Farshaxanka Applied - waa maxay? Farshaxanka iyo farsamada gacanta iyo noocyada ay

Farshaxanka iyo farsamada - qaybta ballaaran ee fanka daboolaya dhinacyo kala duwan oo ka mid ah hawlaha farshaxanka iyo diiradda on abuurista waxyaabaha dabiiciga ah loo adeegayaa. heerka bilicsanaanta waxyaabaha sida caadiga ah waa mid qaali ah. dheer Collective isku daraa laba nooc oo ah farshaxanka - gacmeedka iyo decoration. Midkii kowaad wuxuu leeyahay muuqaalada codsiga wax ku ool ah, labaad waxaa loogu tala galay in ay qurxiyaan deegaanka aadanaha.

Hal-abuurka iyo utility

farshaxanka Applied - waa maxay? First of dhan, waa shay, kuwaas oo astaamaha u dhow qaab farshaxan yihiin, oo ay qastigoodii waa wax kala duwan. Dheryaha, iyo dheriyo, suxuunta ama nooc china wanaagsan, iyo sidoo kale waxyaabaha kale oo badan oo ku jira qolka fadhiga decoration, jikada, qolka jiifka iyo qolka carruurta. Qaar ka mid ah waxyaabaha noqon kartaa shuqullada tahay asalka ah, iyo hase ahaatee iska leh category ee fanka codsatay.

Wajahadda ballaaran oo hawlaha

farshaxanka Applied - maxay tahay ka barta of view of sayidkii? habka caadi ah hal abuur leh, ama farsamada gacanta fudud laga sameeyey qalab dhow dahay? Dhab ahaantii, waa shaqo ah tahay, hodanka ah lana mahadiyo ugu sareeya. wax soo saarka ujeedada loo adeegayaa ma detract ka mudnaanta ay. Farshaxanka iyo farsamada - tiro balaadhan oo ah hawlo farshaxan iyo sculptors, samaynta iyo stylists. Gaar ahaan qiimeeyeen shuqullada gaarka ah ee farshaxanka abuuray nuqul keliya. Isla mar ahaantaana, badeecada soo saaray ee taxanahan, ayaa ku jirta kaalinta sida qadiin.

Qurxinta guriga ku

Farshaxanka iyo farsamada - waxa uu yahay, haddii aan ka fiirsanayn oo qayb ka ah deegaanka guriga buuxintii bilicsanaanta? Waxaan si kalsooni leh u odhan kartaa in dhammaan alaabta iyo walxaha ku wareegsan, tarjumaya dhadhankii dadka ku jira dhaw iyaga la, sida nin isku dayo naftooda in ay go'doomiyaan wax qurux badan. Farshaxanka iyo farsamada gacanta siinayaa fursad ay ku qurxin meel guriga, xafiis, goobta xilliga firaaqada ah. fiiro gaar ah waxaa la siiyaa design ee goobaha loogu talagalay carruurta.

Iyo, ugu dambeyntii, codsatay tahay - waa maxay waxgarashada dadweynaha ee? bandhig Tani, bandhigyo, carwooyinka iyo dhacdooyinka kale ee dawladda badan, ku xiran yihiin dhaqanka. farshaxanka iyo farsamada abuurka kordhiyaa heerka horumarka aadanaha, kor u formation of dhadhankiisii bilicsanaanta. Intaa waxaa dheer, imtixaanka ee soo bandhigaa kordhiyay aragti guud. bandhig kasta oo tahay loogu dhaqmo - yaqaano leh dadweynaha guud guulaha cusub oo duurka ku of abuurka iyo farshaxanka. dhacdooyinka noocan oo kale ah waxaa ka mid ah muhiimadda gaarka ah ee wacyi-jiilka ka yar.

A yar oo taariikh

fanka iyo farsamada Folk asalkiisu ka soo jeedo ee tuulooyinka Ruush. Qaar ka mid ah farsamada guriga lagu beero saanacyadii sayidkiisa fudud inta badan lagu tilmaamay waxyaabaha ku jira qaybta "Arts iyo farsamada". Tusaale wanaagsan oo style dad waa sidaas loo yaqaan Dymkovo toy - cockerels midab, tirooyinka, isku sharraxdid dhoobo cas.

