Gantaal Falcon American 9: Tilmaamo iyo sawirka

June 28, 2015 at 17:21 (waqti Moscow) goobta soo bandhigista ee Cape Canaveral mar guuldareystay bilaabi gantaal "Falcon 9". Falcon 9 gantaal ayaa la diyaariyey by shirkad gaar US SpaceX, aasaasay by Eeloon Miski.

"Falcon" iyo NASA

NASA ee 2008 heshiis kula saxiixatay shirkadda waa in ay fuliyaan olole caalami ah oo gantaalada side "Falcon 9" Dragon iyo pride. Fikradda aad u of saarka ee noocan ah gantaal side waxaa loo Yeedhiyaa by xaqiiqada ah in ay taxane ah oo ku guuldareystay bilawday Space Shuttle. Oo Miski Eeloon la qorsheynayo in la yareeyo kharashka ku baxa meel ergooyinka 10 jeer. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mashruuca wakhtigaas ayaa lagu qiyaasay inuu ku kacayo $ 1.6 billion.

Guuldareystay Dhawaaqa qaraxa gantaalka qarxay tiro ka mid ah hawlaha, ayay ag qotomiyeen NASA ah, marka lagu daro wax soo saarka ee pride ISS ku Space Shuttle. Falcon 9 gantaal waday 1.8 tan oo xamuul.

Ujeedada ugu weyn, kaas oo la moodayay in ay fuliyaan bilaabay this, waxay ahayd inay dib u buuxiyaan sahayda cuntada ee xubnaha ISS. Intaa waxaa dheer, gantaal ayaa sidoo kale qaadeen block a weheshiga iyo adabtarada tabaneeyo International (IDA), ee ay soo Boeing. Idaacadda tabaneeyo Tani ah oo miisaankeedu yahay 526 kg waa in loo fududeeyo pride Dragon xirtay in ISS ah. Waayo, ujeedooyin isku mid ah Dragon isku dayeen in ay samatabbixin oo ku habboon for spacewalk. Waxaa sugan, khasaaraha ka mid ah qaybaha sida muhiim ah oo saameyn xun ku jadwalka shaqada sayniska on board ISS ah.

Laakiin sidaas maaha oo dhan! Falcon 9 qarax gantaal lagu dilay 8 satalayt adhiga 1f, ee ay u kala Planet Shaybaarka. Oo mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah ku qaadeen saddex unit CubeSat, kaas oo lahaa si ay u dhawraan Earth ee hab indhaha.

Falcon 9: sooc

dhismaha gantaal waxaa loogu talagalay si ay ugu qalab heer kasta hage ku rakiban iyo on-guddiga kombiyuutarada, kuwaas oo loogu talagalay in lagu xakameeyo oo dhan ku soo koobin ee horyaalka.

All hage on board isticmaalay gantaal ah, by SpaceX sameeyey. Sidoo kale, marka lagu daro nidaamka navigation u gaar ah, si loo hagaajiyo saxnaanta kastana falagiisuu dhex isticmaalaya qalabka GPS.

Intaa waxaa dheer, waayo, engine kasta ku rakiban leedahay dirato, taas oo si joogto ah dabagal ku dhammaan xuduudaha ka engine ah. xakamaysada kasta wuxuu leeyahay saddex unug processor si loo wanaajiyo habka isku halaynta.

Falcon 9 gantaal laba-yada, iyo version this ayaa maray laba nooc:

• v1.0 9 version;
• 9 version v1.1.

Si ka duwan version labaad ee ugu horeysay ee in la aasaasay engine a dheeraad ah la safeeyey. Oo weliba kala duwanaayeen ay meel-yada engine hoose.

Inkastoo labada versions of matoorada ku shubmaan on oxidizer la shito ee oxygen dareere ah, laakiin gantaal Falcon 9 v1.1 ee loo duuliyay for 4,85 tan oo payload, halka gantaalada shtatovskih "Falcon 9" v1.0 - kaliya 3, 4 m.

