Computer Generation: miiska, astaamaha iyo taariikhda. Maxaa looga jeedaa erayga "jiilka computer"?

Xaaladan kombiyuutarada casri ah, taas oo aan la caadaysteen in ay, ka hormarey horumar ah oo dhan ee horumarinta technology computer. Sida laga soo xigtay aragti caan ah, horumarinta warshadaha computer mareen dhowr iyo qarniyada oo kala duwan.

khubaro Modern u muuqdaan in ay aaminsan yihiin in ay lix. Shan ka mid ah ayaa hore u dhacay, mid kale - oo ay jidka ku. Waxa ay dhab ahaan ereyga "jiilka kombiyuutarada" IT-takhasus u fahmaan? Waa maxay kala duwanaanshaha aasaasiga ah ee u dhexeeya xilliyada gaarka ah ee horumarinta of technology computer?

Curashadii ah ee computer ah

Taariikhda computer 5 ka ab, horumarinta xiiso iyo xiiso leh. Laakiin ka hor inta aan u sahamiyaan, waxa ay noqon doontaa mid waxtar leh in la ogaado xaqiiqooyinka la xiriira waxa ka hormarey horumarinta kombiyuutarada xal farsamada.

Dadka ayaa had iyo jeer waxay dooneen si loo hagaajiyo nidaamka la xidhiidha xisaabaha, xisaabinta. Taariikhyahanadu ogaaday in qalab ah ee la tiro ka shaqeeya, isagoo dabiiciga ah si farsamaysan, ayaa abuurtay ee qadiimiga Masar iyo dalalka kale ee Qarniyadii hore. In qarniyadii dhexe, alifay Yurub qorshee lahaa habab by kaas oo, gaar ahaan, waxaa lagu xisaabiyaa laga yaabaa periodicity ee baddu dayaxa.

noocooda ah ee kombiyuutarada casri ah, khubarada qaar ka mid ah aaminsan abuurtay horraantii Babbage mashiinka qarnigii 19aad, waxay leedahay hawlaha barnaamijyada kombiyuutarka. In qarnigii 19aad iyo 20aad, waxaa jiray qalabka korantada waxaa loo isticmaalay. Waxa ay inta badan ku lug leh maslaxadda, telefoonka iyo raadiyaha.

In 1915 wuxuu u wareegay waddanka u soo guurey ee Jarmal US Herman Hollerith aasaasay shirkadda IBM, ka dib mid ka mid ah noocyada ugu badan la garan karo ah ee IT industry noqday. Waxaa ka mid ah waxay Been Abuuran ugu cajiib ah kaararka feer steel Herman Hollerith, muddo tobannaan sano sida hoose macluumaad side marka la isticmaalayo technology computer. By dhamaadka 30meeyada waxaa ka joogay teknoolajiyada in loo oggol yahay in ay ka hadlaan bilaw u yahay marxalad computer horumarinta ilbaxnimada aadanaha. kombiyuutarada marka hore u muuqday, taasi oo markii dambe u noqday tilmaamay inay ka tirsan ee "jiilka kowaad".

calaamadaha computer ah

Faraj muhiimka aasaasiga ah ee kala saarista qalab Kombuyuutarada ah si aad u raadiso kombiyuutarada, ama khubaro computer wac programmability. Tani waxay u dhiganta nooca mashiinka, gaar ahaan, ku kala duwan yihiin calculators, iyadoo aan loo eegayn sida xoogga badan ama ugu dambeysay. Xitaa marka ay timaado programming heer aad u hooseeya, marka la isticmaalayo "dhallaankii, iyo eber" - bixiyc in ciidanka. Iyadoo la raacayo, sida ugu dhakhsaha badan mishiinada ayaa la Been abuurtay, laga yaabee, ay tahay muuqashada badan la mid ah xisaabiyaha, laakiin in la qorsheeyay laga yaabaa - ayaa lagu magacaabay kombiyuutarada.

Erayga "jiilka computer" waxaa loola jeedaa, sida caadiga ah computer uu lahaa a formation farsamada gaar ah. Taasi waa, mid ka mid xal hardware ku salaysan, oo ku salaysan taas oo computer la socda. Isla mar ahaantaana, oo ku salaysan qodobada la soo jeediyay by khubarada ee IT-qaybinta by jiilka kombiyuutarada fog caadiga ah (in kasta oo, Dabcan, waxaa jira noocyo KMG ah ee kombiyuutarada, taas oo ay adag tahay in unambiguously loo aaneeyey inay u category gaar ah) waa.

