Life iyo shaqada Ostrovsky. Tallaabooyinka iyo muuqaalada Ostrovsky-abuurka

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky - Qoraaga caanka Ruush iyo riwaayadaha, saamayn weyn ku saabsan horumarinta tiyaatarka qaranka. Waxa uu sameeyay a kulan macquul ah dugsiga cusub oo ku qoray shuqullo badan oo cajiib ah. Maqaalkani waxa uu sharraxaad ka bixin doontaa tallaabooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee hal-abuurka Ostrovsky. Oo daqiiqado ugu weyn ee mustaqbalkiisa ciyaareed.

carruurnimada

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky, sawir ka mid ah waxaa lagu soo bandhigay in qodobkan, waxa uu ku dhashay 1823, March 31, ee Moscow, degaanka ee ala Ordynka. Aabbihiis - Nikolai Fedorovich - koray in wadaadka qoyska, wuxuu ka Moscow fiqi Academy laftiisa qalin, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma u adeegaan ee kaniisadda. Waxa uu noqday qareen maxkamad, ku hawlan arrimaha ganacsiga iyo garsoorka. Nikolai Fedorovich maamulo u kacay inuu darajo taliye -Gudoomiyaha, iyo ka dib (ee 1839) si aad u hesho abtirsan. Hooyo riwaayadaha mustaqbalka - Savvina Lyubov Ivanovna - waxay ahayd gabadhii Sexton ah. Waxay ku dhintay markii Alexander ahaa sano oo kaliya todoba jir. qoyska ka mid ah lixdii carruurta korayaan Ostrowski. Nikolai Fedorovich sameeyey oo dhan, in carruurta ku koraan in barwaaqo iyo waxbarasho wanaagsan. A dhowr sano ka dib dhimashadii Lyubov uu mar kale guursaday. Xaaskiisa bilaabay inuu Emilia Andreevna asalka Ticino, Baroness, gabadhii Sirkaalkii Swedish. Carruurtu waa mid aad u nasiib badan la aayo: waxay awooday in la helo hab iyaga iyo sii waday in ay ku hawlan yihiin waxbarashadooda.

dhalinyarada

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky qaatay caruurnimadiisii qalbiga Zamoskvorechye. Aabbihiisna wuxuu ahaa maktabad aad u wanaagsan, mahad oo wiil yiqiin hore suugaanta ee qorayaasha Ruush iyo dareemay penchant ah qoraal. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, aabbihiisna wuxuu arkay wiilka kaliya qareen. Sidaa darteed, in 1835, Alexander loo diray dugsiga First Moscow, ka dib markii barashada in uu ahaa arday ee jaamacadda Moscow. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si aad u hesho shahaadada sharciga ka Ostrovsky ma guulaysan. Wuxuu dirireen la samayso macalinka oo jaamacad ka tegey. On talo ah ee Alexander ayaa aabbihiis u tegey in ay u adeegaan ee hayaha maxkamadda iyo shaqeeyay booska this dhowr sano.

imtixaanka qalinka

Laakiin Alexander uma uu dayn isku dayo in uu noqon duurka ku suugaanta. In uu xiisa badan marka hore uu qabtay accusatory, "moral iyo bulshada" jihada. The ugu horeysay shuqullada Ostrovsky lagu daabacay in edition cusub, "Moscow City Gazette", in 1847. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen Dakatu ee majaajilada ah "geftay caydh ah" iyo maqaalka "resident Notes Zamoskvoreche." Under daabacaadda macnihiisu waa "warqad A. ah O "iyo" D. G. "Xaqiiqada ah in a qaarkood Dmitry Gorev bixiyeen iskaashiga Abwaan dhallinyarada. Waxa aan la dhaqaajin karin on qoraal mid ka mid ah goobaha ay, laakiin ka dib waxa ay noqotay meesha Ostrovsky dhibaato weyn. leexinaaya Qaar ka mid ah ka dibna lagu eedeeyay Abwaan Qishka. In mustaqbalka, ka qalinka of Alexander II la sii dayn doono wax badan oo xiisa weyn, oo qofna ku dhaca in uu shaki tayadiisa. Next si faahfaahsan lagu tilmaami doonaa nolosha iyo shaqada Ostrovsky. Shaxda hoose nidaaminta doonaa macluumaadka.

