Formation, Waxbarashada dugsiga sare iyo dugsiyada
Acid: miiska tusaalooyin. sifooyinka acids
Acids - kuwani waa kiimiko ah kuwaas oo awood u siinaya ra'iyi ah koronto eedeeyay (waxbarashada) hydrogen, iyo aqbalaan electron laba vzaimodeystvuschih, oon la xirrira bond covalent ah.
In this article aan tixgelin doonna acid aasaasiga ah, kaas oo la baray ee fasalada sare ee dugsiyada sare, iyo sidoo kale bartaan xaqiiqooyinka badan oo xiiso leh oo ku saabsan acids kala duwan. Soco.
Acids: Noocyada
In kimistari waxaa jira wax badan oo noocyo kala duwan oo ka mid ah acids, kaas oo ay leeyihiin guryaha aad u kala duwan. Farmasi kala saaro content acid ka kooban oxygen, on Degenaansho ah, milmi biyo, xoog, xasiloonida, ay leeyihiin fasalka ee kiimiko ah organic ama ka imanba. In this article waxaan eegi doonaa miiska in uu soo bandhigayaa acid ugu caansan. Shaxda kaa caawin kara inaad xusuusataan magaca acid iyo formula kiimikada ay.
| formula kiimikada | Name of acid |
| H 2 S | tayadda hydrogen |
| H 2 SO 4 | sulfuric |
| HNO 3 | nitric |
| HNO 2 | nitrus |
| HF | hydrofluoric |
| HCL | Salt |
| H 3 PO 4 | phosphorous |
| H 2 CO 3 | dhuxusha |
Sidaas daraaddeed, oo dhan si cad u arki karo. miiska Tani waxa ay muujinaysaa ugu fiican u yaqaan in acid warshadaha kiimikada. Shaxda caawin doonaa wax badan ka dhaqso ah in la xasuusto magacyada iyo qaaciidooyinka.
hydrosulfuric acid
H 2 S - tayadda hydrogen waa acid. Its peculiarity been in xaqiiqda ah in ay sidoo kale waa gaas. tayadda hydrogen waa rastovoryaetsya aad u xun in biyo, iyo sidoo kale la dhaqmaan Biraha aad u badan. Hydrogen tayadda acid iska leh kooxda ee "acid daciif ah", tusaalooyin oo aynu ka wada hadli doonaan in this article.
H 2 S leedahay dhadhan yara macaan ah, iyo ur aad u pungent of ukunta qurmay. In dabiiciga ah, waxaa laga heli karaa gaaska dabiiciga ah ama Kobenhagen, oo waxaa la sii daayay markii putrefaction protein ah.
Guryaha acids yihiin kuwo aad u kala duwan, xitaa haddii acid waa lagama maarmaan in industry, waxay noqon kartaa mid aad u tar lahayn caafimaadka dadka. acid Tani waa arrin aad sun nin. By neefsasho ee qadar yar oo ah tayadda hydrogen in nin kicinaysaa madax bilaabmaa lallabo iyo wareer aad u daran. Haddii qofku neefsanayo xaddi badan oo H 2 S, waxay keeni kartaa in qalal, kooma, ama xitaa dhimasho kedis ah.
sulfuric acid
H 2 SO 4 - waa a acid sulfuric xoog leh, kaas oo carruurta ayaa lagu bilaabaa fasallada chemistry xataa fasalka 8aad. acids Kiimikada sida sulfuric acid, waa oxidants aad u xoog badan. H 2 SO 4 falalka sida oxidant ah macdanaha aad u badan, iyo oxides aasaasiga ah.
H 2 SO 4 xiriir la maqaarka ama dharka keena gubashada kiimikada, laakiin ma aha sida sunta sida tayadda hydrogen.
nitric acid
In dunida, waxaa muhiim ah acid xoog leh. Tusaalooyinka acids sida: HCL, H 2 SO 4, HBr, HNO 3. HNO 3 - la og yahay in qof walba nitric acid. Waxaa la ballaaran loo adeegsado warshadaha iyo beeraha. Waxa loo isticmaalaa soo saaridda of Bacriminta kala duwan, dahabka, photos daabacaadda, soo saaridda ee daawooyinka iyo formaldehyde, iyo sidoo kale in industry difaaca.
acid kiimikada noocan oo kale ah sida nitric acid, waa mid aad u halis u ah u shaqeeyo. HNO 3 lammaane tagay boogaha, keeni caabuq ba'an iyo neef-mareenka cuncun.
nitrus acid
Nitrus acid waa mid aad inta badan khaldin nitrogen, laakiin farqiga u dhaxeeya waa. Xaqiiqada ah in nitrus acid waa nitrogen badan ka yar, waxaa guryaha iyo saamaynta gebi ahaanba kala duwan ee jidhka bini'aadamka.