Kalluumaysiga waa la rujin ee la soo dhaafay, wuxuuna ka mid ahaa in ka badan afar sano. Waxaa jiray alaabta tahay dad qadiimiga ah ay sabab u tahay maalin fasax qaran "Whistler", markii foorida dhoobo lepilo dadka dumar ah oo dhan ilaa maantadan la joogo ee foomka of digaagga, idaha iyo fardaha. Xaflado socday laba maalmood.

Waqti ka, iidda ayaa laga badiyay macnaheeda, iyo farshaxanka dad-codsatay sii si ay u horumariyaan. Currently waxyaabaha tahay Dymkovo wareejin ururka wax soo saarka "toy Vyatka" ah. Products dhaqan daboolay nuurad lahayn iyo rinjiga dhalaalaysa, midabada hodan.

Graphic-Farshaxanka iyo farsamada gacanta

Products of art qaranka ee Qaabkiisu, sida caadiga ah, waa aasaas u ah mashaariicda ganacsiga. characters cirfiid-Sheeko hindiseen deggan tuulooyinka Ruush, waxaa lagu soo bandhigaa in sanduuqyada Palekh caan ah, baakidh Zhostovo, waxyaabaha Kokhloma alwaax. Codsatay tahay of Russia siyaabo badan, meel kasta oo ay xiiso gaar ah, wax soo saarka ee sayid Ruush yihiin in baahida weyn ee ay soo ururinayay lacagta qalaad.

"Baahida abuuraa sahayda" - ereyadan aan ka wanaagsan ayaa laga yaabaa inuu ka tarjumaysaa xaaladda berrinkii farshaxanka dad iyo farsamada ee Russia. Tusaale ahaan, waxaad tahay shaqeeyaa style gzhel caan adduunka oo dhowr ah qarniyo. The caanka dheryaha, taarikada, shaaha iyo kafeega nooc buluug iyo caddaan waa lagu soo dhaweynayaa in guriga kasta, iyo tijaabooyinka, gaar ahaan qiimo yihiin kibirka ururiya. Waxaa weli ma cadda waxa farshaxanka loogu dhaqmo - shaqada, farsamo ama hal-abuurka iyo farshaxanka. Dhab ahaantii, wax kasta u baahan yahay qaar ka mid ah dadaal si ay u abuuraan, iyo marka ay lagama maarmaan tahay in la siiyo image ee qiimaha farshaxanka.

Arts iyo farshaxan ee xanaanada

Mararka qaarkood, maadooyinka farshaxanka lagu jiilka ka yar jeestay karo. Of qiimo gaar ah waa badeecada by gacmaha carruurta sameeyey. Immediacy ku waani inay wiilasha iyo gabdhaha da'da dugsiga gogoldhigga, khiyaali arinku isku qasan jecel yihiin inay ku muujiyaan dareenkooda qotada dheer kici masterpieces. Kids Farshaxanka iyo farsamada gacanta wakiil sawiro, figurines plasticine, kartoonada tirooyinka aadanaha - taasi waa hal-abuurka dhabta ah iyo farshaxanka. Maanta, oo dhan tartamada Russia, taasoo ku lug leh "Ranjiilayaasha" yar oo "sculptors".

farshaxanka la dabaqay Ruush casriga ah

Photos, daguerreotypes, sida jilaayayaal, xaradhka, daabacayaa, iyo sidoo kale tusaalayaal kale oo badan - waxay sidoo kale waa hal-abuurka iyo farshaxanka. Products wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u kala duwan. Xaaladdan oo kale, oo dhan oo iyaga ka mid midoobeen ay leeyihiin nolosha bulshada iyo dhaqanka hoos horyaalka - Farshaxanka iyo farsamada gacanta. Work aagga this leeyihiin qaab a dad gaar ah. La yaab ma laha oo dhan Farshaxanka iyo farsamada gacanta qaaday iyo xididdadiisa ee gobolka Ruush tuulooyinka. Shayga la ogan karo xog uu dhibka iyo maqnaanshaha pretentiousness ah in mararka qaar dhacdaa shuqullada farshaxanka wanaagsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, heerka tahay Folk waa heer sare ah oo ku filan.

