Fangaska Unicellular iyo doorka ay ku dabeecadda

organisms unuglaha noqday kuwa loo yaqaan oo binu-aadmiga oo keliya dhalashada aaladaha weynaynaya. Maanta, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ku - saleysan waxbarashada hidaha for raasamaal ee wax akhriska ah oo ku saabsan arrimo badan oo ka mid ah Kiimikada noole, biology kelli, genetics. Waxaa jira noolaha hal-unuglaha kala duwan. Likaha - mid ka mid ah. Ma aha oo dhan, dabcan, laakiin ilaa xad ka qayb muhiim ah. Maqaalkani waxa uu eegi doonaa waxa wakiilada waa in category ee fangaska fudud iyo waxa guryaha iyo sifooyinka iyagu dhaxlaan.

Fungi waa unicellular iyo multicellular: sifooyinka guud

oo dhan shan ka mid ah boqortooyooyinka dabiiciga ah likaha - inta badan aan caadi ahayn. Waxa ay tahay in si loo ogaado xaaladda Qorxeey ee warshadda ama xayawaanka waa mid fudud ilaa xad. Bakteeriyada iyo fiiruska arrin ka duwan diyaarin, si iyaga kula qalad oo dhan ma noqon karaan.

Iyo boqoshaada oo kaliya - kuwani waa noolaha oo adag in ay leeyihiin waqti dheer ma iska leh boqortooyada gaar ah. Markii hore waxay ahaayeen, marka dhirta, kaliya wax garad ahayn chlorophyll. baaritaano dhawaan la sameeyay ayaa muujiyay in More in burburkii waxyaabaha ay ka kooban HOL, a derbiga unug ka kooban inta badan ee chitin. Xaaladdan oo kale, dheefshiidka dibadda, iyo ensaymes badan oo la mid ah in u soo saaro jidhka ka mid ah nuujiya.

Calaamadahaas waxaa iska cad hadalka ku saabsan fangaska lahaayeen oo xayawaanka. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxa ogaaday in wasakhahaasi unicellular ADI Division fangaska (ADI) dhaqaajin karin jihada ka mid ah cuntada iyo Nuur xaaladaha qaarkood. Tan waxay cadeyneysaa in mar kale ee ka mid ah noolaha iyo xayawaanka wadaagaan awoowe caadi ah.

Waxaas oo dhan ayaa keentay in xaqiiqda ah in likaha ayaa loo aaneeyey inay u boqortooyadiisii gaar ah dabiiciga ah. Muuqaalka caadi ah in ay aqoonsiga kala yihiin:

• multicore joogitaanka mycelium unicellular ama multicellular;
• hyphae - filaments khafiif ah dunta awood jirka fruiting iyo mycelium la xirrira,
• Jidka heterotrophic cunitaankii;
• chitin derbiga unug;
• HOL in Halabuurka ee alaabta walxaha suuska;
• plastids la'aanta;
• dhalmo by yahay ee kudka.

Total Maanta waxaa jira 250 kun oo noocyada of noolaha kuwan. Inta badan oo iyaga ka mid - fangaska hal-unuglaha.

Qoondaynta oo ah fangaska unicellular

Iyada oo kala duwan, kuwaas waxaa loo baahan yahay in kala soocidda. Sidaa darteed, oo waxaa loo habeeyay oo dhan fangaska hal-unuglaha, tusaalayaal taas waa la dhimi karaa haddii aan ka fiirsan soocidda dhameystiran.

Single waxaa maanta ma jirin, sidaas darteed qorayaasha kala duwan oo aan isku mid yihiin. Sayidka, bixinta 4 kooxood oo ugu waaweyn.

1. Deuteromycetes - sidoo kale loo yaqaan fangaska xasilooneyn. Ha leeyihiin habka taranka galmada. Wakiilada sklerotium, Rhizoctonia, noocyada badan ee Candida.
2. Chytridiomycota - fangaska hal-unuglaha adag, mycelium oo ay matalayaan by dhismayaasha dheer jahaysteen kooban diirkja badan. Wakiilada olpidium, silhitrium, spizellomy, monoblefaridy iyo kuwa kale. Inta badan yihiin biyaha ama semi-biyaha nololeed, isagoo dulin ee dhirta iyo xayawaanka badda iyo biyaha saafiga ah.
3. Zygomycetes - fangaska caadiga unicellular, wakiilada qaar ka mid ah mycelium la ah derbiyada daciif yar. Wakiilada Mucor, trihomitsety, spinellusy, zoopagalisy iyo kuwa kale. ka mid ah dadka deggan ee ciidda, iyo dulin aadanaha, xayawaanka iyo dhirta.
4. Ascomycetes - ugu multicellular, laakiin sidoo kale waxaa jira fangaska hal-unuglaha. Tusaalayaal: khamiir, morels, truffles, khadadka, iyo kuwa kale Parmelee. magaceedii u helay, waayo, muuqaalada dhismaha ah ee khilaafka, kuwaas oo loo yaqaan ascospores. Qaar ka mid ah wakiilada jireyso inta lagu guda jiro nolosha awood u leh inay dhalmo galmada, Oo iyaga waa la tilmaamay in Deuteromycetes ah, in uu yahay fangaska xasilooneyn.

