Hantiwadaagga Stalin: qaababka ugu muhiimsan iyo sifooyinka

hantiwadaagga Stalin loo yaqaan nidaamka dhaqan-siyaasadeed, kaas oo la sameeyay iyo jirey xilligii of Iosifa Stalina taliso qeybtii labaad ee 1920 ilaa 1953. Muddadan, Midowga Soofiyeeti soo maray warshadaha, collectivization, dhowr hirarka argagixiso. Socialism Stalin Zaman - state a classic keligii la dhaqaalaha amarka iyo hay'adaha ballaaran cadaadis.

dhaqaalaha cusub

Waxa ugu horeeya ee la xiriira hanti wadaag ah: Stalin - taasi waa warshadaha degdeg ah, taas oo lagu qabtay USSR ee 1930. Marka xoog, Bolsheviks helay dal xunyihiin sano oo colaad sokeeye iyo dhibaatooyinka dhaqaale aad u daran. Sidaa darteed, ee xasilinta ee xisbiga madax Lenin waxaan go'aansaday in aan ku tanaasul ah fikirka iyo bilaabay Nép ah. Magaca la siiyey siyaasadda cusub ee dhaqaalaha, taasi oo ka tarjumaysa jiritaanka ganacsi oo suuqa xorta ah.

Nép sida ugu dhakhsaha badan ee suurtogalka ah ayaa keentay in dib u dhiska dalka. Dhanka kale, ee 1924, Lenin dhintay. Power waqti qaar ka mid noqday wadajir ah. Qiyaastii meela ee xisbiga diiradda Bolsheviks Madaxdii Gaalowday oo u taagan ururka ee Kacaanka Oktoobar iyo guusha ee Dagaalkii Sokeeye. Stalin si tartiib tartiib ah oo dhan reebay tartanka. At soo noqdo oo ka mid ah 1920 iyo 1930 ayuu aasaasay awooda keliya keligii. Xaqiijinta ay xaq u gaar ah si ay u maareeyaan xaalad weyn, Xoghayaha Guud ee bilowday warshadaynta. Waxa uu noqday ku salaysan waxa ugu dhakhsaha badan noqon lahaa yaqaan hantiwadaagga ah: Stalin.

Shan-Year Plan

Qorshaha of warshadaynta ka koobnaa dhowr qodob oo muhiim. Waxaa bilaabay nuugista ee qaybta dadweynaha ee dhaqaalaha. dhaqaalaha dalka ayaa hadda ku noolaan lahayd oo ilaa qorshayaasha shan sanno ah. Naadiyey "mode dhaqaalaha". Dhammaan khayraadka dalka waxaa lagu tuuray on dhismaha warshado cusub.

Ugu dambeyntii, socialism Stalin loogu tala galay warshadaha aad u - abuurista saarka mishiinka in industry iyo qaybaha kale ee dhaqaalaha. Ujeeddadiisu waxay ahayd bixitaanka ka haraadiga dhaqaalaha beerolay. dalka ma laha shaqaale khibrad ku filan, iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti ku jiray go'doon caalami ah. Sidaa darteed, kadago waxay dooneen si ay u bixiyaan madaxbannaani dhaqaale iyo farsamo ka West ah.

warshadaynta qasabka ah lagu qaaday ay sabab u tahay Red Devils khayraadka tuulada, amaahda guriga, shaqada raqiis ah, shaqada xabsiga iyo xamaasad proletarian. "Saving Mode" waxa ay ka tarjumaysaa on walba - hoy, cunto, mushaharka. Dawladdu waxay abuuray nidaam oo dhiig-miirashada adag dadweynaha by xadidaada isticmaalka. In 1928-1935 GG. dalka waxaa jiray waraaqaha raashinka. warshadaynta qasabka ah riixo fikirka. awood Soviet waxaa weli ku riyoon jiray kacaanka dunida oo rajeynayay in ay ka faa'iidaystaan nasniin gaaban dhaqaalaha cusub, iyada oo aan taas waxa ay noqon doontaa wax aan macquul aheyn halganka ka dhanka ah loo ihaaneeyo. Sidaa darteed, Sannadihii warshadaynta ee USSR ee (1930) waxay sababeen in ma aha oo kaliya ah ee dhaqaalaha tayo kala duwan, laakiin sidoo kale xoojinta difaaca ee dalka.