Guusha ugu horeysay

Marka tani ka dhacdey? Inta badan hal-abuurka caanka ah Ostrovsky helay ka dib markii la daabaco ee 1850 comedy "dadkiisa - waxaa lagu tiriyey!". shaqada Tani waxay sababtay dib u eegista wanaagsan ee wareegyada suugaanta. Ivan Goncharov iyo play N. V. Gogol ayaa siiyey qiimayn wanaagsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in foosto this malabka iyo helay Daqsi cajiib ah in marisay. baayacmushtariyaasha saameynta Moscow, ka xanaaqsan ee fasalka ka cawday in maamulka sare ee dramatist ku dhiirato. play ayaa waxaa isla markiiba la mamnuucay dejinta, qoraaga laga saaray xafiiska iyo hoos ilaalo booliska adag. Oo waxaa dhacay si shakhsi ahaaneed ee Emperor Nicholas koowaad. Kormeerka la tirtiray oo kaliya ka dib uguma carshiga, Emperor Alexander II. A dhagaystayaasha tiyaatarka comedy arkay oo kaliya in 1861, ka dib markii la qaadey xannibaadda ku saabsan ay dejinta.

Riwaayado hore

Early shaqeeyaa A. N. Ostrovskogo waxaa la dayaco, shuqullada la daabacay inta badan ee "Moskvityanin" magazine. Abwaan si firfircoon gacan saar la leeyihiin edition this iyo sida naqdi ah iyo editor ee 1850-1851 sano. Under saameynta ay "Shaqaalaha tifaftirka dhallinyarada" magazine iyo ideologist ugu weyn ee this goobada, AA Grigoriev, Alexander qoray play ah "Saboolnimada waa dembi lahayn," "joogo aad gaari baraf u gaar ah", "ma ku nool yihiin sida aad rabto in aad." Dulucda of abuurka Ostrovsky in muddo this - idealization ee raggu caadooyinka qadiimiga Ruush iyo dhaqanka. dareenka Kuwan waxaa wax yar ka cajuusada ah pathos accusatory qoraaga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in shuqullada silsiladan ayaa kor u xirfadaha riwaayado of Alexander Nikolayevich. Riwaayado uu u noqday caan ah oo caan ah.

Cooperation la "Casriga"

Laga bilaabo 1853, muddo soddon sannadood, Alexander Nikolayevich ciyaarayo xilli kasta muujiyey at Maly ah (Moscow) iyo Alexandrinsky ah (St. Petersburg) tiyaatarada. Tan iyo 1856, shaqada Ostrovsky ayaa waxaa si joogto ah la daboolay weriyey "Casriga" (shuqullada daabacan). Inta lagu guda jiro burburkii bulshada ee dalka (ka hor la baabiiyo of serfdom ee 1861), shuqullada qora mar kale noqday laayeen accusatory. In cayaarta "In cunid ah Iiddii qalaad" qoraaga waxa uu abuuray image cajiib ah Bruskova Titus Titych, taas oo soo bixitaankii ciidamada xunxunna iyo mugdiga ah ee kaligiitalinimo qoyska. Halkan ayaa markii ugu horeysay ka dhawaajisay erayga "daalim", ka dib hagaajin waayo gallery oo dhan characters Ostrovsky. In majaajilada ah "A faa'iido Post" noqday caadi ku qosleen saraakiisha prodazhnichestvo. Drama "Ardayga The" ahaa dibad nool ka dhanka ah rabshadaha ka dhanka ah qofka. Waxaa hoos lagu tilmaami doonaa oo kale ah tallaabooyinka tahay Ostrowski. Laakiin guulaha top of mudadaas uu hawl suugaanta jiray riwaayadaha ee "Biriqleh" dhaqan-nafsi ah.

"Storm The"

In play this, "BYTOVIK" Ostrovsky rinji jawi maqlaan magaalada gobolka ay Munaafaqnimada, axmaqnimo, maamulka unquestioned "sare" iyo hodan ah. Farqiga u dhexeeya dunida xasilooneyn dadka Alexander ka dhigan sawir oo xiiso leh ee dabiiciga ah Volga ah. image ee Catherine afuufin quruxda naxdin iyo soo jiidashada madow. Onkod taagan jahwareer ruuxiga ah ee halyeeyad ah, iyo waqti isku mid ah ka dhigan tahay culays cabsi, kaas oo dadka caadiga ah si joogto ah ku nool yihiin. Boqortooyada addeeco indha la 'in ay milmaan by Ostrovsky, laba ciidamada: dareen caadi ah, kuwaas oo dadka ku wacdiyo in cayaarta Kuligin iyo naf daahir ah Katerina. In iyada "Ray iftiinka gudcurka" DOB naqdiya fasiray image ee qof ugu muhiimsan sida calaamad u ah dibad qoto dheer, si tartiib ah bislaada ee dalka.