Waax kasta waxay leedahay dhegyadii u gaar ah iyo sifooyinka, iyo kaliya noocyada badan oo aad u kala duwan. hab xiiso leh nolosha, waxa muhiim ah in qiimo dhaqaale. Intaa waxaa dheer, likaha kaalin muhiim ah deegaanka dabiiciga ah ee dabiiciga ah.

Features of qaab dhismeedka iyo habka nolosha

Ka hor inta jawaabay su'aasha ah: "Sharax doorka fangaska unicellular ee dabiiciga ah", waa in ay tixgeliyaan in ay qaab-dhismeedka gaar ah iyo hab nololeed. Ka dib oo dhan, waxay ka timid this iyo ku xirnaan doontaa waxa qiimaha ay leeyihiin doonaa noolaha ku xeeran, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa aadanaha.

Sayidka, muuqaalada dhismaha oo ka mid ah fangaska unicellular.

1. Mycelium ama aan horumariyo at dhan, ama aad u tabar daran. Waxaa loo soo bandhigi karo by a-core multi ama hal unug oo leh hal xuduntii.
2. Dhalmada sida caadiga ah asexual, inkastoo sifo badan oo geedi socodka galmada.
3. zoospores In wakiilada biyaha sameeyay (chytridiomycota), kaas oo si xor ah u guurto in biyaha taasi oo ka flagella. In ascomycetes meydadka gaar ah spore bacaha kaas oo ku ascospores baaluq. Tiradoodu kama badna siddeed xabbadood.
4. Zygomycetes ciidda qaarkood waxay sameyn mycorrhiza la xididdada geedka.
5. fangaska xasilooneyn galaan khaasatan bakteeriyada, abuurista caafimaad Kombucha.

Guud ahaan, qaab dhismeedka ku dhowaad dhammaan fangaska, iyo sidoo kale qaab-dhismeedka gacanta gudaha waa ku dhowaad isku mid ah. Wax macno ah ma, ugu sarreeya isaga ama xasilooneyn. Sidaa darteed, ku salaysan kala soocidda had iyo jeer waa feature ugu weyn - habka faafin.

Features nololeed:

1. Inta badan - waajibiyo iyo dulin facultative.
2. Dad badan ayaa ku habboon nolosha ee biyaha ama ciida.
3. Qaar ka mid ah wakiilada shanqarta xaddi badan oo falgalka ku ah deegaanka, si ay cunto uga helaan diyaariyo. Xataa isagoo aan mycelium ah jahaysteen, noolaha qaar ka mid ah soo saari rhizoids khafiif ah, kuwaas oo ku lifaaqan substrate ah, oo ay qabsadaan (nuugo) cuntada.
4. Ka mid ah Zygomycetes leeyihiin wakiillo gaar ah - zoopagalisy. magaceedii u helay qaab nololeed ka ugaadhsiga. Waxay qabsoomayn dirxiga hyphae koolo cayayaan, nematodes iyo protozoa kale, oo iyaga u cuni, dheefshiidi ka baxsan.
5. In geeddi-socodka nolosha, wakiillo ka badan (gaar ahaan khamiir) waxay awoodaan in ay soo saaraan daawooyinka qiimo leh, ensaymes, kiimiko ah oo muhiim ah.

Aqoonsadaan sifooyinka badan ee hab-nololeedka oo dhan waa ay adag tahay, maxaa yeelay, tirada noocyada uu aad u ballaaran. Sidaa darteed waxa fiican in aad deggan ugu badan oo muhiim u ah qofka.

Geedi socodka ah ee dhalmo

Dhab ahaan baan u caddeeyo in feature ugu muhiimsan ee u shaqeeyo in su'aal - waa hab imannin. Dhalmada ee fangaska unicellular loo samayn karaa saddex siyood:

• galmada;
• vegetatively;
• asexually.

Ka fikir dhammaan fursadaha ay si faahfaahsan.