dhismaha lama filaan ah

Qorshaha ugu horeeya ee shan sano yimid 1928-1932 GG. goobaha warshadaha New in muddo this muuqday inta badan duurka ku tamar, metallurgy iyo injineernimada farsamada. qorshayaasha Individual la diyaarin doonaa, qayb kasta oo ka mid ah gobollada dhaqaale gaar ah muhiim (tusaale ahaan, Kuzbass). Model ahayd mashruuca Dnieper, taas oo la dhisay saldhigga korontada iyo hooyadood oo ku Dnieper ah.

hantiwadaagga Stalin siiyey dalka dhuxusha cusub iyo xarunta qodniinka- ee meelaha kayd ee Siberia iyo Urals ah. Ka hor inta ugu badan ee shirkadaha ku yaalla qaybta Yurub ee USSR. Qorshaha ugu horeeya ee shan sano in la beddelo wax. Haddaba, warshadaha Soviet loo qaybiyey on dhulka ee dalka weyn badan oo isku dheelitiran. Transfer of ganacsatada bari, oo waxaa loo Yeedhiyaa more by cabsi hoggaan siyaasadeed ee dagaalka kula West shaqada.

In waqtiga Stalin ee waxaa jiray Dalstroy-jeestay macdanta dahabka ee Bariga Fog (gaar ahaan Kolyma ah). In gobolka this, waxaa si firfircoon loo isticmaalaa shaqada ee maxaabiista Gulag ah. Dadkani dhisay ganacsiyo badan ugu horeysay shan. Waxay sidoo kale qoday caanka White Sea Canal, kaas oo ku biiray wabiyada ee USSR Yurub.

Isbedelada beeraha

Oo ay la socdaan collectivization warshadaynta - in uu yahay waxa uu khuseeyaa hantiwadaagga ah: Stalin wuxu galay ugu horreeyey. Laba hababka ahaayeen isku midka ah iyo synchronously. Haddii aan hal jiri doonto kale ma jiro. Collectivization - burburinta beeraha gaarka loo leeyahay ee tuulada iyo abuuritaanka beeraha wadareed caadi ah, kuwaas oo ay ka mid ah jilayaasha ugu muhiimsan ee nidaamka hantiwadaagga cusub.

The toban sano marka hore Soviet, badala waaxda beeraha ee gobolka ku dhowaad ma jeedal. beeraha wadareed wada jirin ururshay shirkadaha gaarka ah - dhab ahaantii, beeralayda madax banaan nooca reer galbeedka. Waxay ahaayeen ganacsiga yaroow kuwaas oo helay tuulada caasimada celcelis ahaan. Waqtigan la joogo hantiwadaagga Stalin ma xaddido dhaqdhaqaaqooda.

In 1929, sannad-guuradii laba iyo tobnaad ee Kacaanka Oktoobar, xoghayaha guud ee xisbiga sii daayay article a si fiican u yaqaan, "A Year of Change Great". Waxaa Stalin ku dhawaaqay bilowga waji cusub oo horumarinta dhaqaalaha ee tuulada. Bishii December, waxa uu sidoo kale si cad uusan si ay u xakameyso kulaks ah, oo loo baabbi'iyo sidii fasal. Isla erayadan raacay by loogu yeero "collectivization" ka dib.

cannibalization

Si aad u buuxiso maamulka collectivization isticmaasho hab la mid ah ciidamada. Communists unugyada tuulada dabi tagaan. Haddii guud racfaanka nabad beeralay ma beerta ma tago oo uma uu dayn uu dhaqaalaha shakhsiga ah, waxaa la cadaadiyo. Fuliyay lala wareego hantida.