Kadib markii uu dhamaystay digression tiyoriga ah, waxaan bilaabi karaan in ay sahamiyaan kombiyuutarada qarniga. Shaxda, hoos, naga caawin doonaan maraan in periodization kasta.

Next waxaan eegi doonaa sifooyinka farsamada kombiyuutarada ee category kasta. Waxaan ciyaari farcankii kombiyuutarada lagu go'aamin doonaa. Shaxda in aynu haatan gaaray, waxay dhammaystiri doonaa by dadka kale, taas oo la xiriira doonaa si category ku haboon iyo xuduudaheedu geedi socodka.

Waxaan la soco digtoonyey muhiim ah - tixgelinnada soo socda ugu horayn la xiriiraan horumar kombiyuutarada, kuwaas oo hadda inta badan loo gudbiyaa shakhsiyeed. Waxaa jira fasalo gebi ahaanba kala duwan ee kombiyuutarada - military, warshadaha. Waxaa jira waxa loogu yeero "supercomputers". Ay soo bixitaanka iyo koritaanka - arrin gaar ah.

The kombiyuutarada ugu horeysay

In 1938, injineer Jarmal Konrad Tsuze dhista qalab ah oo lagu magacaabo Z1 ah, iyo in 42-ka sii daayay ay fiicnaaday version - Z2. In 1943, mashiin xisaabinta abuurtay Ingiriisi iyo u wac "Colossus". Qaar ka mid ah khubarada u muuqdaan in ay aaminsan yihiin mashiinka computer ugu horeeyay ee British iyo German. In 1944, oo ku salaysan sirdoonka ka Germany abuuro mashiinka Kombuyuutarada ah sida Mareykanka. Developed in computer Maraykanka ee loo yaqaan "Mark I".

In 1946, injineerada American samaynayaan kacaanka yar in design ah ee technology computer, abuurista ENIAC computer tube vacuum a, 1000 jeer ka badan wax soo saar badan "Mark I". horumarinta kale oo caan ah American noqday aasaasay 1951 by computer la odhan jiray Uniake. Its feature ugu muhiimsan waa in ay ahayd computer ugu horeysay waxaa loo isticmaali jiray sida wax soo saarka ganacsiga.

By wakhtigaas, iyadoo jidka ag fadhida, aad computer waxaa hore u abuurta injineerada Soviet shaqeeya ee Academy of Sciences ee Ukraine. horumarinta Our yeedhay SECM. Its qaab, sida laga soo xigtay khubaro, wuxuu ahaa ugu sareeya ee ka mid ah kombiyuutarada soo ururay in Europe.

Tilmaamo tignoolojiga kombiyuutarada jiilka kowaad

Dhab ahaantii, ku saleysan shuruudaha waxa lagu go'aamiyaa jiilka koowaad ee horumarka computer? Noocan oo kale ah IT-khabiiro ka fiirsan, ugu horreeya oo dhan, qayb salka qaab tuubooyinka vacuum. mashiinada jiilka kowaad hantiyaan tiro ka mid ah muuqaalada sifo dibadda - size wayn, isticmaalka awood aad u ballaaran.

Waxay awood kombiyuutarka ayaa sidoo kale xad suubban, waxay ahayd dhowr kun oo Hertz. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qarnigii koowaad ee kombiyuutarada ku jiraan waxyaabo badan oo in kombiyuutarada casri ah. Gaar ahaan, code mishiinka ilaa barnaamaj amarradiisa iyo sidoo kale xogta lagu qoro ee xasuusta (isticmaalaya kaarar feer iyo tuubooyinka electrostatic).

jiilka koowaad ee kombiyuutarada u baahan xirfad ugu sareeya aadanaha, iyaga isticmaalaan. Loo baahan yahay ma aha oo kaliya in ay hantida u ahaa xirfadaha gaarka ah (ka muujiyay in la kaararka feer, aqoonta code mashiinka, iwm shaqeeya), laakiin, sida caadiga ah, sidoo kale injineernimada aqoon berrinkii korantada.