1. dhalmo Asexual ku lug formation of kudka sporangia qaababka gaar ah gudahood. Sidaas daraaddeed, tusaale ahaan, ay u guurayaan zoospores chytrid, halka ascomycete - ascospores asal ahaan qoomiyadda.
2. Daaqsinka for gaysashada hal-unuglaha ku lug wakiilada. Taasi waa, mid cell iyo biqilka noqdo hay'ad madax-banaan. Tani waa kiiska in khamiir, kuwaas oo guud ahaan loo arkaa in ay hal-unuglaha fangaska labaad.
3. Geedi socodka galmada dhacdaa si kala duwan ee noocyada kala duwan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan saddexda fursadaha u banaan: heterogamy, oogamy iyo isogamy. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nuxurka been isuga ee gametes si ay u sameeyaan saygoot ah. Inta badan, waxaa la daboolay qolof ah oo cufan, iyo xaalad nasasho muddo ah. Ka dib markii this bilaabo inuu dhiso mycelium iyo koraa jidhka cusub. Xataa in ay dhacdo jiritaanka wakiilada multicellular oo ka mid ah qaybo ka mid lab iyo dhaddig oo su'aasha. Just tilmaamaya jiritaanka "+" iyo "-" dhinac ee mycelium ah, kaas oo ku milmaan si ay u sameeyaan dikaryons.

Dabcan, waxaa jira sidoo kale caawimaad in ay u aqoonsadaan xubnaha qaar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, guud ahaan hannaankii faafinta fangaska ku unicellular kuwaas oo ah kuwa kor lagu sharaxay.

Penicillium iyo dabeecadihiisa

Maxaa penicillium - a hal-unuglaha fungus, ma dhihi karno. Waxa ugu waa in uu iska leh in ay fasalka ka mid ah wakiilo ka wasakhahaasi, kuwaas oo intooda badan ay yihiin ugu fudud ee ururka. Sidaas daraaddeed marar badan, oo isna waxaa lagu tiriyaa leh sifooyinka la mid ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, penicillium ah, oo uu saaxiib dhow, Aspergillus - waa haystaha ee mycelium ah branching multicellular.

likaha waxaa la helay by Ernest Duchesne ee 1897. Waxa uu ahaa kii ugu horeeyay ee ay soo jiidatay inay jidka ku Arabia isticmaalo a patina meelo godgodan oo la yaab leh si aad ugu bogsiisid nabrihiisu fardaha. Baadhaya qaab dhismeedka, ninkii dhallinyarada ahaa (iyo Duchenne ahaa sano oo kaliya 23 jir) gaarnay heer ah in jidhku uu yimid - waa fungus ah, taas oo uu leeyahay sifooyin bakteeriyada dila, sida burburin kara eysherihiyu haddii - mid ka mid ah bakteeriyada ugu ficiladooda iyo pathogenic.

Muddo dheer ay furitaanka mid ma ay dhegaysan. In 1949, Fleming cadaato guryaha aalkolada iyo bakteeriyada of fungus ka, iyo mudnaanta ee Duchenne la aqoonsaday, in kastoo kaliya ka dib dhimashadii dambe ee.

qayb weyn oo loo adeegsaday saaridda of penicillin ah medicament - antibiotic ah soo saaray inta lagu guda jiro nolosha u shaqeeyo.

wasakhahaasi

Haddii jawaabta su'aasha ah: "Sharax doorka fangaska unicellular ee dabiiciga ah," ka dibna ma dhihi karno oo ku saabsan wakiilada kale ee caaryada. Ka dib oo dhan, wax badan oo ka degeen dhulka ku, waxaa la siinayo galyadeena grayish ama buluug ee foomka of huurada. Isla mar ahaantaana kala daatay ee arrinta organic dhintay. Sidaa darteed, in nooca fungus ka ciyaara doorka kalkaaliyayaasha.

aad muhiim u ah qofka waxaa soo socda wakiillada:

• Aspergillus;
• penicillium;
• "Qudhmay Noble";
• "Qudhmay Noble".

Dhamaan iyaga ka mid ah - firfircoon in habka diyaarinta ee ka xabbadood dhif iyo delicious, khamri raagay, lagu daro cuntada, antibiotics, iyo waxyaabaha kale ee qiimaha badan.

Mucor

Wakiilka inta badan caadiga ah ee u shaqeeyo in su'aal - Mucor. fungus Unicellular waa weyn oo ku filan branching mycelium sameeyay leh unug ka mid ah oo kaliya. Maqaal qoruhu isaga. Waxaa loola jeedaa in wasakhahaasi waaxda Zygomycetes.

Loo yaqaan waxtar leh, fungus tani waa ay adag tahay, maxaa yeelay, ay guusha ugu weyn - biyuhy iyo formation of mucormycosis badan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar ka mid ah weli loo isticmaalaa by nin samaynta "khamiir Chinese". Tani waa khamiir gaar ah, taas oo u adeegta diyaarinta cuntooyinka qaarkood. Tusaale ahaan, cheese soy. Qaar ka mid ah noocyada Mucor waa il of falgalka iyo antibiotics.

