Biocoenosis - tusaalooyin. biocenoses Dabiiciga ah iyo macmal

In koorsada ah nolol maalmeedka qof kasta oo aan u ilaalisaa isdhexgalka ay la noocyo kala duwan oo kaxeynayo dabiiciga ah. Dagdagi in ay ka shaqeeyaan, si dhib leh qof, marka laga reebo in beey'ada xirfad ama nin cilmiga nafleyda barta, fiiro gaar ah u xaqiiqda ah in uu u tallaabay square ama park fiiro gaar ah. Well anigu waxaan qabtay iyo maray, sidaasi darteed waa maxay? Laakiin tani waa biocenosis ah. Tusaalooyinka aan ikhtiyaarka lahayn sida, laakiin xidhiidhka ka joogto ah la hannaanka deegaameed, mid kasta oo inaga mid ah soo xusuusan karaa, haddii oo kaliya in ay u fiiriyaan dadku. Waxaan isku dayi doonaa si ay u eegaan in faahfaahin dheeraad ah waxa ay dhab ahaan waa biocenoses, waxa ay yihiin iyo waxa ay ku xiran tahay.

Waa maxay biocenose?

Inta badan, dad yar la xasuusto in uu bartay ee School of biocenoses. Grade 7, marka bayoolaji dambeeyaan ahaa fog ee la soo dhaafay, iyo yeeran dhacdooyinka aad u kala duwan. Xusuustaa sida biocenosis ah. Eraygii waxaa la aasaasay by midowga of laba eray Laatiin, "BIOS" - nolosha iyo "cenosis" - waa wax caadi ah. Ereygan waxa ay tusinaysaa go'an ee ku nool isla aagga, isku xiran oo lalana sheyga, fangaska, dhirta iyo xayawaanka.

beesha kasta oo ka mid ah nafleyda qaybaha biocenosis sida:

• sheyga (microbiocenosis);
• Dhirta (phytocoenosis);
• xoolaha (zoocenoses).

Mid kasta oo ka mid ah qaybaha kuwaas oo door muhiim ah oo matali kara shaqsiyaad ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa la ogaadaa in phytocoenosis qayb ka yahay hormuudka ka ah go'aaminta microbiocenosis iyo zoocenoses.

Marka sameeyey fikrad this?

Fikradda ah "biocoenosis" waxaa la soo jeediyay by hydrobiologist Mobius Jarmalka qarnigii XIX goor dambe, markii uu waxbarasho ee goobaha badda woqooyi lohod degaanka. Inta lagu jiro baadhitaanka, wuxuu helay in xoolaha miyey noolaan karaan oo kaliya marka ay jiraan xaalado adag lagu qeexay, lagu gartaa qoto dheer, heerka socodka, heerkulka biyaha iyo salinity. Intaa waxaa dheer, Mobius tilmaamay in ay la socdaan oysters ee dhulka isla deggan yihiin noocyada si wanaagsan u qeexan ee dhirta badda iyo xoolaha. Iyada oo ku saleysan xogta, in 1937, saynisyahan ku soo bandhigay fikradda hoos tixgelin waa inay tixraac ururo ka mid ah kooxaha ka mid ah noolaha, oo ku nool iyo coexisting isla aagga, ay sabab u tahay horumarka taariikhiga ah ee noocyada iyo dheer doorashada dabiiciga ah. Fikradda casriga ah ee "biocoenosis" biology iyo ecology waa fasiray xoogaa ka duwan.

kala soocidda

Maanta, waxaa jira calaamado dhawr ah by kuwaas oo loo kala saaro biocenosis ah. Tusaalooyinka soocidda ku salaysan dhinacyada:

• makrobiotsenoz (Badda, Buuraha, badaha);
• mezobiotsenoz (kaynta qoyan, field);
• microbiocenosis (ubax, jiridda duug ah, caleen).

Sidoo kale biocenoses loo kala saari karaa sida ay hoygii. Maamulaha aqoonsan yahay saddexda nooc ee soo socda:

• badda;
• biyaha saafiga ah,
• dhulka.

Mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah waxaa loo qaybin karaa waaweyn ah, koox degaanka yar. Sayidka, biocenosis badda loo qaybin karaa noccyo benthic iyo armaajo oo kale. Biyaha saafiga ah beelaha noolaha webiga, dhiiqo iyo gudubno. biocenoses jidhadhka dhulka ka mid ah xeebaha iyo gudaha, oo buurta iyo nooc hoosaad Caraabaah.

kala soocidda ugu fudud ee bulshada noolaha waa ay kala qeybinta galay biocenoses dabiiciga ah iyo macmal ah. Waxaa ka mid ah marka hore in la kala saaro aasaasiga ah ee la sameeyay iyada oo aan saamayn aadanaha, iyo sidoo kale sare, taasoo lagu sameeyay isbedel ay sabab u tahay saamaynta masiibooyinka ama hawlaha ilbaxnimada aadanaha ee dabiiciga ah. Tixgeli si faahfaahsan muuqaalada ay.

bulshooyinka noolaha Dabiiciga ah

biocenoses Dabiiciga ah wakiil ururka uxuu ku nool, abuuray by Dabiicadda qudheedu. Kuwani waa beelo hababka dabiiciga ah in la sameeyo, horumarinta iyo shaqada sida ay u gaar ah, sharciyo u gaar ah. beey'ada Jarmal B. Tischler aqoonsaday sifooyinka soo socda in sifaha qaababka sida:

1. Waxaa jira bulshada qaybaha prefabricated, kaas oo noqon kara wakiilada ee noocyada shaqsi iyo kaxeynayo oo dhan.

2. qaybo ka mid ah bulshada waxaa la bedelay laga yaabaa. Tusaale ahaan, mid ka mid ah noocyada lagu qasbi baxo oo gebi ahaanba bedelay kale isagoo shuruudaha la mid ah shuruudaha jiritaanka, oo aan cawaaqib xun nidaamka oo dhan.

3. Sababo la xaqiiqada ah in, in danaha noocyada kala duwan ee ka soo horjeeda biocoenosis, ka dibna nidaamka oo dhan wuxuu ku salaysan yahay supraorganismal oo jirta dheelli ciidamada faray oppositely.

4. Mid kasta oo bulshada dabiiciga ah ku salaysan yahay xeerka ah tiro ka mid ah nooc ka mid ah oo kale.

5. size ee nidaamka wax supraorganismal ku xiran tahay arrimo dibadeed.

hababka noolaha Artificial

Biocenosis kiimikaysan abuuray, dayactiro iyo maamula nin. Professor B. G. Ioganzen soo bandhigay fikradda ah antropotsenoza ecology, ie abuuray kiimikaysan by dadka nidaamka dabiiciga ah, tusaale ahaan, laba jibbaaran, beerno ama quraaradda. Ka mid ah biocenosis go'doonsan ee agrobiocenoses macmal ah (agrocnosises) - bulshada abuuray by nin in ay soo saaraan alaabta kasta. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah:

• kaydka;
• channels,
• balliyada,
• biyagaleenka ahuba miiro,
• daaqa,
• field for kordhaya dalagyada kala duwan,
• suumanka hoy;
• xoqayaa in kiimikaysan la cusboonaysiin karo.

Agrocenoses muuqaalada caan ku yihiin:

Hababka macmal dabiici ah arrin aan degganayn, oo jira doonaa ah ilaa hal sano, agrobiocenoses cows dilka ah ku qaban doonaa oo ku saabsan saddex sannadood ah ayaanu ka-qabashada aadanaha agrocnosises dalagyada khudradda iyo hadhuudh. biocenoses ugu nabdoon dalagga miro dabiici ahayn, sida mid aan saameyn aadanaha, waxay awoodi karaan inay ka jiraan a sano ee yar wuxuu noqon doonaa.