Jiilkii ugu horeeyay ee kombiyuutarada, sida aan ku sheegay, mar hore waxay ahayd RAM. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay mugga ahaa mid aad u suubban, uu hadalka u dhigay in boqol, at ugu fiican - in kumanaan ka mid ah bytes. The modules xasuusta ugu horeysay ee kombiyuutarada laga yaabaa si dhib leh lagu tilmaamay inay tahay qayb ka elektaroonik ah. Waxaa iyaga ka buuxsamay weelasha of mercury qaab tuubooyinka. kiristaalo xusuusta ayaa go'an on goobaha gaarka ah, sidaas darteedna xogta la hadhay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ugu dhaqsaha badan ka dib markii la alifay oo ka mid ah kombiyuutarada marka hore u muuqday diirkja ferrite xasuusta ku salaysan badan oo horumarsan.

Jiilkii labaad ee kombiyuutarada

Waa maxay horumarinta dheeraad ah oo taariikhda computer? kombiyuutarada Generation bilaabay si loo horumariyo on. 60 waxaa la faafiyo kombiyuutarada isticmaalaya tuubooyinka vacuum ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale semiconductors. Oo aad u kordhay chips inta jeer saacad - tixgeliyo tilmaame caadi ah 100 kun oo Hertz iyo wixii ka sareeya .. Yimid disk ugu horeysay magnetic ay badal u tahay kaararka feeray. In 1964 shirkadda IBM ayaa godu sii daayay wax soo saarka gaar ah - monitor gaar ah computer oo leh sifooyin ku filan hufan - 12-inch dadab, xal of 1024 by 1024 pixels iyo heerka helid 40 Hz ah.

Generation saddex

Jiilkii saddexaad cajiib ah kombiyuutarada? First of dhan, gelin your computer iyo laambadahoodii yaryaraa oo semiconductors dhafan wareeggeedii, taas oo, ka kombiyuutarada gooni, loo isticmaalay noocyo kala duwan oo qalab kale oo elektaroonik ah.

Waayo, markii ugu horeysay suurtagalnimada ee wareeggeedii isku dhafan ayaa la ogaaday in ay dunida kaga dadaalka injineer Jack Kilby iyo shirkadda Texas qalabku sannadkii 1959. Jack abuuray dhisme yar oo la aasaasay on saxan bir germanium, taas oo loo malaynayo in la badalo naqshado Semiconductor adag. Taa baddalkeeda, shirkadda Texas qalabku abuuray computer ah, ururay oo ku salaysan xogta kuwan. Waxa xusid mudan, waxa ay aheyd 150 jeer ka yar computer ka mid ah waxqabadka Semiconductor. technology circuit isku dhafan ayaa la sii horumariyo. doorka muhiimka ah ee this ciyaaray daraasad Roberta Noysa.

qaybaha hardware Kuwani waxaa loo ogol yahay, ugu horreeya oo dhan, si weyn loogu yareeyo size ee kombiyuutarada. Sidaas darteed, waxaa jiray koror weyn oo qaab computer. The kombiyuutarada qarnigooda saddexaad lagu gartaa sii daayo of computer leh inta jeer saacad ah, hore u sheegay in megahertz. Hoos u isticmaalka awoodda iyo sidoo kale kombiyuutarada.

Waxaan ku soo hagaagtay technology lagu qoro xogta iyo iyaga ka baaraandegidda in modules RAM. Sida RAM, xubno ferrite noqon more capacious, teknoolajiyada sare. marka hore waxaa jira prototypes, markaas ayaa kumbuutarka version ugu horeysay loo isticmaalaa sida an dhexdhexaad kaydinta dibadda. naqshadaha ee PC u muuqday kayd pamyat.Standartnoy dhexgalka jawiga of user iyo computer ka ahaa suuqa kala bandhigay.

Waxaa ka dhacay qaybaha software horumar dheeraad ah. Waxaa nidaamka hawlgalka buuxa waxaa la sameeyey by ugu kala duwan software codsiga, waxaan la soo bandhigay fikradda multitasking shaqada computer. The kombiyuutarada-qarnigooda saddexaad u muuqan barnaamijyada sida hababka maaraynta database, iyo software for qalabaynta shaqada design. Waxaa jira luqado barnaamijyo badan iyo deegaanno gudahood kaas oo abuurka ah ee software.