HNO 2 ayaa si ballaaran loo adeegsado warshadaha kiimikada.
hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid (ama fluoride hydrogen) - xal of H 2 HF O c. amide acid - HF. Hydrofluoric acid waa mid aad u ballaaran loo adeegsado warshadaha aluminium ah. Waxaa silicates kala diri, Silicon Iambarrada, galaas silicate.
fluoride hydrogen waa mid aad halis u ah jirka insaanka, taas oo ku xidhan fiirsashada of daroogada wuxuu noqon karaa mid fudud. Ka dib markii xiriir la maqaarka, marka hore isbedel lahayn, laakiin daqiiqado yar ka dib, waxaad heli karaan xanuun af iyo gubasho kiimikada. Hydrofluoric acid waa mid aad u waxyeello ku ah deegaanka.
aashito
HCL - waa chloride hydrogen, waa a acid xoog leh. chloride hydrogen acid xajisto hantida ay leeyihiin kooxda ugu xooga badan. In foomka acid waa cad iyo midab, iyo karisid hawada. chloride hydrogen waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa in steel iyo cuntada warshadaha.
acid Tani waxay keentaa gubasho, laakiin si gaar ah halis iyada indhaha.
phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4) - Waa in hantida acid daciif ah. Laakiin xitaa acids daciif yeelan karaan guryaha xoog leh. Tusaale ahaan, H 3 PO 4 waxaa loo isticmaalaa in industry ee dhimista ee miridhku bir ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, forsfornaya (ama phosphoric) acid waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalo beeraha - waxaa laga sameeyey oo kala duwan oo Bacriminta.
Guryaha acids aad ula mid yihiin - ool ah mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah waa mid aad halis u ah jidhka bini'aadamka, H 3 PO 4 waa laga reebo lahayn. Tusaale ahaan, acid this sidoo kale keena gubashada daran qaba, dhiigbaxa sanka, iyo sidoo kale ilkaha dumi.
carbonic acid
H 2 CO 3 - daciif acid. Waxaa la helay kala diridda CO 2 (carbon dioxide) ee H 2 O (oo biyo ah). Carbonic acid waxaa loo isticmaalaa in bayoolaji iyo Kiimikada noole.
Mugga ee acids kala duwan
cufnaanta acid kaalin muhiim ah ee qaybo ka mid af iyo qoraal ah ee kiimikada. Thanks to aqoonta cufnaanta go'aan ka gaari kara fiirsashada of gaar acid ah, xisaabiyaa si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka kiimikada iyo dar xaddiga saxda ah ee acid si ay u fuliyaan fal-celin. Mugga kasta acid kala duwan yihiin iyada oo ku xidhan-fiirsashada. Tusaale ahaan, ugu weyn fiirsashada boqolleyda, weyn cufnaanta.
The guryaha guud ee acids
Absolutely dhan walxaha acid waa adag (i.e., waxay ka kooban yihiin dhowr cunsur ee miiska wareegsan), sidaas daruuri ka mid ah in ay H Halabuurka (hydrogen). Next, waxaanu ka fiirsan guryaha kiimikada ee acids, kaas oo waa wax caadi ah,
- All acid oxygenated (taas oo la joogo in formula O) sameeyay intii lagu kala daatay biyaha, iyo xabagta ah acidic. anoxic A sidaas giirte galay walxaha fudud (tus, 2HF decomposes galay F 2 iyo H 2).
- Acid-oxidants fal oo dhan Biraha dhex dhaqdhaqaaqa Biraha (oo kaliya kuwa ku taalla bidix ee H).
- Falgalaan cusbada kala duwan, laakiin kuwa la sameeyey ka badan daciif ah acid.
The guryaha jirka ah ee acids soo maratay kala duwan yihiin midba midka kale. Ka dib oo dhan, waxay leeyihiin waxaa laga yaabaa in ur, oo ma u leeyihiin, laakiin sidoo kale in wadamada kala duwan ee xulkii: dareere, gaseous ama xitaa adag. Waa mid aad u xiiso inaad wax ka barato acid adag. Tusaalooyinka acids sida: C 2 H 2 0 4 iyo H 3 BO 3.
fiirsashada
Fiirsashada waa tiro taas oo go'aan ka kooban taranta of xal kasta. Tusaale ahaan, farmashiye inta badan loo baahan yahay si loo ogaado acid sida badan ee H milo 2 SO 4 waa daahir sulfuric acid. Ujeedada this ay ku shub qadar yar oo ah milo acid in masaf a, u miisaamay oo miiska fiirsashada cufnaanta goostay. fiirsashada acid si ciriiri ah isku xidhan go'aanka cufnaanta kontsetratsii inta badan kala kulantay hawlaha xisaabinta halkaas oo ay lagama maarmaan tahay si loo ogaado boqolkiiba acid saafiga ah ee xalka.
