Go'doomin Taranka - waa talaabada ugu horeysa ee horumar ah ee noocyada

Iyada oo go'doon ah taranka dadka ka mid ah noocyada bilaabmaa, waxay sii wadaan in ay si buuxda ugu shishaysa dahaaran, formation of noocyada cusub ee u shaqeeyo wax on dhulkeenna. go'doomin Taranka - Alfa iyo Oomeega ee horumar nolosha on Earth.

aragti go'doomin

Panmictic waayo dhirta iyo xayawaanka (kuwa galmada tarmo) fikradda ah "view" isu keentaa set oo ah noolaha oo la mid siyaabo badan, oo ku nool meel gaar ah oo awood u leh inay soo saari dheregtaan. Taas oo muujinaysa hybridization free iyo muuqaalka farcankaaga bacrin ah. go'doomin Taranka - xadaysan guud ahaan ama qayb ahaan on isgoyska free. Just hoos saarida xiran habka taranta, fahmo oo uu u ciyaaro Farac oo Nadiif ah hybrid.

Qoondaynta oo ah ningax bayoolaji

Maanta, saynisyahano kala duwan - maalimood bixiyaan noocyada kala duwan ee nidaamka qoondaynta, foomamka iyo hababka go'doon noolaha. Waxaa jira nidaamyo, qaadashada saldhig factor waqtiga, ama dhammaystirka waa kama dhex kicin gudbaya. Ha noo qaado saldhig mabda'a ugu badan ee habaynta aqoonta ku saabsan karantiimada ee ay bixiyaan nin cilmiga nafleyda barta caan ah - GM evolutionist Dobzhansky (1900-1975).

Dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee ningax kala duwan yihiin sida ay hab ay of dhacdo:

• go'doomin juqraafi dadka;
• deegaanka,
• dhabta ah noolaha.

Ha ka fikiro si aynu si faahfaahsan qaab go'doon taranka.

xaddidaadda juquraafi

go'doomin taranka Geographic - waxaa xaddidaya isgoyska free of noolaha ay keento isbeddel ah ee dabeecadda dhulka (muuqaalka kore ee caqabadaha buurta, isbeddel ah ee sariiraha webiga) ama noocyada dib u dejinta ka badan goobaha waaweyn. Xaaladdan oo kale ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee koox ka mid ah noolaha, miyigii oo wareeg iyo kala beddelashada waxay hiddo gudahood kooxda go'doon. The tusaale ugu caansan - finches Darwin ee, noocyada kala duwan kuwaas oo caan ku ah jasiiradda kasta. Waa shimbiraha, kuwaas oo keenay in Charles Darwin u qoro shuqulkiisa "The Origin of Species by Means of Selection Dabiiciga ah".

deegaanka madhxiya iyo xaaladaha degaanka

Taasi deegaanka ayaa sababay go'doomin dhawrista taranka dadka oo ka mid ah noocyada la mid ah, ee hadda jira isla aagga. arrimaha noocan oo kale ah waxaa laga yaabaa in mismatching waqti faafinta ama sifooyinka feed of shakhsiyaadka. saynisyahano Qaar ka mid ah waxay aaminsan yihiin in foomkan ma aha go'doon ah taranka. Tani xadaynta qayb noqonin mid horseeda in ay adagtahay in iskutallaabta-taranta. Inkastoo, ra'yiga culimada kala duwan yihiin, tusaalooyin ka jira in dabeecadda. Saddex nolosha on xeebta ah ee Arctic noocyada shaabadda. kulligood waxay ka awoowe isla phylogenetic iman. Laakiin shaabadood Ross gaar quudin cephalopods, shabeelka badda - pingvin ugaarsadaha naxariisdarro iyo shaabadihiisa kale oo xir Witt keliya cuna kalluunka. Oo iyagu ma ay hybridize kasta oo kale, inkasta oo ay aad u la mid ah muuqaalka.

go'doomin Dhab taranka

Dhab ahaantii go'doomin taranka - waa qaab kaas oo si toos ah loola xiriirinayay in dabeecadaha habka taranka. Markaas qoondeeyo poslekopulyatsionny iyo habab looga hortago in loo maqli karo ee dhala gaar dokopulyatsionny.