Ururshay ayaa loo arkaa milkiilayaasha in ay isticmaalaan in shaqada mushaharka beerta, baayacmushtari jireen alaabooyinka, middaysan leedahay ama Falkenberg. Kulligood waxay u "baaraandegi" oo ku saabsan 15-20% ka mid ah beeralayda kuwaas ma doonayaan in ay u tagaan beeraha wadareed. Qaar badan oo iyaga ka mid ah la reerahoodu ahaayeen waxay ahaayeen diray xeryaha shaqada, xabsi iyo maxaabiis ahaan. degayaasha gaar ah ayaa diiday xuquuqda madaniga ah.

"Wareer la Success"

Sannado badan ka mid ah model ah: Stalin ee hantiwadaagga khilaafeen naxariis buu u ballaadhan yahay. xubnaha Local xisbiga iyo wargeyska loo yaqaan "hantida" ka waaban inaad kicisid nacayb ka dhan ah shisheeye fasalka u kulaks oo kale counter-kacaan ah. yaroow Dhexe iyo deriskooda nicmeeyay, inta badan iska caabiyay cadaadis. Waxay la dilay communists iyo qabanqaabiyeyaasha diray collectivization cararay magaaladiisa oo dab loogu beeraha wadareed dhigay, gooyaa xoolaha iyaga u gaar ah. taxane ah falalka hubaysan ahaa lama filaan ah. Waxaa uma qaadan dabiiciga ah soo abaabulay, iyo ugu dhakhsaha badan qabqabashada dowladda.

Village ee xilligii Soviet, cadaabi hantiwadaagga Stalin ma aha oo kaliya. Hordhac of dheeraadka ah inta lagu guda jiro Dagaalkii Sokeeye, marka saarayaasha beeraha ayaa waajib ku ah in qayb ka mid ah goosashada gobolka qaadan, sidoo kale adag ku dhuftay by beeralayda. The Bolsheviks waqtiyo cadaadis iyo itaal ay cadaadis on tuulada alternated.

In guga ee 1930, Stalin, ka cabsada jabhadaha hubaysan ee kulaks ah, ku qoray article ah maslaxaad "Wareer guul". collectivization Tempo xoogaa hurda. Qayb badan ee qastaan tagay beeraha wadareed. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cadaadiska waxaa dib u bilaabay dayrta. Wejiga firfircoon ee collectivization dhamaaday 1932, iyo 1937 ee beeraha wadareed ka koobnaa ee ku saabsan 93% ka mid ah beeraha.

Dheecaan khayraadka tuulada

Tilmaamo badan oo ka hantiwadaagga Stalin ahaayeen wax soo saarka fool xun of urursan iyo rabshadaha. Cadaadis xaq dhismaha bulshada cusub oo laga filayo ee mustaqbal ifaya. Mid ka mid ah calaamadaha ugu weyn ee dhaqaalaha hantiwadaagga tuulada bilaabay inuu MTS - saldhigyada mashiinka iyo cagaf. Waxay jirey ee 1928-1958 sannad xisaabeedka. MTS siiyaa beeraha qalab cusub.

Tusaale ahaan, xarunta of cagaf ah Soviet noqday Stalingrad, kuwaas oo warshad lagu jiro dagaalkii labaad ee dunida ayaa dib haan. Dawladdu waxay si wadajir ah bixisay waxyaabaha u gaar ah farsamada. Tusaale ahaan, MTS ku ool ah nuugaa ama looga saaraa khayraadka tuulada. In shantii sano ee hore ee USSR ayaa waxay si firfircoon hadhuudh dhoofiyo dibadda. ma Trade xitaa ma joojiyo xilliyada oo abaar ah ee beeraha wadareed. ka soo baxay xagga iibka miraha iyo dalagyo kale, hoggaanka dalka ee ku baxay sii warshadaynta degdegsiimada iyo dhismaha adag a military-warshadaha cusub.