• agrophytocenosis sida ku saleysan nolosha;
• la'aanta nidaamka is-sharciyeynta,
• kala duwanaanta u hooseeya;
• Lagaga ee xayawaanka guri ama dhirta beerayaa,
• helaan taageero dheeraad ah oo ka qofka (weed iyo cayayaan gacanta, unugyada labka iyo dheddiga, iwm);
• Awood la'aanta in ay jiritaanka sii dheeraaday oo aan ka-qabashada aadanaha.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa la ogaadaa in xitaa kan ugu liita agrocnosises kala duwanaanshaha noocyada ka kooban yihiin daraasiin noocyada of noolaha ka tirsan kooxaha dhawrista iyo Qorxeey kala duwan. beerta kasta oo lagu beeray by nin ama calafka dalagyada, - dadka ka mid ah noolaha ku nool kala duwan biocenosis. Tusaalooyinka - beerta this of galley ah ama sarreen ah, halkaas oo ayan ku jirin dhaqanka ugu weyn "live" iyo caws, iyo cayayaanka kala duwan (cayayaanka iyo ku Doodeen ay); iyo hannaanka ka mid ah sheyga iyo xawayaanka.

The unugyada dhismaha ee biosystems

Sida ku xusan, biocenosis dabiiciga ah iyo macmal ah ka kooban dhowr qaybood oo kala deggan dhismeyaasha sida phytocoenosis, iyo zoocenoses microbiocenosis. mid ka mid ah taasoo keentay waa phytocoenosis, taas oo bulshada ka mid ah dhirta deggan. Sababtoo ah halka ay fixity iyo muddaada, in ay tahay saldhig u yara joogto ah qaab-dhismeedka noolaha ee nidaamka. Sheyga, ka duwan dhirta, aan ku lifaaqan qayb ka mid ah oogada oo la fulin karo by dabaysha ama biyo on a fogaanta si caddaalad ah muddo dheer. Isku mid ah qaybaha muujiyay biocenosis ku xiran tahay xoolaha dhirta, tan keliya flora ka bedeli karaan walxaha imanba galay organic.

doorka A weyn ee nolosha bulshada wax dhawrista ciyaaro kala duwan oo ka mid ah sheyga in ay gacan isbadal ah ee arrinta organic dhintay galay macdanta.

Dhismaha nidaamka noolaha

biocoenosis kasta oo lagu qeexay qaab dhismeedka lagu gartaa:

• Da'ayeen, toosan ama dadban, sida natiijo ah oo horumarineed oo ka mid ah noocyada noolaha ka mid ah bulshada meel iyo xiriirka ka timi tartamaya tamarta.
• Species qeexay halabuurka, qaninimada iyo kala duwanaanta qaybaha hababka noolaha, iyo sidoo kale saamiga tirada dadka ka mid ah waxa ku jira. Noocyada bulshada deegaanka dabiiciga ah, isagoo wakiil ugu weyn tiro, loo yaqaan xukuma.
• Trophic ama cunto, wixii la goostay by wareeggeedii sahayda u dhexeeya noolaha.

Dhammaan oo ka mid ah dhinacyada kala duwan ee dhismaha ee biocenoses yihiin si dhow ula xiriira. Sida caadiga ah, qaab-dhismeedka aan ollogga ah mid aad u adag waxaa soo abaabulay, wakiil ka kici doonee, iyo in ka badan kala duwan ee noocyada ay. Muddo biocenosis dhismeedka kala duwan ee kala duwan oo yar yar. xaalad noocan oo kale ah ee iska caabin qaraabo in dhacdaa inta lagu jiro dhexgalka ee xubno dastuurka ah, loo yaqaan homeostasis.

Waxaan ka fiirsan si faahfaahsan biocenosis dhismeedka sifeeyay aasaasiga ah.

Dhismaha da'ayeen

Biocoenosis uu leeyahay qaab-dhismeedka a in meel bannaan, kaas oo noqon kara labadaba joog iyo jiif.