Culimada qaarkood ayaa u yeedhay oo dhan cayn kasta oo ningax dhalay ama hababka taranka iyo waxaa ka mid ah group go'doomin juqraafi iyo dhawrista dokopulyativnoy go'doomin taranka.

hababka Dokopulyatsionnnye

hababka go'doomin Tani waxay xiriir la leh ay adagtahay ee weheshiga ruux. Waxaa jira saddex nooc:

1. Etologichekaya la xidhiidha qaababka dhaqanka galmada, go'doomin taranka. Tusaale ahaan: dabeecadda weheshiga dhaqan ka mid ah shimbiraha, bilig kala duwan jiibta of fireflies ee dabiiciga ah iyo midab of guurka ee dhawaaqa rahyo, farqiga u limin ah (walxo kiimikaad isgaarsiinta) bisadaha weyn.
2. go'doomin farsamo ay sabab u tahay kala duwan ee dhismaha ka mid ah xubnaha taranka. Tusaale ahaan, kala duwan ee qaab dhismeedka of orchid ubaxa keeni suurtagalnimada ee pollination foomka gaarka ah ee hummingbird ah. kaasaa run ah noocyada kala duwan ee Sage yaqaan. Xayawaanka waa dhif iyo naadir. Tusaale ahaan, in Drosophila rimay noocyada kala duwan keenaysaa in dhaawac iyo xataa dhimasho of lamaane.
3. No unugyada jeermiga faragelinta (gametes) yeedhay ningax germline. Waxaa cadeeyay experimentally in laboratories iyo xadiiqooyinka. Xaaladdan oo kale, weheshiga qaadataa meel, laakiin ma dilaacday saygoot.

noocyada kala Poslekopulyativnoy go'doon taranka

Fikradda ayaa ku dhow inuu dokopulyativnoy ee la soo dhaafay ka dhigan go'doomin, laakiin ay dhacdo in this embriyaha waxaa la aasaasay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu sidoo kale la dilay ku jira marxaladaha hore ee ontogeny, ama dhinto ka hor qaangaadhnimada, ama shakhsiyaadka hybrid yihiin oo Nadiif ah. hab ay dhimasho iyo hybrid dhalaysnimo adag la xiriira hiddo, koromosoomyada ama muuqaalada cytological. Tusaale ahaan noocyada kala duwan ee Beelaha lagu yaqaan. Beelaha dhow ula xiriira, sida laga reebo ah, waxaa laga yaabaa awoodaan in ay tarmaan. Laakiin ka dibna waxaa jira ifafaale ee xumaanshaha biology noocyada hybrid - Qarni kasta oo isku xigta ka mid ah Beelaha waa sii wiiqay iyo si tartiib tartiib ah degenerates.

Muhiimadda noolaha ee go'doomin taranka

nooc kasta oo go'doon ah dadka noqonin mid horseeda in formation of noocyada cusub. Laakiin talaabada ugu horeysa ee speciation mar walba uu noqdo go'doomin a qayb ahaan ama gebi dadka ama kooxaha noolaha. Waqti ka, marka wax sarrifka hiddo ah koox u xiran yihiin oo kala duwan ururayaa kala duwanaanshaha hidde ka jiraan kooxo kale oo noocan ah, go'doomin taranka ayaa sii bata oo dhammeystiran. Iyada oo raasamaal ah tiro ku filan oo kala duwan oo ku genomes ku dhihi sameeyay a noocyada cusub. In biology, ma aha sidaas u fudud, mararka qaarkood waa kuwo ku adag in la kala saaro koox ka mid ah noolaha ku eegno cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qabsado kasta oo is maqiiq u qoto-badda keentaa wakiilada cilmi badda aan weli lagu yaqaan in ay systematics casriga ah.