Mabda'a ah "qaadan ama bixin": nuxurka, taariikhda codsanaya maanta

Xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya loogu iibsada ee noocyada kala duwan ee halista ay suurtogal tahay waaweyn. iyaga ka mid ah waa xaalad si caddaalad ah wax caadi ah meel aanad ka iibin karaan dhammaan waxyaabaha la qorsheeyey oo xidhiidh la leh la joojiyo mid ka mid ah dhinacyada in ay heshiiska. Tani waxay micnaheedu tahay khasaaraha dhaqaale weyn oo qeybiyaha. Si looga hortago xaaladaha sida in tiro ka mid ah heshiisyada qaybinta alaabta (sida caadiga ah qaali ah oo tiro badan), mabda'a loo yaqaan "qaataan ama bixiyaan". Maxay ka dhigan tahay, waxa uu yahay, iyo sida ku sameeyeen hab this? Sidee iyo haddii ay had iyo jeer ka shaqeeya? Waxaad ku baran doontaa by reading article ah.

Nuxurka of mabda'a ah

xaaladda "qaado ama bixin" ( "qaataan ama mushahar ah") waa hab caadi ah oo waaweyn, oo ay ku jiraan shirkadaha caalamiga ah. Waxay ka kooban tahay ee soo socda: at gabagabeeyo heshiiska on bixinta lacagta lagu heshiiyay ee badeecada qeybiyaha iyo iibsadaha u qaadan waajibaadka gaar ah. marka hore waa in la xaqiijiyo in gudahood heshiis muddo bixiyo, oo inta ugu badan ee alaabta la raacayo nidaamyada ku qeexan oo labada dhinac ay ku muda ah. Shirka labaad ee - si ay ugu bixiyaan tiro cayiman ee alaabta, iyadoo aan loo eegayn sida badan waxaa dhab iibsaday inta lagu jiro mudada ku haboon.

Micnaha ay xaalad "qaataan ama bixin"

Dalbashada mabda this si loo yareeyo khatarta ka mid ah khasaaraha dhaqaale sabab u tahay awood la'aanta ah ee mugga la qorsheeyay ee iibka alaabta. Xitaa haddii iibsadaha uu diido in ay iibsadaan alaabta ee lacagta ugu badan (oo go'an in heshiiska), wuxuu yeelan doonaa in uu bixiyo kharashka oo dhan. Tani waxa loo arki karaa in rigoore loo dhigo failure in ay u hoggaansamaan shuruudaha heshiiska. In duruufaha ganacsi, tan waxa loo yaqaan mabda'a "qaataan ama bixiyaan". Haddii sida hab dhimista halista ah looma isticmaalo, alaab-lahaa in ay waxa ka mid ah in caanaha binta ah.

Sheekada of mabda'a ah ee "qaado ama bixin"

Waayo, markii ugu horeysay, nidaamka of xiriir dhismaha u dhaxeeya ka qaybgalayaasha in qandaraas bixinta la soo bandhigay ee dabayaaqadii 50-mada ay qarnigii XX dalka Netherlands. Waxaa xiran horumarinta beerta gaaska Groningen, taas oo muujisey in ay tahay hawl aad u qaali ah, dalbaday maalgashiga dadweynaha ee kaabayaasha gaadiidka iyo wax soo saarka gaaska. Qaatay lacagta loo baahan yahay inuu ku soo laabto, oo waa la lahaa karaa waddo kaliya - si loo hubiyo in sahayda ah kala go 'tiro badan ee gaaska iyo lacagta buuxda. Sayidka ayaa la Been abuurtay mabda'a si firfircoon maanta loo isticmaalo "qaataan ama bixiyaan".

State of Netherlands ayaa soo gabagabeeyay heshiis muddo dheer ah. Waxay bixiyaan lacagta ugu badan ee alaabta in ay yihiin counterparties ballan qaaday in ay soo iibsadaan muddo go'an gudahood. Haddii ay diideen in ay u hoggaansamaan shuruudaha, ka dibna aad bixiso ganaax. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, mid ka mid ah dadka taabacsan ugu caansan ee mabda 'tani waa shirkadda Ruush "Gazprom".

