Avv Protein ee gacanta, isku xigxiga ee geedi socodka biosynthetic. Avv borotiinka on ribosomes.

Life waa hab ka mid ah jiritaanka taagoo protein. Taasi waa sida waxaa loogu muujiyey in badan oo ka mid saynisyahano ah kuwaas oo aaminsan in borotiinka waxaa aasaas u ah oo dhan nolosha. Hadallada yihiin gabi ahaanba sax ah, sababtoo ah ee ka mid ah walxaha in gacanta tirada ugu weyn ee hawlaha aasaasiga ah. All kale xeryahooda organic ka ciyaaraan door ah muhashada tamarta, iyo tamarta loo baahan yahay mar kale ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee u taagoo protein.

awooda jirka ee synthesize protein

oo dhan organisms ee hadda jira ma awoodaan si ay u fuliyaan ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee borotiinada in gacanta. Fayrusyada iyo bakteeriyada qaarkood ma sameysmi karaa borotiin, oo sidaas daraaddeed waa dulin siin walax la doonayo laga gacanta ciidanka. noolaha kale, oo ay ku jiraan unugyada prokaryotic, ay awoodaan in ay synthesize borotiinada. All aadanaha unugyada, xoolaha, dhirta, fangaska, ku dhowaad dhammaan bakteeriyada iyo protists ku nool ay sabab u tahay awoodda biosynthesis protein ah. Tan waxaa looga baahan yahay hirgelinta qaab-dhismeedka-sameynta, difaaca, receptor, gaadiidka iyo hawlaha kale.

-Stage biosynthesis protein sifo

Dhismaha protein la encoded in acid ah nucleic (DNA ama RNA) sida codon ah. Tani waa macluumaadka la iska dhaxlo oo la ciyaaray mar walba gacanta ay u baahan tahay walax protein cusub. Laga bilaabo biosynthesis waa gudbinta macluumaadka si xuduntii of baahida loo qabo in synthesize protein cusub guryaha horey u dhigay.

Si wax looga qabto qayb this dispiralized of acid ee nucleic, kuna waari dhexdeeda ay qaab-dhismeedka waxaa ku suntan. Meeshu waa labalaabka RNA Rasuulkiisa iyo wareejiyay ribosome ah. RNA Rasuul - Waxay masuul ka ah dhismaha silsilad polypeptide ee ku saleysan furta yihiin. Si kooban dhammaan tallaabooyinka biosynthetic waa sida soo socota:

• qoraal (DNA laban laabmay qayb tallaabo la dhismeedka protein encoded);
• processing (tallaabo sameynta RNA Rasuul);
• (Avv borotiinka ee gacanta ku saleysan RNA wargeeyskii) turjumaad;
• beddelid posttranslational ( "koriinkedu" ee polypeptide ah, formation of ay qaab-dhismeedka saddex geesood ah).

Qoraal ah nucleic acid

Avv dhan protein gacanta ku ribosome sameeyaa, iyo macluumaadka ku saabsan u taagoo ku jira acid ah nucleic (RNA ama DNA). Waa in hiddo-ka: hidda kasta - protein gaar ah. Hiddo-daro macluumaad ku saabsan isku xigxiga amino acid of protein ah novel ah. In the case of saarista DNA code genetic la sameeyaa sida soo socota:

• Waxa uu bilaabo xoraynta qaybtii acid nucleic of histone dhacdaa despiralization;
• DNA polymerase laban qayb DNA taas oo hiddo of protein waxaa loo kaydiyaa, Oo
• qaybtii Laab waa maamaan ah RNA Rasuul, kaas oo la farsameeyo by ensaymes in meesha laga saaro qobays non-sireed (ku salaysan oo dhan isagoo ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee mRNA ah).

Iyada oo ku saleysan RNA proinformatsionnoy uu ku dhexsameeysmo mRNA. Waxaa horeba waa shax, ka dibna Avv borotiinka ku jira unugyada dhacdaa on ribosomes (in reticulum ka da.ay endoplasmic).

Avv borotiinka Ribosomal

Rasuulka RNA ayaa labadiisa daraf, kuwaas oo la dhigay baxay sida 3`- 5`. Reading iyo protein Avv on ribosomes la 5`kontsa bilaabmaa iyo sii ilaa intron ah - qaybtii ma encode kasta oo acids amino ah. Waa sida soo socota:

• Rasuul RNA "Hashii" on ribosome ah, ku biiro acid ugu horeysay amino,
• guuro ribosome weheliyaan mRNA in hal codon ah;
• Waxay bixisaa RNA la doonayo suuqa kala iibsiga (mRNA codon xogta encoded) of acid Alfa-amino ah;
• amino acid waxaa ku lifaaqan a bilaabo acid amino si ay u sameeyaan dipeptide ah;
• mRNA ahaa ka dibna mar kale wareejiyay mid ka mid codon, saxaarad iyo acid Alfa-amino ah ku lifaaqan si sii kordhaysa silsilad peptide ah.

Sida ugu dhakhsaha badan ribosome gaaro intron ah (non-sireed insert), RNA Rasuul si fudud u dhaqaaqin. Markaas, sida horumarinta RNA Rasuul, ribosome mar gaadho exon - qaybta, isku xigxiga nucleotide ee taas oo u dhiganta gaar acid amino ah.

Laga bilaabo halkan bilaabmaa mar protein ku biiro monomers si silsilad. Geedi socodka sii ilaa dhacdo ee intron kale ama ilaa codon joogsiga. Last silsilad polypeptide Avv joojiyo, oo korkoodana waxaa dhismeedka protein aasaasiga ah waxaa loo arkaa dhameystirtay iyo marxaladda postsynthetic billaahay (posttranslational) beddelid ee Britain ayaa ku.

beddelid post-translational

Ka dib markii turjumaad, Avv borotiinka ku dhacaa taangiyada siman reticulum endoplasmic. Arintaan waxaa ku jira qadar yar oo ah ribosomes. In qaar ka mid ah unugyada waxa laga yaabaa inay ka maqan in RES ah. meelaha noocan oo kale ah u baahan tahay si ay u sameeyaan ugu horeysay sare, ama jaamacadda horeba ka dibna, haddii la doortay, qaab dhismeedka quaternary.

Dhan Avv borotiinka gacanta ku dhacaa tiro aad u badan oo ah kharashka tamarta ee ATP. Maxaa yeelay, dhammaan hababka kale ee noolaha loo baahan yahay si ay u taageeraan biosynthesis protein. Intaa waxaa dheer, qaar ka mid ah tamarta loo baahan yahay si gaadiid borotiinada in gacanta gaadiidka firfircoon.

Qaar badan oo ka mid ah borotiinka ku wareejiyo mid ka mid unugyada meel kale habeyn. Gaar ahaan, Avv borotiinka post-translational dhacdaa adag Golgi ah, halkaas oo ku biiray qaab-dhismeedka gaar polypeptide carbohydrate ama la egyahay domain.