The guulaha abaabulka ee dhaqaalaha waqti isku mid keentay in musiibo beeraha. ugu lakabka adventurous Waxaa la wada baabbi'iyey, beeralayda xirfad leh oo firfircoon, halka dhaqdhaqaaqa cusub ee beeraha qariyo isku duba riday xumaanshaha. Joogsada feedhkii jaray 26 milyan oo xoolo (qiyaastii 45%). Dadka dib u soo celinta qaatay 30 sano. Xitaa mishiinada beeraha cusub lama oggola in la keeno dalag ugu yaraan ilaa wakhtiga ugu Nép. Tirokoobyada ayaa aan la gaari shaqo tayo sare leh, iyo in la kordhiyo Baxaad Badan.

Biirtay oo ka mid ah gobolka iyo xisbiga

In bartamihii 1930-in Midowga Soofiyeeti ugu dambeyntii sameeyay hantiwadaagga keligii. Years of siyaasadda xakamaynta ayaa gebi ahaanba bulshada beddelay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ugu horraysa ee cadaadiska yimid oo kaliya qeybtii labaad ee 1930, oo waxaa inta badan ku dhamaaday ay sabab u tahay dagaal la raadiyo la Germany.

Muqaalka muhiimka ah ee taliskii keligii ku biirtay oo ka mid ah xubnaha xisbiga iyo dawladda - xisbiga in ay si buuxda u hawl-dejinta iyo barxadda, iyo xisbiga laftiisa qabtay a xajin dhagan on hal qof kaliya. Total Stalin lahaa dhowr hirarka daahirintiisa gudaha. Waqtiyo kala duwan, waxay diiradda saaray xisbiga ama shaqaalaha military, laakiin garaacayeen iyo muwaadiniinta caadiga ah.

Nadiifinta ee xisbiga iyo ciidanka

cadaadis The fuliyay by isbedel magaca adeegyada ammaanka (NKVD-MGB) dhowr jeer. Dawladdu waxay ahayd in la xakameeyo dhammaan dhinacyada ka mid ah hawlaha bulshada iyo nolosha, ciyaaraha iyo farshaxanka in fikirka. In la abuuro a "line hal" Stalin si joogto ah ula macaamilooteen oo dhan soo horjeeda gudaha xisbiga. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen Bolsheviks jiilka ka weyn, kuwaas oo ogaa Xoghayaha Guud ee weli kacaan sharci-darrada ah. Dadka sida Kamenev, Zinoviev, Bukharin ( "Lenin ee Guard") - oo dhan oo iyaga ka mid ah ayaa dhibbanayaasha tijaabooyin show, halkaas oo ay si cad u qiray xadgudbayaasha ka mid ah hooyo ah.

peak ee cadaadiska ka dhanka ah kaadiriinta xisbiga yimid ee 1937-1938. Isla mar ahaantaana waxaa jiray eryiddan ah Army Cas. iyada qaab oo dhan la wada baabbi'iyey. Stalin ka baqay dagaalka, iyaga ka fiirsaneysa inay khatar ku tahay xooggiisa shakhsiyeed. Waxa uu soo gaaray ma aha oo kaliya ugu da'da weyn, laakiin sidoo kale shaqaalaha amarka dhexe. wadeenka takhasuska leh waayo-aragnimo ee Dagaalkii Sokeeye, ayaa ku dhowaad la waayay. Waxaas oo dhan si xun u saameeyeen ciidanka, kuwaas oo kaliya dhawr sano ka lahaa inuu ku soo bilowdo oo uu dagaallo waaweyn.

