Formula guud ee alkenes. Guryaha iyo kala soocista ee alkenes

The xeryahooda organic ugu fudud ka mid ah cokan iyo Consort roodhida. Waxaa ka mid ah walxaha of alkanes Class, alkynes, alkenes.

formula The kuwaas oo ka mid ah hydrogen iyo carbon atamka ee isku xigxiga oo gaar ah iyo tirada. Waxaa inta badan laga helaa dabiicadda.

Determination of alkenes

Kale ee magacooda - ama olefins Consort ethylene. Waxaa sidaas waxaa lagu magacaabaa fasalka xeryahooda firfircoon qarnigii 18aad markii furitaanka dareere saliid leh - chloride ethylene.

By alkenes yihiin walxaha kooban carbon iyo hydrogen xubno. Waxay ka tirsan tahay Consort acyclic. taagoo Kuwani waa la joogo bond double kaliya (roodhida) xira labada atamka carbon midba midka kale.

alkenes formula

Fasal kasta oo xeryahooda leedahay magacaabista kiimikada. Calaamooyinka waxay ku sugan yihiin xubno ka mid ah nidaamka wareegsan tilmaamay ka kooban iyo qaab-dhismeedka xidhiidhka ka walax kasta.

formula guud ee alkenes muujinaysaa sida soo socota: _2n C _{n H,} halkaas oo tirada n ka wada weyn yahay ama la mid ah 2. Haddii ay deciphering loo arki karaa in la eb carbon kasta waxay leedahay laba atamka hydrogen.

alkenes formula kelli ee taxanaha homologous wakiil dhismeedka socda: C ₂ H _4, C ₃ H _6, C ₄ H _8, C ₅ H _10, C ₆ H _12, C ₇ H _14, C ₈ H _16, C ₉ H _18, C ₁₀ H _20. Waa la arki karaa in hydrocarbon kasta oo isku xigta ku jira mid ka mid ah carbon dheeraad ah hydrogen 2 iyo in ka badan.

Waxaa calaamad u ah meesha garaafyada iyo amarka kiimiko ah inta u dhaxaysa atamka ee Britain ayaa ka, taas oo muujinaysa formula dhismaha ee alkenes. Iyada oo taageero ka valence tilmaamay by carbon iyo hydrogen.

formula dhismaha Alkenes loo soo bandhigo qaab isku ballaariyeen, marka muujiyay, dhammaan qaybaha kiimikada iyo xidhiidhada. A hadal dheeraad ah oo kooban aan la tusay xarunta olefins carbon iyo hydrogen taasi oo ka valence.

Formula igmadey lafaha qaabka ugu fudud. line Broken wakiil aasaaskii Britain, taas oo atamka carbon waxaa lagu soo bandhigay la dushooda iyo darfihiisa, iyo links dhibic hydrogen.

Sidee si ay u sameeyaan magaca olefins

Iyada oo ku saleysan nidaamsan isku waydaarsanayeen, caanaha iyo magacyada alkenes ka alkanes noqonaya qaabka la xiriira Consort cokan. Si arrintan loo sameeyo magaca magac qadarin ah ee la soo dhaafay Gogol bedelay -ilen ama -en. Tusaale waxaa ah formation of butane-butylene iyo pentene ka pentane.

Si ay u muujiyaan qaraabo meel xidhiidhka ka double ee atamka carbon tilmaamay in tiro Carabi in dhamaadka magaca ah.

At qalbiga magacyada alkenes waa naqshada ee shidaalka ka silsiladdan ugu dheer, taas oo ay nafteeda ku double joogo. Inta lagu jiro bilowga tirintii silsilad waxaa caadi ahaan dhamaadka taas oo u dhow xarunta roodhida, atamka carbon soo xulay.

Haddii caanaha dhismaha ee alkenes leeyahay laamo, taas oo muujineysa xag magaca iyo lambarka, iyo inaan iyaga siiyo meel u dhiganta lambar Silsilad carbon ah. Ku xiga magaca hydrocarbon ah. Ka dib markii lambarada waxaa sida caadiga ah ku riday hyphen ah.

Waxaa xeebtaha xagjirka roodhida. magacyadoodii waxay noqon kartaa Ciyaalle ama la aasaasay by xeerarka waydaarsanayeen nidaamsan.