Iyagoo ka duulaya xogta iyo alaabta ee gumeysi fangaska la xirrira daahan qalafsaneyn ee beige iyo cawl, si cad laga garan inay isha oo qaawan.

khamiirka

Wixii fangaska unicellular ka mid ah wakiil sida fungus khamiir. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, noolaha waa in loo arkaa a hal-unuglaha labaad, maxaa yeelay, waxay ku nool yihiin deegaanada mnogopochkuyuschimisya. mycelium ee unicellular kasta wakiil, oo aan maqaal qoruhu. Laakiin wada-noolaanshaha dhow noocyada badan ka dhigaysa mid ka fekeraan noolaha multicellular.

Guud ahaan, khamiir - likaha aad u faa'iido badan. Ma aha oo dhan, dabcan, laakiin qaar badan oo iyaga ka mid ah. Sidaas daraaddeed, dadka ay u isticmaaleen iyaga tan iyo wakhtiyadii hore Waayo, kibistii dubista, wax soo saarka khamri iyo yaynana kolna. 6 kale oo kun. Years BC. e. kuwaas oo loo isticmaalo in Masar, meel kasta.

Rooti la dubay oo la harta jirka khamiirka. Tani waxay keentay in xumaanshaha ee dhaqanka, waxa ay noqotay arrin cad oo hiddo uniform. Maanta waxaa jira "dhagax weyn" khamiirka in aan la abuuray by horumar ah ee dabiiciga ah iyo ku jira natiijada hawlaha aadanaha.

feature xiiso khamiirka waa in ay yihiin dulin facultative. Taasi waa, in joogitaanka oxygen iyaga ay si xor ah u neefsato, sii daayo carbon dioxide. Laakiin sidoo kale ku hoos jira xaalad anaerobic aan laga badiyay, oksidheeyeyaal sokor (halsano).

Noocyada kala duwan ee khamiir awood u taabato substrate ku sinnayn. Qaar ka mid ah ferment karaa oo keliya sonkor fudud, hexoses. Laakiin waxaa jira kuwa la daweeyey carbohydrates ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale borotiinada, subaga, carboxylic acid.

Human kuwa alaabta muhiim ah in lagu sii daayo iyadoo ay sabab u hawl muhiim ah oo xog fangaska. kuwaas oo:

• diacetyl;
• khamriga isoamyl;
• saliid fusel;
• tayadda dimethyl, iyo kuwa kale.

Isku darka of walxahan waxay go'aamiso tayada badeecada. Tani waxay si toos ah muuqataa in hantida organoleptic.

wakiilada Baadiyaha fangaska unicellular

Waxaa ka mid ah dulin ugu khatarta badan yihiin kuwa hal-unuglaha keenta cudurrada fangas in dadka iyo xayawaanka, iyo sidoo kale noocyo kala duwan oo caaryada iyo qudhmi ee dhirta.

1. Trichophyton iyo mikrosporum - laba nooc oo keeni cudurrada maqaarka halis ah in aadanuhu.
2. Fungi of panulirus Candida ah - cudur sabab Candidiasis.
3. Dermatophytes - fangaska sababa xanuunada of saxan dhidibkii - onychomycosis.
4. Piedra, ekzofila, malaziza - keeni lichens kala duwan oo ku saabsan qaybo ka mid ah jidhka.
5. fungus Black Hari sababa cudurka, taas oo u muuqato la jaamaha madow on carrabka nin iyo xayawaanka.
6. Phytophthora - fungus khatar ah in cudurka dhirta iyo sababa formation of qudhmay madow ee xididdada iyo caleemo.

Oo kanu waa qayb taxane ah kuwa wakiillada kuwa pathogenic, waxyeello iyo aad u halis caafimaad leh iyo dalagyo.

Doorka fangaska hal-unuglaha ee dabiiciga ah

Haddii aad la kulmi caqabad ku ah qorshe noocan oo kale ah: "Sharax doorka fangaska hal-unuglaha," waxa ugu horeeya waa in si lagu garto dhammaan faa'iidooyinka isku. Waxaan hore u soo sheegnay badan oo iyaga ka mid ah:

• loo adeegsado warshadaha kiimikada,
• cuntada;
• waxaa loo isticmaalaa diyaarinta feed beeraha;
• Waxay yihiin decomposers dabiiciga ah ee arrinta organic, taas oo ah, kalkaaliyayaasha caafimaadka iyo dadka kale.

Laakiin sidoo kale waa in aynaan illoobin ku saabsan khasaaraha, kuwaas oo waxaa jira fara badan. Ka dib oo dhan, inta badan fangaska ku unicellular - noolaha Dulin.