In version this dhererka 1.1 - 68.4 mitir oo leh miisaan ah laga bilaabo of 506 tons.

Si loo fahmo goobaha kuwan - gantaal Ruush "proton-M" ka gaaban tahay 10 mitir (58.2 m), laga bilaabo miisaan dheeraad ah - 705 tons. Laakiin "proton-M" galeen payload kastana falagiisuu dhex of 6,74 tons.

codsiga NASA, kharashka furitaanka of 9 Falcon waa $ 60 million, halka in ka "proton-M", tiradaasi waa $ 30 milyan oo sare.

Sidaas talaabada ugu horeysa?

Falcon 9 gantaal bilaabay NASA, iyadoo labo pads. Waxay ku yaalaan mid ka mid ah Florida, laba ee California. Sidoo kale, waa socota shaqada si loo ballaariyo labada pads dheeraad ah.

shirkadda SpaceX si joogto ah tan iyo 2013, ayaa ka shaqaynaysa abuurka tiknolojiyada ah ee ka kooban isticmaali karo ee Falcon 9 v1.1. Isku daygii ugu horeysay si loo badbaadiyo 9 Falcon la qabtay January 2015. Sida laga soo xigtay marxaladda qiyaasaha ay ahayd dalka u dhow oo ah madal sabayn. Laakiin cimilada xun badda looma ogola inuu qaado stage of gantaal ah.

Iyo taariikhda, dadaalka aan ku guulaysan. Ma jiro mid ka mid ah furayey ayaa keenay shirkadda si loo hubiyo in la badbaadiyo heerka.

opinion khabiir

Inkastoo warbaahinta iyo wariyay in la bilaabay la soo dhaafay guul 9 Falcon ah (December 2015) ka dhigtay in ay suurto gal ah si ay u ilaaliyaan stage hoose ee gantaal ah, laakiin khubarada shaki isticmaalka mustaqbalka ee marxalada koowaad. Khubarada waxay aaminsan yihiin in, siin heerkulka oo ka mid ah-up diiran sida jidhku gantaal ah bilowga iyo inta lagu jiro dhaadhaca, ka dib markii ay maris iyada oo jawiga weli fursad aad u yar ee dib-u-isticmaalka element gantaal ah.

Laakiin sidaas maaha oo dhan. Isticmaali karo, xubno dheeraad ah - waxa caga raaga oo, iyo inta loo baahan yahay ee shidaalka. Markaasaa waxaa taas wada, markeeda, yaraynaysaa payload ee ilaa 30%.

gantaal lagu kalsoonaan karo?

Laga soo bilaabo 2010 ilaa 2013 waxa la sameeyey shan bilowday, afar ka mid ah taas oo - gebi ahaanba hab caadi ah.

Laakiin furitaanka Falcon 9 bishii October 2012, ayaa loo aqoonsaday by khubaro sida "qayb ahaan guul". Markaas gantaal ah "Falcon 9" ayaa markii ugu horeysay soo diray in qalabka ISS ku gaari xamuul ah Dragon. Laakiin derivation ee satellite Orbcomm-G2 galay kastana falagiisuu dhex geostationary guuldareystay iyadoo ay sabab u satellite ah loo dhigay galay falagiisuu ka hoosaysiisay qorsheeyay.

Natiijadu waxay of this "qayb ahaan guul" placheven Operation. Orbcomm-G2 joogay kastana falagiisuu dhex muddo dheer oo 12 October ee sannadkan in, la gubay iyada oo aan wax raad ah in jawiga.

Marka tan la eegayo waxa xiiso leh sida SpaceX sharxi failure ah. Sida laga soo xigtay khubaro, waxaa jiray dillaacin ah harag la fairing ah in engine-yada ugu horeysay.

Sababaha musiibada

Ma kalsoonida ku daray oo qarax ee Falcon 9 gantaal ee June 2015 ayay ahayd in diyaarad dheer - 2 daqiiqo 19 ilbiriqsi. Sida ugu dhakhsaha badan gantaal gaadhay taliskii hypersonic, waxaa jiray qarax, iyo 8 ilbiriqsi ka dib markii Falcon 9 jebiyey burburi. NASA oo shuraako la ah SpaceX ayaa bilaabay baaritaan lagu sameeyo sababaha keena musiibada.