Haddii xaaladda uma shaqeeyo, tusaale cad

"Gazprom" in xidhiidhka ay la leeyihiin Shiinaha iyo la-hawlgalayaasha Yurub si firfircoon khuseysaa mabda'a "qaataan ama bixiyaan". Qaar badan oo ka mid ah maxaabiista ay heshiisyo Urur sahayda gaas leeyihiin muddo 25 sano ama ka badan. Sida caadiga ah wax kasta oo si fiican u shaqeeya, laakiin mar waxaa jiray qalad.

Terms of heshiis qandaraas ah u saxiixay on mabda'a la shirkadda Czech RWE Transgas, lagu xad gudbay. iibsadaha ayaa diiday in ay iibsadaan gaaska ee lacagta ugu badan ee kaas oo ay bixiso heshiiska iyo in uusan rabin in uu bixiyo ganaaxa. Sidaas darteed of dhaaranay (ee la xidhiidha xad-gudub ku ah mabda'a "qaataan ama bixiyaan") "Gazprom" ahaa khasaare ah. Vienna Xalinta Maxkamadda aqoonsan xaq ah shirkad Czech in ay doortaan gaaska ka yar ku xusan by qodobada heshiiska, iyadoo la bixin wax rigoore.

carada Xaaladda ka mid ah wada-hawlgalayaasha caalamiga ah

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in mabda 'ah "qaadan ama bixin" si firfircoon loo isticmaalaa in siyaasadda dhoofinta oo ka mid ah shirkadaha Ruushka, qandaraaslayaasha badan ayaa dhowr jeer soo bandhigay qanacsanayn iyaga la. xaaladaha daran noocan oo kale ah ee heshiisyada caalamiga ah ee sahayda gaas ma jeclaan, gaar ahaan, Talyaani iyo Yukreeniyaan-hawlgalayaasha.

Sidaas daraaddeed, shirkadda Eni ee ku hanjabtay in ay "Gazprom" diidmada kordhiyo heshiiska, haddii mabda'a "qaataan ama bixiyaan" ma laga saari doonaa qodobada ay. Qanacsanayn la-hawlgalayaasha Talyaani fahmi karo, maxaa yeelay, sabab u dhac in gaaska lumay 1.5 billion. Euro (2009-2011).

dhigooda Ukraine sidoo kale ka hadlay cabashooyinka. Sayidka, sida laga soo xigtay heshiiska, "Gazprom" in "Naftogaz" (oo hore u jiray ka hor 2019) siiyaa sahayda gaas si ay u Ukraine in qadarka 52 billion. Mitir oo saddex jibbaaran sanadkiiba. 2013 Application-hawlgalayaasha ka gudbiyay 27 kaliya billion. Mitir oo saddex jibbaaran. Xaaladdan oo kale, shirkadda ayaa bixin doona aan ka yarayn 33 billion Cube.. mitir, iyo sidoo kale suuragal ah in rigoore ururtay in xaddiga laba bilyan. dollars.

Falanqeeyayaasha qaar ayaa muujiyey in xilligii oo saldanad ah heshiisyada qaba xaaladaha adag sida si tartiib tartiib ah uu dhammaado. Tani waxay ku saabsan tahay oo keliya ma aha "Gazprom" Ruushka, laakiin sidoo kale shirkadaha kale ee caalamiga ah. Maxaa ku dhici doona, mar kaliya sheegi doonaa.

gunaanad

Mabda'a ah "qaadan ama bixin" la odhan karaa waa qalab aad wax ku ool yaraynta halista ah ee khasaaraha dhaqaale. Qeybiyeyaasha ay tani tahay fursad ay ku iibiyaan badeecada ay si buuxda, iyo haddii kale loo yareeyo khasaaraha ka "nedozakupok". Laakiin, sida ay u soo baxay, oo dhan ma iibsada xaaladda tani waa lagama maarmaanka u ah nafta (oo awoodi karin). khubarada qaar ayaa rumaysan mabda'a waa mid aad u adag oo la saadaaliyo diidmada ah ee ay codsiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, weli waxaa ka shaqeeya (in kastoo la caqabado), iyo shirkado badan oo waa mid aad ku qanacsan tahay xaaladda noocan ah.