Qoondaynta by tirada atamka acid H ee ay caanaha kiimikada
Mid ka mid ah kala saaro ugu caansan waa kala soocan ee acids, monobasic, dibasic iyo, sida, acids tribasic. Tusaalooyinka acids monobasic: HNO 3 (nitric acid), HCL (Hydrochloric), HF (hydrofluoric) iyo kuwo kale. acids waxaa lagu magacaabaa monobasic, tan iyo markii ay ka kooban waxaa jira oo kaliya hal H. eb Waxaa jira acids badan, gabi ahaanba macquul aheyn in la xasuusto kasta. Waxaan u baahan xusuusan kaliya in acid waa xogo iyo tirada atamka H in ay qaab-dhismeedka. Ma la mid ah oo lagu qeexay diacids. Tusaalayaal: H 2 SO 4 (sulfuric acid), H 2 S (tayadda hydrogen), H 2 CO 3 (dhuxusha) iyo kuwo kale. Tribasic: H 3 PO 4 (phosphoric acid).
The acids ugu weyn soocidda
Mid ka mid ah kala saaro ugu caansan ee acids waa in ay u qaybi oxygenated iyo oxygen-free. Sidee in la xasuusto, aan garanaynin formula kiimiko oo ah walaxda waa oxygen-ka kooban acid ah?
Waxaan oo dhan acids hydrogen ku kooban ma aha shey muhiim ah ee O - oxygen, laakiin waxaa jira qayb ka mid ah H. Sidaa darteed, magacooda waxaa had iyo jeer loo aaneeyey inay u erayga "hydrogen". HCL - waa Aashito, H 2 S - tayadda hydrogen.
Laakiin sidoo kale by magacyada kislosoderzhaschih acids qori kartaa caanaha. Tusaale ahaan, haddii tirada atamka O in wax - 4 ama 3 ka dibna mar walba ku daray in ay -n- magac-galaha iyo soo afjaridda -aya-:
- H 2 SO 4 - acid sulfuric (number of atamka - 4);
- H 2 SiO 3 - Silicon (number of atamka - 3).
Haddii wax ka yar tahay saddex atamka oxygen, ama saddex, horyaalka -ist- qadarin ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa:
- HNO 2 - nitrus,
- H 2 SO 3 - sulfurous.
guryaha Common
All acids dhadhan dhanaan ah, oo inta badan macdan yara. Laakiin waxaa jira guryaha kale ee la mid ah, kuwaas oo aan hadda ka fiirsan.
Waxaa jira walxaha loo yaqaan tilmaamayaasha. Tilmaamayaasha beddeli midabka, ama midabka weli, laakiin badala ay cado. Tani waxay dhacdaa waqti marka uu Kokes ku jira wax kasta oo walxaha kale sida acid.
Tusaale ka mid ah wax isbedel midab ah adeegaan sida la yaqaan in ay dad badan oo wax soo saarka sida shaaha, iyo qaarna. Marka tuurin shaah liin shaah ka dibna si tartiib ah u bilaabay inuu aad u fududaato. Tan waxa u sabab xaqiiqada ah in liin ku jira qaarna.
Waxaa jira tusaalooyin kale. Buxo, kaasoo leexda cas ee dhexdhexaad ah oo dhexdhexaad ah uu leeyahay midab guduudan, isagoo intaa ku daray Aashito.
In falcelinta ee acids la Biraha ee taxanaha electromotive in goobooyin gaas hydrogen loo qoondeeyey - Si kastaba ha ahaatee H., haddii tube la meeleeyey biraha ah acid taas oo ah in xiisad ka dib markii H isku xigta, ka dibna dareen-celin ma dhici doonaan, horumar gaas noqon doonaa. Tusaale ahaan, copper, lacag ah, mercury, platina iyo dahab si ay u fal la acids ma aha.
In this article, waxaan eegay ee acids kiimikada ugu caansan, iyo sidoo kale muuqaalada iyo khilaafaadka ugu weyn ee ay.
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