The art madaxtooyada Ruush waa qayb ka mid ah awoodda dhaqaale ee dalka. Hoos waxaa ku qoran liiska tilmaamaha ugu weyn ee farshaxanka dad iyo farsamada, taas oo heshay aqoonsi caalami ah oo ay dhoofiyo on scale warshadaha.

1. Lac sawiirrada on salka alwaax (Paleh, Mstera, Fedoskino).
2. Zhostovo rinjiyeynta farshaxanka on biraha, enamels Limoges, dhaldhalaalka.
3. Khokhloma, Gorodets, liiska tahay Mezen geed.
4. Gzhel, toy filimonovo, Dymkovo toy - tahay rinjiyeynta on dhoobada.

Palekh

Palekh farsamada tahay dad u muuqday oo ku saabsan goobaha Ruush furan at bilowgii qarnigii 20aad. farshaxanka hannaankii xamuurada soo baxday in tuulada yar ee gobolka Ivanovo hoos magaca Palekh. Kalluumaysiga ahaa in la sii wado tahay iconographic, taas oo uu leeyahay xididdadiisa jeer pre-Markos. Later, sayidyadooda Palekh qaybqaatay rinjiyeynta ee weji duwan Rugta ee Kremlin Moscow ee, keniisad Novodevichy, cathedrals Trinity-taliye Sergiyos Bawlos Lavra.

kacaanka ee 1917 baabiiyo iconography ah, fanaaniinta ah ayaa shaqo. In 1918, saanacyadii iyo farshaxanka Palekh ku Guild waxaa la abuuray, taas oo ah farsamada alwaax rinji. Markaas saanacyadii bartay sida si ay u abuuraan sanduuqyada of papier-mache iyo iyaga rinjiga ee style ee sawiirrada la isticmaalayo technology icon-rinjiyaynta dhaqanka.

In 1923, miniatures xamuurada lagu soo bandhigay bandhig beeraha iyo warshadaha ah All-Ruush, kaas oo helay shahaadada ee heerka 2aad. Oo laba sano ka dib, sanduuqyada Palekh ayaa muujiyay in Paris, at Exhibition Adduunka.

Guusha oo ka mid ah waxyaabaha aan caadi ahayn tahay waxa uu noqday niyad ah abuurista ururo "workshops tahay Palekh" "fanaaniinta Palekh Midowga" iyo Fund Art ee USSR.

Fedoskino

Iyada oo eraygan la xidhiidha rinjiyeynta xamuurada Ruush la rinjiga ku salaysan saliid-. Kalluumaysiga muuqday tuulo u dhow Moscow Fedoskino ee qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 18aad. Jaantuska waxaa laga codsadaa in wax soo saarka ee papier-mache sameeyey, ka dibna la dahaadhey in dhowr lakab.

Bilow tahay miniatures Fedoskino saaray PI baayacmushtariga Ruush Korobov, kuwaas oo magaalada ku jiray Jarmal ee Braunschweig, oo ay bartaan, halkaas oo technology ah in la dhiso a bisernits buuriga, sanduuqyada iyo waxyaabo kale oo lagu qurxiyey sawiro qurux badan.

rinjiga saliid Fedoskino waxaa rinjiyeeyay afar tallaabo: marka hore waa dulmar ah barbaro ( "zamalevok") raacay by baadhitaan faahfaahsan ( "peremalovka"), glaze ah - dahaadhka ranjiga hufan, habka dambe - blikovka gudbinta warbixinta kooban oo hoosku ee image ah.

Fedoskinskya farsamo barbaro ku lug leedahay isticmaalka qaybaha podkrasochnogo daaha ka tarjumaya: bireed dahab ah, budo biraha ama potal. Xaaladaha qaarkood, odayga laga yaabaa dahaarka nacre ah. rinjiga lessirovochnomu Transparent la dahaarka abuuro uu yahey mid u gaar ah saamayn qoto dheer. lakabka rinjiga waxaa ku adkeeyay asalka madow.