Dhismaha toosan sameeyay iyada oo sababtu tahay qaybinta noocyada kala duwan ee dhirta iyo xoolaha heer sare kala duwan ee nidaamka-bio, taas oo horseedaysa Yeeelid dhismaha. Nidaamka noocan oo kale ah waxaa inta badan lagu go'aamiyaa longline bulshada dhirta, kuwaas oo meesha ka jahooyinka oo ka mid ah qaybaha ugu wax soo saar ee warshadda sida nidaamka xidid iyo caleenta photosynthesizing. Waayo, sifo phytocenosis labada Yeeelid aboveground iyo dhulka hoostiisa. The teedu ugu horeysay oo iniinahoodu ku dhex suurtagalnimada ee co-kordhaya noocyada badan ee dhirta in ay leeyihiin baahiyo kala duwan ee qorraxda. Tan waxaa inta badan si cad u muujiyay in kaymaha ee aagga qoraxda leh cimilada, halkaas oo waxaa jira geed iyo geed heerarka sare, oo ku yaalla yar ee hoos ku xoortay geedihii iyo cawska, iyo agagaarka deg deg ah oo ka mid ah oogada Dhulka - tier anteenada, inta badan ka kooban Muuse iyo lichens.

Yeeelid dhulka hoostiisa mara ee hababka noolaha ogolaanaya phytocenoses isticmaalka ugu wanaagsan ee qoyaanka ciidda, ay sabab u tahay si qoto dheer kala duwan ee nidaamka xididka dhirta ka. meelaha Steppe waxa lagu gartaa qoondaynta heerka saddex-a: ugu qoto dheer bedded nidaamka tuubada, raaceen by xididdada cereals kala duwan, oo aad ugu dhow in ay dusha sare - tubers, nalalka iyo nidaamka xididka dhirta sannadlaha ah.

dhismayaasha fikirka yihiin synusia biocenosis siman - qayb phytocenosis oo ka kooban hal ama in ka badan dhirta ka mid ah noocyada la xiriira, deegaanka ama spatially soocay midba midka kale. Waxay noqon karaan meel gaar ah ama joogto ah, epiphytic, jimbaar ama subsurface.

Qaab-dhismeedka gaarka ah ee bulshooyinka noolaha

feature A ee kala duwan ee biocenosis kasta waa qaab-dhismeedkoooda gaar ah. The kakanaanta iyo noocyo kala duwan oo ka kooban noocyada waxaa inta badan lagu go'aamiyaa ee degaanka iyo heerka uu kakanaanta ee shuruudaha taas oo ay jirto biocenosis. Tusaalooyinka kala duwanaanshaha noocyada saboolka ah - Joogga sare, Dhuldhoobo, cidlada. Biosystem la set qani ku ah noocyada - Qoryaale dhagax badeed iyo kaymaha kulaylaha.

Species, Adkaanno tirada, waa noocyada a xuduntii iyo waxaa loo yaqaan dominants. Sayidka, kaynta bjørk ah waxa ay noqon doontaa bjørk ah, beer oo sarreen ah - sarreen ah. In biocenosis kasta oo ay jiraan noocyada jira oo kaliya sababtoo ah xukuma, ee loo yaqaan predominanty ah, tusaale ahaan, deerada in undergrowth kaynta ama protein ee kaynta geed iyo gran.

Intaa waxaa dheer, bulshooyinka noolaha leeyihiin edificators, ie xoolaha ama dhirta noocyada in la abuuro shuruudaha lagama maarmaanka u ah nolosha si ay u khuduuca kale. Sidaas darteed, tusaale ahaan, in steppe ee biocenosis edificator waa xoog badan yahay baal.

In si ay u qiimeyso doorka noocyada a in qaab-dhismeedka bulshada noolaha, loo isticmaalo tilmaamayaasha ku salaysan on account taranta, sida ay faro badan, inta jeer ee uu dhaco, ee Shannon index kala duwan iyo noocyada qaninimada.