Iyada oo play this ridan in an hal-abuurka height haleeli Ostrovsky. "Storm The" Alexander Nikolayevich sameeyey Abwaan Ruush ugu caansan oo loo xushmeeyo.

sababaha taariikhiga ah

In qeybtii labaad ee 1860, Alexander waxay bilaabeen inay bartaan taariikhda Time ee rabshado. Wuxuu bilaabay inuu u dhigma la taariikhyahan si fiican u yaqaan iyo dhaqdhaqaaqe bulshada Nikolai Ivanovich Kostomarov. Iyada oo ku saleysan waxbarasho ee ilaha Abwaan halis ah waxaa la abuuray by taxane ah oo shuqullada taariikhi ah: "Dmitry ee la firin iyo Vasily Shumsky," "Kozma Minin Zaharich-Sukhoruk", "Tushino". Dhibaatooyinka taariikhda Ruushka ayaa lagu sawiray Ostrowski xirfad leh oo loogu kalsoonaan karo.

ruwaayado kale

Alexander weli daacad u ah oo uu topic jecel. In 1860 wuxuu warqadihii ku qoray qaar ka mid ah ruwaayado "maalin kasta" iyo riwaayadaha. iyaga ka mid ah: "Maalmaha culus", "yamayska", "jeedan". hawlahaas goor horeba sii xaqiijistay helay sababaha qoraa. Tan iyo markii ay shaqo 1860 daahay Ostrovskogo haysato muddo ah horumarinta firfircoon. In uu riwaayadaha muuqan images iyo mawduucyada oo ka mid ah ka soo baxaysaa dibuhabaynta of Russia "cusub": ganacsada, purchasers, haysata ee raggu ba'ay iyo baayacmushtariyadii "Europeanized". Alexander abuuray taxane ah oo cajiib ah majaajilooyin garneel, fogaynayaa khayaal ah ee muwaadiniinta post-habaynta, "Easy Money," "Hot Heart", "Wolves iyo Idaha", "Forest". Abwaan fiican Moral waa naf daahir ah, dad sharaf leh: Paracha ah "qalbi diiran" Aksyusha ah "Kaymaha". matalaad Ostrovsky of macnaha nolosha, farxad iyo waajibaadka bixitaankii play ah "Labor Bread". Ku dhowaad dhammaan shuqullada Alexander II, ku qoran 1870, oo lagu daabacay "Notes of Fatherland ah".

"Snow xaasnimada"

muuqaalka kore ee aayaddan of play ahaa gabi ahaanba random. tiyaatarka yaryar ee 1873 ayaa la xidhay dayactirka. jilayaasha uu guurtay dhismaha Tiyaatarka Bolshoi ah. Marka tan la eego, Guddiga on Tiyaatar Imperial Moscow ee Management go'aansaday in la abuuro show ah oo saddex ka mid ah Hobollada Qaranka ee ku lug doonaa, opera, ballet iyo jilidda riwaayadaha. Qoraan qayb la mid ah qaaday Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky. "Snow xaasnimada" waxaa qoray Abwaan ee muddo aad u gaaban. The eed qoraaga qaatay sheekada Qisada dad Ruush. Iyada oo ka shaqeeya play ah, uu si taxadar leh u doortay dhinacyada gabayada, la tashaday archeologists, taariikhyahanadu, culimada of Qarniyadii hore. Music kooban ciyaarta ee dhallinyarada P. I. Chaykovsky. play ah ayaa laga ee 1873, May 11, masraxa ee Tiyaatarka Bolshoi ah. K. S. Stanislavsky ka hadlay "Snow xaasnimada" sida sheeko cirfiid a, riyo, ayaa sheegay in gabayada cod weyn oo heer sare ah. Waxa uu sheegay in qof waaqici ah, BYTOVIK Ostrovsky qoray play this sida haddii ilaa markaas xiiso lahayn, marka laga reebo hindiga saafi ah iyo gabayada.

Shaqo sannadihii la soo dhaafay,

Muddadan, Ostrovsky qoray comedy weyn bulshada iyo cilmi-nafsi iyo jilidda riwaayadaha. Waxay sheegi of qaddar naxdinta lahaa dareen khiyaano haweenka hibada in maalinta Isniinta ah iyo is-xiiseyneyso, "talanti oo xiiseyneysay", "aroosadda". Halkan Abwaan horumartay farsamooyinka cusub ee ra'yi dhiibashada masrixiyada, filayay shaqada Antona Chehova. Dhawrista dabeecadaha ay riwaayadaha, Alexander doonayeen inay ogaadaan "comedy wanaagsan caaqil" geesiyaal "halganka gudaha".