Madaxa shirkadda SpaceX soo saareen ay version gaar ah. Sida laga soo xigtay in uu aragtida, shil ka dhacay ay sabab u tahay cadaadiska xad-dhaaf ah taangiyada la oxidant ee marxaladda sare. Tani waxay dhacday mar marka marxalada koowaad oo aan weli la kala soocay.

shil kale

Dabcan, shilka in industry meesha bannaan ee - ma failed noocan oo kale ah. Tusaale ahaan, ee dalka Maraykanka ee sanadkan, oo waxaa joogay saddex shilalka (tixgelinayo musiibada, kaas oo uu soo gaaray bilaabay Falcon 9 gaari a).

Bishii October 2014, ka dib markii la bilaabay ka spaceport ee Wallops Island, waxaa jiray qarax ee gantaalada side gaarka ah Antares. Waxaa la filayaa in ay falagiisuu doonaa ISS gaari Cygnus ah (labo ayaa lagu soo saaray by Orbital Sciences).

Sidoo kale 2014, burburiyay markabkii kale SpaceShipTwo. Waxaa loo maleeyey in la dili doonaa duulimaad dalxiis suborbital. Iyo shirkadda horumarinta Virgin Galactic weli isku dayaysa in ay la baabi'iyo sababaha shilka.

Daah-ugu horeysay ee gantaalada side "proton-M" dhacay April 7, 2001. Markaas gantaal la marxaladda sare "Breeze-M" ayaa si guul ah lagu meeleeyaa satellite falagiisuu "Ekran-M". On habka ay gacanta ku gantaalo ku rakiban fiicnaaday version, kaas oo soo fiicnaaday imtixaanka ee lagu gano dhex heptyl, kaas oo lagu yaqaan in ay sun aadanaha iyo deegaanka. Sidoo kale, in nidaamka cusub uu kor u kici doono mass ee payload si kastana falagiisuu.

Tan iyo markaas, waxaa uu ahaa 90 furayey ah "proton-M", laakiin keliya 80 iyaga ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen kuwo si buuxda oo joogto ah. Sababta ugu wayn ee xaaladaha degdegga ah uu keeno fashilaad in marxaladda sare.

Waxaa sugan, statistics sida aan waa tilmaame guul gantaalo la sida taariikh qani ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Falcon 9 qarax gantaal ay ku caawin doonaan in ay si fiican u fahmaan gafafkanaga iyo iyaga tixgeliyaan ee xawaaladaha soo socda.

Maxaa ku xiga?

Waqtigan xaadirka ah, samatabbixiyo kuwa xamuulka inay ISS ee gobolka:

• "Progress" Ruush,
• HTV Japanese,
• Dragon,
• Cygnus.

Large NASA ayaa rajeynaya on Dragon sida unit ah in uu awoodo in uu ku soo laabto xamuul ka ISS si Earth. Heshiiskii aan la galnay shirkada this waa la sii kordhiyay in 2017, oo la qorsheeyay 15 bilaaban.

Markii ugu danbeysay ee xoojinta Falcon 9 la Shaqaalaha Gaadiidka Dragon ayaa si guul leh u dhamaystiro hawsha ay qabanayaan December 22, 2015

NASA ma Shakiyeen in shilka la 9 Falcon uusan looga hortago abuurka pride duuliyo. shirkadda SpaceX dooni inuu bilowdo ponderous gantaal Falcon culus oo hoos barnaamijkan. Daah Tani waa ay awoodaan in ay u tartamaan iyo Ruush "proton", iyo Ariane Yurub 5.

Shilka ayaa ka, kaas oo soo gaaray gantaal Mareykan ah Falcon 9, ayaa muujisay mar kale in aan cidna waa difaaca ka musiibo marka sahaminta bannaan.