Tilmaamo qarniga afraad-

qarniga afraad ah kombiyuutarada lagu gartaa ah ee wareeggeedii dhafan tirsan fasalka ee waaweyn, iyo sidoo kale qiyaasta aad u ballaaran loogu yeero. naqshadaha ee PC u muuqday keentay chip - processor. Kombiyuutaro qaabeynta waa u dhaw in ay muwaadiniinta caadiga ah. Ay u isticmaalaan ayaa waxaa suurtageliyey tababarka shahaadada ugu yar, halka la ab ka computer ka hor looga baahan yahay xirfadaha shaqada. modules RAM waxaa laga soo saaray oo aan ku saleysan xubno ferrite, oo ku salaysan CMOSka-jab. By qarniga afraad ah kombiyuutarada iyo laga aqbalo computer ugu horeysay Apple, ururiyay 1976 by Steve Jobs iyo Stefanom Voznyakom. Qaar badan oo IT-aqoonyahanada waxeey aaminsan yihiin Apple - computer ugu horeysay ee qof ahaaneed ee dunida.

kombiyuutarada jiilka afaraad ayaa sidoo kale soo beegantay popularization ee internetka. Isla mar ahaantaana waxaa jiray warshadaha ee wanaagsan ee loo yaqaan brand maanta software - Microsoft. Lahaanshaha version ugu horeysay ee nidaamka qalliinka in aan maanta loo yaqaan - Windows, MacOS. Computers u noqday aad loo qaybiyey dunida ku baahsan.

Qarniganu shanaad

talinaysay ee qarniga afraad ah kombiyuutarada - 80s bartamihii xilli danbe. Laakiin in ay 90s hore ee ku saabsan habka suuqa IT-technology waxay bilaabeen inay dhacaan, taas oo loo ogol yahay inuu ku soo bilowdo tirinta jiil cusub oo kombiyuutarada. Waxaan ka hadleynaa talaabooyin muhim ah weeraryahanka, gaar ahaan injineerinka iyo farsamo guulaha ay, ay weheliso in processor ah. naqshadaha chip muuqday sabab ah nooca dulinka isku midka ah.

Jiilkii shanaad ee kombiyuutarada - waa koritaanka saarka mashiinka xawaaraha cajiib ah oo sannad ka sannad. Haddii hore 90 ee xawaaraha saacad ah microprocessors dhowr tobanaan megahertz, waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay calaamad wanaagsan, by bilowgii 2000 ka, Ninna gigahertz yaabay. Computers in aan maanta isticmaalaan, ayaa la rumeysan yahay in IT-khubaro - waxay sidoo kale waxaa weeye qarnigii shanaad ee kombiyuutarada. Taasi waa, dhulka oo farsamada 90 hore ee weli ku habboon.

PC ka tirsan qarniga shanaad, ayaa noqday ma kombiyuutarada oo keliya, iyo fasalka sare qalab multi-warbaahinta. waxaa iyagii loo suurto gal ahayd Buur filimada, sanamyadooda, record shaqeeyaan iyo xukumid dhawaaqa iyo in la abuuro mashaariic injineernimada in uu ordo macquul 3D-kulan.

Features jiilka lixaad

In mustaqbalka dhow, sida ay sheegayaan falanqeeyayaasha, aan ka filan karaa in 6 jiilka kombiyuutarada muuqan doonaa. Waxaa lagu gartaa doona isticmaalka xubno neural naqshadaha ee chips isticmaalaya Processor ee shabakad qaybiyey.

kombiyuutarada Performance in jiilka soo socda la qiyaasi doonaa, laga yaabee, mar dambe in gigahertz, laakiin in nooc ka mid ah aasaas kala duwan ee unugyada xisaabinta.

Marka la barbardhigo feature

Waxaan bartay jiilalka kombiyuutarada. Jadwalka hoose wuxuu noo ogolaan doonaa inaanu is hagaajino nafteena ku saabsan kombiyuutarrada ka mid ah hal ama qayb kale iyo saldhig tiknooloojiyadeed oo shaqadooda ku saleysan. Ku-tiirsanaanta waa sidan soo socota:

Muuqaal-isu-dheelitirnaanta wax-soo-saarka iyo abuuritaanka kombuyuutar gaar ah ayaa sidoo kale faa'iido leh. Jadwalka aan hadda soo uruurin doono ayaa sidoo kale ka tarjumaya qaabkani. Waxaan u qaadanaa sida asaasiga ah sida saadaasha saacadaha.

Sidaa daraadeed, waxaynu aragnaa muuqaalada farsamada muhiimka ah ee jiilka kumbuyuutar kasta. Shaxda, mid kasta oo ka mid ah noo soo bandhigay, ayaa naga caawin doona inaan isku xirno xuduudaha ku habboon iyo qayb gaar ah oo kombiyuutarada ah oo tixraacaya marxaladda ama marxaladda kale ee horumarinta tiknoolijiyada kombiyuutarka.