Cayaaraha bannaanka

In 1866, Alexander aasaasay Circle caanka farshaxanka. Wuxu la siiyey stage Moscow jilayaasha badan oo tayo leh. Waxaan soo booqday Ostrovsky DV Grigorovich, Ivan Goncharov, I. S. Turgenev, P. M. Sadovsky, AF Pisemsky, G. N. Fedotova, M. E. Ermolova, P. I. Chaykovsky , L. N. Tolstoy, ME Saltykov-Shchedrin, IE Turchaninov.

Sannadkii 1874tii waxaa la abuuray Society of qorayaasha Ruush iyo composers opera weyn ee Russia. Gudoomiyaha Ururka Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky loo doortay. Photos of tirada guud ee caanka ah ayaa lagu yaqaan inay taageere kasta oo ka mid ah fanka ee Russia. Reformer waa uu iska dadaal lagu doonayo in sharciga maamulka tiyaatarka waxaa dib loo eegay ay guushu mid ah fannaaniinta ku, iyo sidaas si weyn u hagaajiyaan xaaladda dhaqaale iyo bulsho.

In 1885, Alexander ayaa loo magacaabay madaxa qayb ka mid ah waajihid ee tiyaatarada in Moscow oo noqday madaxa dugsiga riwaayadaha.

Tiyaatarka Ostrovsky

Aleksandra Ostrovskogo-abuurka waa kala saari Karin xidhiidh la formation of tiyaatarka Ruush ay ku samaynaso oo casri ah. Abwaan iyo qoraaga ayaa u suurtagashay in ay la abuuro uu dugsiga tiyaatarka iyo fikirka oo dhan dhaqangalka gaar ah qaab masrixiyada.

Features of abuurka masraxa Ostrovsky waa la'aanta ah ee dabiiciga ah counter jilitaanka iyo xaaladaha ba'an ee ka tallaabo play ah. In shuqullada Alexander Nikolayevich dhacaan dhacdooyinka caadiga ah dadka caadiga ah.

Fikradaha ugu muhiimsan ee dib u habaynta:

• masraxa waa in lagu saleeyaa heshiisyada (bandhigaan aan la arki karin "derbiga afaraad" kala daawadayaal ka Actorada);
• marka la dejinayo xaddiga play waa in aanay noqon on actor ah si fiican u yaqaan, oo ku saabsan kooxda fahmi kasta fanaaniinta kale;
• jilayaasha xiriirka tuso, si ay luqada: astaamaha hadalka waa in ay muujiyaan ku dhowaad dhammaan jilayaasha matalayay play ah;
• dad u yimid inuu tiyaatarka si ay u daawadaan ciyaar ka mid ah jilayaasha, ma si ay u bartaan play - waxay u akhriyi kartaa guriga.

Fikradaha in la iman Ostrovskiy qoraa Aleksandr Nikolaevich, waxaa markii dambe dib u habaynta M. A. Bulgakovym iyo K. S. Stanislavskim.

nolosha Personal

nolosha shakhsiga ah ee la xidhey ugu jirin xiiso leh ka yar shuqulkiisa suugaanta. In urur madani ah naag dabaqada dhexe fudud hoose uu ku noolaa muddo ku dhow labaatan sano Ostrovskiy Aleksandr Nikolaevich. xaqiiqooyinka xiiso leh iyo faahfaahinta xiriirka guurka ah ee qoraaga iyo xaaskiisa ugu horeysay weli Dhectuuro cilmi.

In 1847, in wadiiqo St. Nicholas Vorobinovskom soo socda si uu guriga u halkaasoo uu ku noolaa Ostrovsky, wuxuu dejiyaa walaashiis jir ah saddex iyo toban sano, gabar dhalinyaro ah - Agafya Ivanovna. Waxay lahaa qoyska lahayn, saaxiibo ma. Qofna ma yaqaanno halkaas oo ay la kulmeen Aleksandrom Nikolaevichem. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in 1848 dadka dhalinyarada lahaa wiil, Alex. Waayo, xaaladaha ilmo xannaanayn u jirin, sidaa darteed wiilka la saaray ku meel gaar ah in agoonta. Ostrowski ee aabbihiisna wuxuu ahaa cadhoon in wiilkiisa ma aha oo kaliya tuuray jaamacad la qaderiyo, laakiin sidoo kale la xiriira qof dumar ah oo fudud hoose dabaqada dhexe ku nool xaafadda.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Alexander bandhigay adayg iyo, markii aabbihiis iyo aayo ka tegey oo guriga dhawaan soo iibsatay Shchelykovo gobolka Kostroma, dejiyaa Agafya Ivanovna guri ka samaysan alwaax.

