagax adag - kala duwan. Waxaa ka mid ah quartz iyo Miikaa, iyo feldspar, iyo si ka badan oo kala duwan.

Mancaha iyo multimineral waxey ku xiran tahay geedi socodka dhulka ayaa ka dhacay degaanka. dhagax buurta Waxaad qaadan kartaa, iyo si ay u qeexaan gobolka saxda ah, xataa meesha aad halkaas oo loo qaaday. Waxay kasta oo kale oo u eg, iyo waqti isku mid ah waa ku dhowaad marnaba isku mid. Kuwani waa dhan dhagaxyada bartay. Stones badan oo dhan eegto isku mid, laakiin guryaha kiimikada ay la sameeyey by hababka kala duwan.

asal ahaan

Sida ay xaaladaha nololeed ee formation of buuraha, kala saaro aasan, metamorphic iyo dhagaxyada igneous. Waayo, dhagaxyada igneous waxaa ka mid ah mid ka mid ah in la sameeyey qarax ee magma. Red-kulul, dhagax weyn la shubay, qaboojinta hoos, galay tiro crystal adag jeestay. Marxaladani waxay u dhaco maalmaha our.

magma Tirada shubay weyn oo kiimiko ah in ay saamayso cadaadiska sare iyo heerkulka, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in dad badan oo xeryahooda ku jira ee gobolka gaseous. Cadaadiska ciidamada magma in ay dusha sare ama meel u dhow waxay ku haboon oo uu bilaabo inuu ku qaboojiyo. kulaylka more lumo, ay u badan tahay mass crystallizes. go'aamiso heerka crystallization iyo size crystal. On dusha sare ee habka qaboojinta waa si degdeg ah, gaasas ah uumi, dhagax si wanaagsan-grained waa la helay, oo si qoto dheer loo sameeyay kiristaalo waaweyn.

dhagaxyada crystalline Effusive oo qoto dheer

magma cad u qaybsan yahay laba qaababka ugu muhiimsan in la siiyo magaca kooxda. By dhagaxyada magmatic la xidhiidhaa kooxda effusive, i.e. extrusive iyo adigoo group - crystallization qoto dheer. Sida hore u soo sheegnay, magma ee la qaboojiyey in deegaan oo kala duwan, oo sidaas daraaddeed heli macdanta dhagax weyn-sameynta kala duwan. gaaska volatilization Izlivshayasya xoojiyey qaar ka mid kiimiko ah oo kale noqdo saboolka. kiristaalo yar oo helay. In magma moolka kiimiko ah ma aha cusub, kulaylka si tartiib ah laga badiyay, sidaas kiristaalo ee ay qaab-dhismeedka waaweyn.

dhagaxyada Effusive waa andesites iyo basalts, ku dhowaad nus ka mid ah, ka yar u Lipari oo dhan dhagaxyada kale ee qolof ah dhulka waa qiimo lahayn. Deep sameeyay inta badan iyo huruud iyo dhagax adag, waxay labaatan jeer ka badan kuwa kale oo dhan ay yihiin. dhagaxyada igneous Primary ku xiran Halabuurka ee quartz qaybsan shan kooxood. dhagaxyada crystalline ka mid ah wax badan oo nijaasta ahaa, oo ka mid ah waa in la ogaadaa noocyo kala duwan oo la siinayo ultramicroelements by kaas oo cover qolof ah dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee dhirta.

magma

Magma ku jira ku dhawaad miiska oo dhan wareegsan heysatay Ti, Na, mg, K, Fe, Ca, Si, Al, iyo noocyo kala duwan oo qaybaha kacsan - chloro, fluoro, hydrogen, tayadda hydrogen, carbon iyo oxides iyo wixii la mid ah, oo lagu daray biyaha ee foomka of uumi. Marka magma la sii gudbaysa dusha sare, si weyn u yaraynaysaa tirada dambaysta ah. At qaboojinta foomamka silicate magma - macdanta ah oo ka dhigan xeryahooda silica kala duwan. Silicates yeedhay oo dhan macdanta qorshaha sida - cusbada leh silicic acid. Aluminosilicates ku jira acids cusbada aluminosilicate.

Basalt magma ugu weyn, waxa uu leeyahay qaybinta ubalaadhan iyo badh ka kooban yahay silica, boqolkiiba konton haray - waa magnesium, birta, calcium, aluminium (si weyn), fosfooraska, titanium, potassium, sodium (hoose). magma Basaltic qaybsan oversaturated la silica - tholeiitic iyo olivine-hodan alkalis basalt. magma Granitic - dhanaan, rhyolite, silica waxa ku jira xitaa dheeraad ah, ilaa lixdan boqolkiiba, laakiin cufnaanta waa ka culus, ka yar dhiifoon iyo si xoogan cokan leh gaasas ka. qadar kasta oo magma si joogto ah waxaa isa soo taraysa sarkhaansan yihiin hababka kiimikada.

silicates

Tani waa fasalka ugu baahsan oo ah macdanta dabiiciga ah - in ka badan shan iyo toddobaatan boqolkiiba tiro ka mid ah dhulka udubyadiisa, iyo sidoo kale saddex meelood meel oo dhan macdanta loo yaqaan. Inta badan oo iyaga ka mid - asal dhagax weyn-sameynta iyo magmatic iyo metamorphic ah. Silicates ka kooban yihiin iyo dhagaxyadii ku aasan, iyo qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah u adeega alaab nin öre in la helo bir (iron silicate, tusaale ahaan) iyo waxa lagu soo saaray sida macdanta.