Mstera

Sidaas loo yaqaan farsamada dad Ruush, kaas oo u muuqday in qarnigii 18-aad ee ku yaala gobolka Vladimir. Waxaa oo dhan ku bilaabantay "warqado yaryar" - walxood oo yar la asaanay ah si faahfaahsan kasta. Ka dib markii 1917 kacaanka, marka uma baahna dheer si iconography, Mstera dhaqaaqay sanduuqyada iyo papier-mache. Jaantuska waxaa laga codsadaa rinjiga tempera, isku qasan oo leh inta jaallo ah. By dhexe ee technology ugu dambeyntii la aasaasay qarnigii 20-miniatures xamuurada Mstera.

The mabaadiida ugu weyn ee sawir lagu tarjumay la wareeggeedii raadinaa la wadaago on dusha sare ee sheyga, raaceen by "roskrysh" si toos ah u codsanaya hannaankii. Tallaabada xigta - rinjiyeynta faahfaahsan. Ugu dambayntiina, "Plavi" - rinjiyeynta finalka la blikovkoy kooban dahab dhalaalay (budada dahabka saafiga ah). Shayga la dhammeeyayna waxaa dahaarka leh kula varnish hufan lix layers la qalajiyo dhexe ka dibna la safeeyey.

calaamadaha caan ku Mstiorskya rinjiyeynta - rooga madaxtooyada, play ah khiyaano ah midabo iyo saddex qorsheyaasha midabka loo isticmaalo midabaynta ah: ocher jaalaha ah, oo cas iyo lacag-buluug. mawduucyada ay barbaro classic, sheekooyinka, taxadiri taariikhiga ah, naqshadaha.

Zhostovo

Dadka kalluumaysta Zhostovo - baakidh bir ah, oo rinji ee style u gaar ah. farshaxanka Zhostovo asalkiisu ka soo jeedo ee bilawgii qarnigii 19aad, ee tuulooyinka kaniisadda ee Trinity ee Moscow. Dadka degan saddex tuulo (Ostashkovo, Zhostovo iyo Khlebnikovo) ku hawlan soo saaridda of articles of rinji papier-mâché sameeyey. Oo istuudiyaha Vishnyakov walaalo bilaabeen inay baakidh waxa daasadda la dhigtay qaab midabo.

Liiska qiimaha Vishnjakova ka mid ahaa laba darsin waxyaabaha kala duwan ka soo biraha iyo papier-mâché, waxaa kulligood ka wada rinji, si qurux badan qurxiyey iyo baahida sare ee carwooyinka, halka sawir ayaa had iyo rinji saxaarad.

Zhostovo rinjiyeynta - theme ah ubaxa in dhowr qeybood: xidhmo ubax beerta "vraskidku" taaj oo tidcan sharraxsan. dhirta Wild xarooda Halabuurka gaar ah.

Ubax on saxaarad eegi dabiiciga ah ay sabab u tahay daraasadda si taxadir ah faahfaahin yar. palette midabyada iyadoo la isticmaalayo robab ugu badnaan. Background guud ahaan madow, waxaa lagu qurxiyey ah nidaamyada ku laayeen saxaarad openwork, cuntada ama qaab qori stylized. Zhostovo saxaarad waxaa had iyo jeer rinji by gacanta iyo waa shuqulkii gaarka ah ee farshaxanka.

Khokhloma

Magacani wuxuu la siiyey in ay farsamada dad Ruush, iskala back to Qarnigii hore 17. Khokhloma rinjiyeynta waa ugu adag oo qaali ah dhammaan qaababka hadda jira. farsamada iyo farshaxanka - waa hab dheer hal abuur la xidhiidha processing ka sameeyey qori, Primer multi-lakabka iyo midabaynta saliidaha.

habka saarka wuxuu ku bilaabmaa preforms saarka Kokhloma. First, sayidkii garaacday suulka, ie kolyat faas blocks alwaax. Markaas workpiece waa machined in size la doonayo iyo qaabka. workpiece warshadaha loo yaqaan "linen". Ka dib markii shiidi ay jubbadda dhoobada dareere gaar ah oo la engejiyey. Markaas maran hore u badali waxaa dahaarka leh kula dhowr lakab oo saliid linseed la qalajiyo dhexe. Tan waxa la dahaadhay qasacad ama ku xoq dusha sare ee budada aluminium, ka dib markii taas oo wax soo saarka uu noqdo midab cad-specular. Marka marxaladdan waxay diyaar u rinjiyeynta waa.