Tusaale ahaan, NSC = CH- gudbiyo ethenyl ama vinylalkohol.

isomers

alkenes formula kelli laga yaabaa in aanay tilmaamaya isomerism ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, fasalka this of walxaha, ethylene mooyee Britain ayaa kala duwanaansho da'ayeen soo jireenka ah.

Isomers Consort ethylenic noqon kartaa on lafaha carbon ah, ee interclass booska isgaarsiinta roodhida ama da'ayeen.

formula guud ee alkenes go'aamisa cadadka carbon iyo hydrogen atamka ee silsiladda, laakiin ma muujiyaan joogitaanka iyo goobta bond a double dhexdeeda. Tusaale waxaa ah cyclopropane sida a-fasalka cross Isomer C ₃ H ₆ (propylene). Kale ee noocyada isomerism, waxaa lagu muujiyey at C ₄ H ₈ ama butene.

xaaladda isgaarsiinta roodhida Kaladuwan dhacdaa butene-1 ama butene-2, in qofkii ugu horreeyey ee, xiriir double waa dhow la eb ugu horeysay carbon, iyo labaad - dhexe ee silsiladda. Isomers of lafaha carbon la oran karo waa, tusaale ahaan methylpropene (CH ₃ -C (CH ₃₎ = CH ₂₎ iyo isobutylene _((CH3) 2C = CH _2).

kala duwanaansho da'ayeen jireenka butene-2 iyo CIS-trans booska. Xaaladda hore kooxaha dhinac ku yaalliin kor iyo hoos silsiladda carbon ugu weyn ee la bond a double ee substituents labaad isomer yihiin dhinaca isku.

Astaamaha u gaarka ah olefins

formula guud ee alkenes go'aamiso xaalladda jireed ee dhammaan xubnaha class this. Bilaabidda iyo dhamaanayey butylene ethylene (C ₂ ilaa C _4), walxaha ka jira foom gaseous. Sidaas ethene Biyuhu leeyahay ur sweetish, milmi yar biyo, miisaanka kelli ka yar in cirka.

In foomka dareere ah, soo bandhigay Consort muddo homologous ka C ₅ ilaa _{17 C.} Laga bilaabo alkene lahaynu Silsilad ugu weyn ee 18 atamka carbon, guurka ka mid ah gobolka jireed qaab adag.

All olefins falan milmi saboolka ah ee warbaahinta aqueous, laakiin wanaagsan dabeecadda organic ah ee dareeraha ah, sida benzene ama gaas. Miisaankooda kelli ka yar tahay in of biyo. Kor u raadad silsilad carbon in la kordhiyo sifooyinka heerkulka by barafku iyo karaya dhibcood xeryahooda kuwan.

guryaha olefins

alkenes formula Dhismayaasha muujinaysaa joogitaanka bond double lafaha iyo σ- of π- xira laba atamka carbon. Tani qaab-dhismeedka of Britain ay go'aamiso guryaha kiimikada ay. Communication-π waxaa loo arkaa inay ma aad u xoog badan, taas oo ka dhigaysa waxaa suurto gal ah in la dilo la formation of laba cusub bonds-σ, kuwaas oo la helay iyada oo sababtu tahay soo biiray labo ka mid ah atamka. The Consort roodhida waa deeq electron. Waxay ka qayb qaataan geedi socodkii la xidhiidha nooca electrophilic.

hanti muhiim ah kiimikada ee alkenes waa hab halogenation la sii daayo xeryahooda walxaha digalogenoproizvodnym noocan oo kale ah. atamka halogeen lagu lifaaqi karaa in xarunta by carbons double. Tusaale waxaa ah bromination ee propylene si ay u sameeyaan u 1,2-dibromopropane:

H ₂ C = CH-CH ₃ + br ₂ → BrCH ₂ -CHBr-CH _3.

Tani midabada habka dhexdhexaadnimada ee biyaha bromine alkenes loo arkaa caddeyn tayo of joogitaanka bond double.

reactions Muhiim olifinov la xidhiidha hydrogenation dheeriga ah ee u taagoo hydrogen hoos tallaabada of Biraha Hannaan sida platina, palladium ama nickel. Tani waxa ay keentey in Consort la bond ah cokan. alkanes Formula, alkenes waxaa la siiyaa hoos ku hydrogenation ee butene:

CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH = CH ₂ + ₂ H → CH ₃ ^Ni -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH _3.