Cayayaanka iyo colka dadka

The tijaabooyin show ugu horeysay, ka onkoday guud ahaan dalka, ka dhacay dabayaaqadii 1920. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen "amarkooda Shakhty" oo tijaabo ah "Industrial Party". Muddadan, cadaadis ku maray takhasus farsamo iyo injineernimada. Doisprezece Stalin, inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada oo ka dhacay taxane ah oo ololayaal xayaysiinta, wuxuu ahaa mid aad u jeclaan of beeley cod weyn iyo sumadaha. In uu soo gudbinta waxaa jiray shuruudaha iyo Calaamooyinka xilligii sida "cayayaanka", "colka dadka", "cosmopolitans" sida.

Jeestay cadaadis ku bilaabay 1934. Ka hor inta aan gobolka in si argagax dadweynaha, iyo hadda waxa ay shaaca ka qaaday on xubnaha xisbiga mid taariikhi ah. sano in uu joogsadey XVII Congress, kaas oo noqday kuwa loo yaqaan "Congress of shot ah." Waxay qaadatay cod xoghayaha guud oo cusub. Stalin dib loo doortay, laakiin dad badan ma u taageeraan musharaxnimadiisa. tiradaasi muhiim ah oo Congress ka fiirsaday dhamaan Sergei Kirov ah. Dhawr bilood ka dib uu toogasho ku dilay by ah shaqaalaha xisbiga qaloocan Nikolaev in Smolny. Stalin isticmaalo tiradaasi oo ka mid ah qofka dhintay of Kirov, taas oo ah calaamad xurmada leh. Ololaha ka dhanka ah Khaa'in iyo shirqoolkii lagu dhawaaqay in, sida lagu soo sharxay dacaayad, la dilay xubin muhiim ah ka ahaa xisbiga oo sii socotay inay u burburisay.

Waxaa jiray sumadaha siyaasadeed cod weyn: Whites, Zinoviev, Trotskyists. sirdoonka "furay" urur qarsoodi ah oo cusub, isku dayga in wax la yeelo dalka iyo xisbiga. dhaqdhaqaaqa Anti-Soviet waxaa sabab u ah dadka random iyo, sida nasiibka ayaa u dhacday lahaa hoos mashiinka keligii dhib barafka. In ka sano ugu xumaa ee argagixisada ee NKVD ansixiyay xeerarka ku saabsan tirada dembiilayaasha toogasho ah, iyo in maamullada maxalliga ah waa in ay aad u qabtaan. cadaadis The fuliyay hoos banner ee halganka fasalka (sha ayaa u hormarsataan waa in ka badan guul ay noqon doontaa dhismaha hantiwadaagga, ayaa in ka badan ba'an noqdo halgankii fasalka).

Ha illoobin in ay fuliyaan nadiifinta iyo naftooda Stalin ee adeegyada gaarka ah, kuwaas oo gacmaha iyo sameeyay dil iyo maxkamadaha badan. NKVD badbaaday ololaha dhowr ah sida. Inta lagu jiro ay ugu Iyadaa dilay madaxa waaxda this - iyo Yagoda, Yezhov. Sidoo kale, dawladda ma indhihiisu ma qaadan off of intelligentsia ah. Waxay ahaayeen iyo qorayaasha, filimada iyo masraxa (Mandelstam, Babel, Meyerhold), oo alifay, physicists iyo samaynta (Landau, Tupolev, Korolev).

hantiwadaagga Stalin wuxu ku dhammaaday geerida hoggaamiyaha ee 1953, raaceen by dhalaalid Khrushchev ah iyo Brezhnev horumartay hantiwadaagga. In USSR ah, qiimeynta dhacdooyinka kala duwan iyadoo ku xiran xaaladda. Khrushchev in ay awood u yimid XX Congress of CPSU u cambaareeyey nidaam ee shakhsiyadda Stalin ee iyo cadaadis. Under Brezhnev, tiradaasi oo ah hoggaamiyaha fikirka rasmiga ah si tartiib ah loola dhaqmo.