Hidaha. sharciga ugu horeysay Mendel ee

Monk ka soo jeedo Czech, Gregor Mendel, sannadaha 1856-1866 sameeyay tijaabo, taas oo markii danbe noqday kuwa si weyn loo yaqaan. Sidaas darteed uu cilmi baaris ku dhashay sayniska cusub - genetics. Fundamental si ay horumarka ahaa kii ugu horeeyay ee sharcigayga Mendel. digir ayaa la doortay sida beer noocooda ah. Tani waxa ay ahayd sabab u ah jiritaanka noocyo badan oo kala duwan si cad u dhexeeya sababo gaar ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, dhirta, kuwaas oo aad si fudud u koraan iyo hybridize. Sidaas darteed of taxadir tijaabo qorshaynta jar ay fulinayaan, iyo sidoo kale tiro badan oo ah xogta tirakoobka lagu kalsoonaan karo ayaa laga heli tijaabooyin shaybaadh. Natiijadan ayaa ahaa kii ugu horeeyay in la furo sharciga ugu horeeya ee Mendel, ka dibna soo socda.

Nuxurka of tijaabo ah

Sidaas daraaddeed, in faahfaahin dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan sida Law koowaad ee Mendel la furay. Bilowga daraasadda ayaa loo doortay dhirta isagoo kala duwan oo kala duwan labada mid ka mid ah calaamadaha, tusaale ahaan, qorshaha of ubax - Boodaynin ama axillary. Koraaya nooc kasta ee ab ka yar, Mendel xusay in ay ku habboon in loo isticmaalo ujeeddooyin tijaabo ah. tijaabo oo ka kooban in isgoyska by wareejinta manka ah ee ka mid ah dhirta in kale. natiijada tijaabo lagu kalsoonaan karo ayaa mahad helay inuu dhaqmayo si taxadir ah tiro ka mid ah tallaabooyin taxaddar ah. Gaar ahaan, stamens ka ubax la pollinated, markii danbe laga saaray, xirtaan saftay gaarka ah ee ubaxa in ay ka fogaadaan kala iibsiga ee manka dhirta kale.

Natiijada tijaabada

Laga soo bilaabo miraha hybrid ururiyey in kiisaska oo dhan, dhirta ubaxa axillary. Habkaani waxa uu noqday xukuma. Joogitaanka ubax Boodaynin loo qaaday sidii sifo a recessive. Ka dib-aragnimo ah ee jiilka koowaad ee dhirta ku hadhay is-pollination. The Beelaha keentay ahaayeen qayb ka mid ah axillary iyo ubaxyo Boodaynin. Under malo ee Mendel, nooca labaad goob joog ka ahaa in jiilka ugu horeeya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, muujinta sifo this ahaa mid aan dhamaystirnayn. Taasi waa, waxaa la muujiyey in foomka qarsoon. In qabashada tijaabo kale oo leh calaamadaha qaar ka mid ah labo ka mid ah, ku dhowaad saddex meelood Beelaha leeyihiin sifooyinka, kaas oo u muuqday in jiilka ugu horeeya. Qaybta afraad ee farcankiis waa inta lagu guda jiro dhirta qoyska dheefay 2aad lahaa hantida ma lagu tilmaamay inay ku 1aad. Maxay ahayd ka badan oo tijaabo ah, dheeraad ah natiijada ee u dhowaanin cabirku yahay 3: 1. Sharcigu wuxuu ugu horeysay ee Mendel la bilaabay in waxbarashada kuwan.

natiijooyinka

In waxbarashada sifooyinka dhirta gudbeen - tusaalooyinka waalidka joogo laba calaamad la mid ah - Beelaha helay sida uu sheegay mid ka mid ah qodobada la iska dhaxlo. The guryaha jiilka koowaad ee farcankiis aan ku biireen, iyo sii wadida shaqsi. Sidaas darteed, cilmi baaris ayaa lagu soo ururiyey macluumaad lagu kalsoonaan karo si sharciga ugu horeysay Mendel ayaa noqdey. Its dejinta waa sida soo socota: "calaamadaha waxaa ka go'an ka labada ciyaaryahan shaqeeyo arrimo gudaha ah (hiddo) ah. In jiilka labaad, laga heli by isgoyska monohybrid, ku dhawaad rubuc ka mid ah carruurta waxay leeyihiin sifooyin recessive ". Waa in la ogaadaa in Law koowaad iyo labaad ee Mendel lama hore aqbalay by bulshada sayniska. Later shuqulka saynisyahano kale, qodobbadan lagu mar kale la xaqiijiyay. Sidaas darteed, cilmi-baaris cusub ayaa lagu sameeyay aragtida koromosoomyada ah hiddo.