Geedi socodka ah ee ku biiray taagoo halide yeedhay olefins
gidrogalogenirovaniem by xukunka, u furan Markovnikov marayay. Tusaale waxaa ah hydrobromination ee propylene si ay u sameeyaan 2-bromopropane. Waxay ku xiran yahay debaajiga hydrogen-kaarboon double, taas waxaa loo arkaa ugu hydrogenated:

CH ₃ -CH = CH ₂ + HBr → CH ₃ -BrCH-CH _3.

biyo alkenes reaction Intaa waxaa dheer la acids loo yaqaan fuuq. Natiijadu waxay tahay Britain ah ee khamriga 2-propanol :

CH ₃ -HC = CH ₂ + H ₂ O → CH ₃ -OHCH-CH _3.

Markii loo feydo alkenes habka sulfonation acid sulfuric dhacdaa:

CH ₃ -HC = CH ₂ + HO-OSO-OH → CH ₃ -CH ₃ CH-OSO ₂ -OH.

dareen-celin ka soo baxa la formation of esters acid, tus, izopropilsernoy acid.

Alkenes nugul qayilo inta ay sari hoos tallaabada of ogsijiin si ay u sameeyaan biyaha iyo carbon dioxide:

2CH ₃ -HC = CH ₂ + ₂ 9O → 6CO ₂ + 6 saac ₂ O.

reaction The xeryahooda olefinic iyo -KP milo a in xal siinayaa asaasmeen a glycols qaab-dhismeedka ama alcohols dihydric. reaction waxaa sidoo kale oxidising si ay u sameeyaan tones ethylene iyo xal bleaching:

3H ₂ C = CH ₂ + ₂ 4H O + 2KMnO ₄ → 3OHCH-CHOH + 2MnO ₂ + 2KOH.

Britain Alkene lug laga yaabaa in polymerization la hab xagjirka ah ama cationic-anionic a free. Xaaladda hore, sarkhaansan peroxides helay polymer nooca polyetylen.

Sida laga soo xigtay farsamo labaad Xoojiya cationic waa wakiilada acid iyo anionic waxaa polymer organometallic la stereoselective qoondaynta.

Waa maxay alkanes

Waxaa loo yaqaan paraffins ama la xaddido Consort acyclic. Waxay leeyihiin toosan ama qaab-dhismeedka jahaysteen, taas oo ka kooban bonds hal kaliya cokan. Dhamaan xubno ka mid ah taxanaha homologous of class this leedahay formula C _2n guud _n H _{+ 2.}

In ay qaab-dhismeedka waxaa ku jira kaarboon iyo hydrogen kaliya atamka. formula guud ee alkene sameeyay sal cokan Consort ah.

Magacyada alkanes iyo sifooyinka ay

Wakiilka fudud ee fasalka this waa methane. Raacay by walxaha sida ethane, propane iyo butane. The salaysan magacooda waa xididka tireedyada ee luqada Giriigga, taas oo lagu daray Gogol-galaha. magacyada Alkanes ku qoran yihiin isku waydaarsanayeen IUPAC ah.

formula guud ee alkenes, alkynes, alkanes ka mid ah laba oo kaliya noocyada of atamka. Waxaa ka mid ah carbon xubno iyo hydrogen. Tirada atamka carbon oo dhan saddex fasal kulan, ka duwan ayaa lagu arkay oo keliya in tirada hydrogen in lagu dhegay karaa ama ku biiro. Consort Of cokan helay xeryahooda roodhida. The wakiillo ka paraffins ku jira Britain uu yahay 2 hydrogen eb badan olefin ah, taas oo Xaqiijiyay formula guud ee alkanes, alkenes. Qaab dhismeedka Alkenes waxaa loo arkaa sabab u ah joogitaanka bond double roodhida.

Haddii aan is barbar tirada hydrogen iyo carbon atamka ee alkane ah, qiimaha ugu badnaan fasalo kale oo Consort la barbar dhigi doonaa.

Tan iyo methane iyo soo afjaridda butane (C ₁ ilaa C _4), walxaha ka jira foom gaseous.