Waxay leeyihiin qaab adag iyo Halabuurka kiimikada. Roobka Dhismayaasha lagu gartaa joogitaanka kooxaha Madbacada qaranka tetravalent SiO ₄ - tetraerd double. Silicates yihiin jasiiradda, giraanta, silsilad, suun, sheet (layers), bakhtigu. separation Tani waxay ku xidhan tahay isku darka ee tetraerdov Silicon.

dirka dhagaxyada

Taxonomy Modern aagga this bilaabay qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad iyo labaatanaadna wuxuu u soo ceshatay horumarka weyn sida sayniska ee petrography, petrology. In 1962 wuxuu markii ugu horaysay la abuuray Guddiga Petrographic ee USSR. Haddaba hay'adda waa in IGEM Moscow ee.

Degree of Ebana sare dhagaxyada Kobenhagen kala duwan yihiin labada kaynotipnye - dhallinyaro ah, ayaa waxba iska badalin, iyo palaeotypal - jir ah, kaasoo lagu recrystallized la dhererka waqtiga. Tani dhagaxyada Kobenhagen, clastic, taas oo la sameeyey intii lagu jiray qarax iyo waxay ka kooban yihiin piroklastitov (jajabkii). kala soocidda Kiimikada ay tilmaamaysaa qeybinta kooxo ku xiran tahay content ee silica. dhagaxyada Igneous in Halabuurka noqon kartaa ultrabasic, aasaasiga ah, dugsiga sare, acid iyo aalladda acid.

Batholiths iyo kaydka

Oo aad u ballaaran, tacsida aan joogto ahayn u qaabeysan dhagaxyada adigoo waxaa lagu magacaabaa batholiths. Meesha of qaababka waxaa lagu qiyaasay karaa by kumanyaalka kun ee reer kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran. Tani waa qayb ka mid dhexe oo ka mid ah buuraha duubnaadaan, halkaas oo batholiths kordhiyo nidaamka buurta dhan. Ka kooban dhagax adag dhab-grained la sameeyaan koritaan, geeddi socodka iyo protrusions, soo sameeyey hordhaca ah ee magma granitic.

Ushaada waxay leedahay qaab wareeg ah ama elliptical cross-qeybaha. Waxay ka yar ee batholith size - sida caadiga ah wax yar ka yar boqol kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran, mararka qaarkood - iyo laba boqol, laakiin inta kale ee guryaha la mid yihiin. dhengedihii badan oo taag ka miisaanka qubbad batholith-sida. darbiyada ay ugu dhaceen darsatid, contours aan joogto ahayn.

Laccoliths, etmolity, lopolith, dikes

Likaha ama formation Xamar-qaabeeya sameeyey by the magmas culus, loo yaqaan laccoliths. Waxaa badanaa jira kooxaha. Waxay u yar yihiin in size - ilaa dhowr kiiloomitir dhexroor. sirdoonka Laccoliths, koritaanka cadaadis ee magma u qaaday oo aan jabiyay Yeeelid ee qolof ah. The aad u la mid ah likaha. Etmolity lid,, qayb masaf-qaabeeya dhuuban hoos. Sida muuqata, furitaanka cidhiidhsan ka adeegi jiray magma dhalidda.

Lopolith yihiin jidhka Sauce-qaabeeya, ferjiga hoos iyo kiciyey geesaha. Waxay, sidoo kale, u muuqday in ay koraan dhulka, iyada oo aan dhibi dusha dhulka ee, iyo sida ay u taagay. dhagaxyada si degdeg ah ama goor dambe dildilaaca muuqan doona - sababo kala duwan. Magma ayaa dareensan in ku liito iyo cadaadiska uu bilaabo inuu buuxiyo oo dhan dhimman iyo dildilaaca, waqti isku mid ah ahmiyadda ugu dhagaxa weyn ku xeeran sarkhaansan yihiin heerkulka weyn. Sayidka sameeyay dikes. Waxay u yar yihiin - ka nus mitir in ay dhowr boqol oo mitir, laakiin xitaa lix kilomitir ma dhaafto. Sida magma ku qaboobeyso hoos ku dildilaaca si deg deg ah mar walba dikes dhismeedka ganaax-grained. Haddii Buurahana la arkay tiixtiix cidhiidhi ah - dhagax weyn - taasi waa badan tahay, dikes, maxaa yeelay, waxay u badan yihiin adkaysi u nabaad badan dhagaxa weyn ku hareereysan.