Writer iyo ethnographer SV Maksimov kaftamay wuxuu naagtiisii horeysay Ostrovsky "Xaaska Martha Governor ee," maxaa yeelay waxay ahayd in ku dhow qoraaga in times of saboolnimada daran iyo amuur aad u daran. Ostrovsky saaxiibo Agafia Ivanovna lagu gartaa sida nin ay dabiicadda waa mid aad u qatar ah iyo wadnaha. Waxaa cajiib ah ogaa sidii caadooyinkoodii iyo caadooyinka nolosha ganacsiga iyo saamayn wayn ku shuqulka Ostrovsky. Alexander inta badan lagala tashan, iyada oo leh ee ku saabsan abuurka shuqulladooda. Intaa waxaa dheer, Agafya Ivanovna ahaa xirma cajiib ah iyo soo dhawayn. Laakiin guurka rasmi ah iyada Ostrovsky ma soo saaray xitaa dhimasho aabbihiis ka dib. Dhammaan carruurta ku dhashay union this, ku dhintay mid aad u yar yar, oo keliya, hooyada ugu weynaa Alex, si kooban u soo maray.

Waqti ka, Ostrovsky lahaa hiwaayadaha kale. Wuxuu ahaa xamaasad jacayl la Lyubov Pavlovnu Kositsky-Nikulin, kuwaas oo Catherine ciyaaray Ciyaar ka mid ah "Storm" ee 1859. Si dhakhso ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jiray nasasho shakhsi: atariishada tuuray riwaayadaha ah baayacmushtari hodan.

Markaas Alexander Nikolayevich waxaa jiray isgaarsiinta fannaanka dhallinyarada Vasilyeva-Bakhmet'eva. Agafya Ivanovna ogaa waxa ku saabsan, laakiin si geesinimo leh u dhashay inuu iskutallaabtiisa, iyo guulaysteen, inay is-ixtiraam Ostrovsky. Waxay ku dhintay 1867, 6 March, ka dib xanuun muddo dheer. Alexander iyadii sariirta tegin ilaa dhamaadka aad. meel xabaaleed Oo naagtii ugu horeysay ee Ostrovsky aan la garanayn.

Laba sano ka dib wuxuu guursaday Abwaan-Bakhmet'eva ku Vasilyeva, bal yaa isaga u dhashay laba gabdhood oo afartiisii wiil. Iyadoo naagtan Alexander noolaa ilaa uu dhintay.

qoraaga Dhimashada

The bulshada iyo waqti hawlaha hal-abuurka aan saameyn ku yeelan kartaa caafimaadka qoraaga. Oo weliba, inkastoo ururinta wanaagsan ee riwaayadaha iyo hawlgabka sanadlaha ah ee $ 3 kun, lacagta caddaanka ah Alexander Nikolayevich had iyo jeer u baahnaydeen. walwal joogta ah u daalay, jirka ah ee qoraaga ugu dambeyntii uu ku guuldareystay. In 1886, 2 June, qoraaga ku dhintay estate uu Shchelykovo dhow Kostroma. Emperor Alexander III siiyey riwaayadaha aaska 3000 rubles. Intaa waxaa dheer, naag carmal ah qoraaga, wuxuu u doortay hawlgabka in cadadka 3 kun rubles, iyo in waxbarashada caruurta Ostrowski - xataa 2400 rubles sano ah.

taariikhda

Life iyo Ostrovsky abuurka lagu si kooban u soo bandhigi karin miis taariikh.

dhacdooyinka noocan oo kale ah waxaa ka buuxay nolosha iyo hal-abuur Ostrovsky. Shaxda taas oo cadaynaysa dhacdada ugu weyn ee nolosha qoraaga, kaa caawin doontaa in si fiican u fahmo oo uu Biography. dhaxalka riwaayado of Alexander Nikolayevich overemphasized. Little Tiyaatarka weli marka nolosha artist weyn ee u yimid in loogu yeedho "guriga Ostrovsky," oo uu leeyahay badan. Hal-abuurka Ostrovsky, sharaxaad kooban oo waxaa lagu soo qodobkan, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay bartaan si faahfaahsan.