In foomka dareere ah, soo bandhigay Consort muddo homologous ka C ₅ ilaa _{16 C.} Tan iyo alkane adigoo silsilad ugu weyn ee 17 atamka carbon, guurka ka mid ah gobolka jireed qaab adag.

Waxay waxaa lagu gartaa isomerism of lafaha carbon iyo beddelka indhaha ee Britain ayaa ku.

The valences paraffins carbon waxaa loo tixgeliyaa carbons ku xiga si buuxda u qabsadeen ama hydrogen si ay u sameeyaan nooca σ-xiriir. Eegaysana kiimikada, tanina waxay sababtaa inay xoolahooda taagta daran, taas oo ah sababta alkanes waxaa loo yaqaan xadka ama Consort cokan ka dhiman buuna.

Waxay galaan reactions bedelay xiriira halogenation by sulfochlorination nitration nooca xagjirka ah ama Britain.

Paraffins mari geedi socod lagu qayilo, sari ama daatay at heerkulka sare. Under Sheelare tallaabada reactions cholesterol dhici eb hydrogen ama dehydrogenation of alkanes.

Waa maxay alkynes

Waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan Consort alxamaad, taas oo carbon waa la joogo in bond silsilad xaafuun ah. Dhismaha alkyne ku tilmaamay by caanaha C guud _n H _{2 n-2.} Waa la arki karaa in la barbardhigo alkanes ka Consort acetylenic ka maqan afar atamka hydrogen. Waxay bedeli debaajiga xaafuun, aasaaseen laba xiriir π-.

qaab-dhismeedka waxaa la go'aaminaya guryaha kiimikada ee fasalka. formula The dhismaha ee alkenes iyo alkynes muujinaysaa unsaturation ee u taagoo iyo joogitaanka double (H ₂ C꞊CH ₂₎ iyo (HC≡CH) xaafuun la xidhiidha.

Name alkynes iyo sifooyinka ay

Wakiilka fudud waa alxamaad ama HC≡CH. Waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan ethynyl. Waxaa waxuu ka yimid magaca hydrocarbon ah cokan, kaas oo laga saaray Gogol-galaha iyo dar -in. In magacyada tirada dheer-alkyne tilmaamaya goobta curaarta xaafuun.

Ogaanshaha qaabka hydrocarbon ah cokan iyo roodhida, waxaa lagu gar gooyn karaa warqad tusinaysaa formula guud ee alkynes: a) CnH2n; a) CnH2n + 2; c) CnH2n-2; g) CnH2n-6. Jawaabta saxda ah waa ikhtiyaarka saddexaad.

Laga bilaabo alxamaad iyo soo afjaridda butane (C ₂ ilaa C _4), walxaha waa gaseous ee dabiiciga ah.

In Consort oo dareere ah foomka waa muddo homologous ka C ₅ ilaa _{17 C.} Laga bilaabo alkyne adigoo silsilad ugu weyn ee 18 atamka carbon, guurka ka mid ah gobolka jireed qaab adag.

Waxay waxaa lagu gartaa isomerism of lafaha carbon ah, oo ku saabsan Xaaladda isgaarsiinta xaafuun iyo interclass bedelayaan Britain.

By sifooyinka kiimikada la mid ah alkenes Consort acetylenic.

Haddii bond xaafuun alkyne ah terminal, ay ku shaqeeyaan si ay u sameeyaan ah acid cusbada alkinidov shaqo, tus, NaC≡CNa. Joogitaanka labada π-bonds dhigaysa Britain ah sodium nucleophile xoog atsetiledina galo dareen diidmo oo la bedelay.

Alxamaad waxaa koloriin ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen chloride copper si aad u hesho dichloroacetyl, uumiga ka yar tallaabada of haloalkynyl saamaxaad u taagoo diacetylenic.

Alkynes ka qayb reactions Intaa waxaa dheer electrophilic, mabda'a kaas oo caddeynayaa gidrogalogenirovaniya halogenation ah, fuuq iyo carbonylation. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, geeddi socodka sida ay ka nugul yihiin in of alkenes la bond a double.

Waayo, Consort acetylenic nucleophilic kartaa falcelin Intaa waxaa dheer ee Britain nooca khamriga, abahaaga hoose ama tayadda.