midabada Primary Khokhloma - waa madow iyo casaan (madow iyo cinnabar), hoosaad ee rinjiga: dahab, brown, cagaar khafiif ah oo huruud ah. Cadayo marka aad isticmaalayso aad u dhuuban (sameeyey si gaar ah dabo Dabagaale), sida stroke codsatay taabto oo kali ah lagu dareemi karaa.

Case content barbaro - berry Rowan, viburnum, strawberries, caleemo yaryar, caato ah, wax yar oo doog ah qalooca afkoda. All dhalaalaya, midabada xooggan barbaro, contours ee si cad loo tilmaamay. image ayaa lagu dhisay on mabda'a ah ee ka duwan.

Gzhel

Tani waa farsamo dad ugu caansan, xarunta dhaqanka soo-saarka Ruush ee dhoobada iyo farshaxanka. Waxaa degan meel ballaaran oo ka kooban 27 tuulo oo hoos magaca Gzhel baadiyaha 60 kiiloomitir u jirta Moscow.

meel Gzhel qarniyo ahaa kayd caanka ah ee taam dhoobo-fasalka sare oo weelal dawooyinka. In 1770 dalalkan, ehelkeedu waa Gzhel loo qoondeeyey amarka cadarsameeyaha. Markaas tuulada Gzhel aasaasay saarka ee lebenkii, pottery, tuubooyinka, marmarka kariyaha iyo alaabta si Moscow.

Maacuunta dhoobada ka Gzhel ahaa gaar ahaan wanaagsan, miisaanka yar oo raagaya. Bilowga ee qarnigii 19aad ee kaniisadda, waxaa jiray 25 dhirta saara galaasyada. dhawaanshaha ee Moscow ayaa u shidan yihiin horumarka la sameeyay alaabta dhoobada, carwooyinka magaalada iibin maddiibadood oo xad-dhaaf ah, taarikada, suxuunta iyo qalabka kale ee jikada.

toy Gzhel waqtiga la sameeyey ee wax soo saarka houseware qashinka. Macna ma laha inta badan dhoobo ama bidix, oo dhan waxaa loo isticmaalaa saxba cockerels, digaagga, idaha iyo riyaha. Markii hore, workshops farsamada gacanta cagabadnayn shaqeeyay, laakiin ugu dhakhsaha badan uu jiro line qeexan ee wax soo saarka. goosashada steel qaydhiin si gaar ah loogu talagalay qadiin ah, iyo saaxiriinta, ayaa sidoo kale ku takhasusay on profile oo ka mid ah waxyaabaha ugu badan ka doondooneen ka dib.

fardo dhaldhalaalaan White iyo Sidaana ayaa rinji midabbo kala duwan ilaa iyo inta ay jirto ahaa Cobalt, rinjiga universal. midab buluug dhalaalaysa xooggan waa ugu fiican ee ay weheliso gabal dhaldhalaalka baraf cad. In the 50s oo ka mid ah fanaaniinta qarnigii la soo dhaafay si buuxda u tagay oo dhan midabada kale, oo waxay bilaabeen in ay isticmaalaan Cobalt poglazurnoy midabaynta buluug. Ujeedooyinkooda sidaas ogaado waxay noqon kartaa mid aad u kala duwan, oo ku saabsan mawduuc kasta.

farshaxan kale

spectrum ee farshaxanka dad Ruush iyo fanka farsamada gacanta iyo farsamada waa si aan caadi ahayn u ballaaran. Halkan iyo farshaxanka loo shubay Kasli, iyo jediyay la guntan xubno. intarsia iyo marquetry farsamooyinka oggolaadaan in aad si ay u abuuraan farshaxankiisa cajiib ah oo darfahooduna. farshaxanka Ruush loogu dhaqmo - a stratum dhaqan badan oo dalka ah, Xoolaha ee bulshada.