Acetic acid

Biro monobasic organic ama carboxylic monopasic, molecule kaas oo ka kooban laba atomo kaarboon iyo koox carboksil ah (oo loogu yeedho maxaa yeelay waxay ka kooban tahay carbonyl iyo carboxyl) waxaa lagu magacaabaa ethane (oo la mid ah alaas oo leh tiro isku mid ah carbon atom) ama acetic acid. Waa, sida dhammaan wakiilada hoose ee aliphatic ee fasalka this ee dabeecada organic, leeyahay ur ur ah. Caanaha kimikalka waxaa loo qoraa sida: CH3COOH. Xaaladaha qolka ku yaala waa dareer aan midab lahayn. Cufnaanta waa 1.05 g / cm³. Cabbirka madaagu waa 60.05 g / mol. Marxaladaha heerkulkiisu yahay 16,75 ° C (ka hooseeya adag, kristantadu waxay u eg yihiin baraf, sidaas darteed waxaa loogu yeedhaa baraf). Karkari heerkulkiisu yahay 118.1 ° C. Heerka ciqaabtu waa 1.372.

Wakiilada of class this xeryahooda organic waa ka nugul yihiin Hydrochloric ama sulfuric acid, laakiin marka la barbar dhigo carbonic acid, ugu daran waa acetic acid. Qalabka kiimikada waxaa go'aamiya kooxo karbonyl iyo hydroxyl kuwaas oo ka kooban maaddooyinka. Waxay saameyn ku yeeshaan si aad u xoog badan oo ka mid ah sifooyinka kiimikada ee walaxda oo kaliya waxay u egtahay mid ka mid ah astaamaha xeryaha carbonyl (aldehydes, amides, ketones, esters) ama aalkolada. Xidigga xaddiga O-H wuxuu dhacaa sababtoo ah electron soo jiid gareynta kooxda carbonyl. Sidaa daraadeed, curaarta ayaa si kala duwan uga baxa khamriga. Barakaca electrons ee kooxda hydroxyl ilaa kooxda ka kooban carbonyl ayaa qayb ahaan hoos u dhigta khatarta wanaagsan ee atomiga ah, taas oo adkaynaysa nucleophile inay weeraraan. Sidaa daraadeed, walxo badan oo si fudud ula shaqeeya xeryahooda carbonyl ma fal celin CH3COOH.

Qiyaas ahaan, acetic acid waa awood uumi-saaridda iyada oo la sameynaayo ion-yada-kiimikada: CH3COOH + H2O ↔ CH3CO2 + + H3O +. Waxaa lagu gartaa dhexdhexaadnimada iyo saldhigyadooda, taas oo keentay in formation cusbo: NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O . Saliidaha karboksilic-ku waxay badanaa ku badashaa biyaha. Guryahani wuxuu fududeeyaa ka soo saarida ilaha dabiiciga ah. Sidaa darteed, asiidhku waxay ka mid yihiin kuwa ugu horreeya ee laga soocay maaddooyinka dabiiciga ah. Tusaale ahaan, ethane waxaa laga helay khamri dhanaan. Xirmooyinka adag ee hiddo-celiyeyaasha ayaa la sameeyaa inta u dhaxaysa molecules of CH3COOH, taas oo ah sababta ay u jirtey qaab ka mid ah xajmiga dareeraha dabiiciga ah iyo wajiga gaaska.

Acetic acid oo biyo ah ayaa awood u leh isku dhafka saamiga. Waxay bedeshaa sifooyinka iyada oo ku xiran diiradda. Si qumman u garaac anshax leh birta, oo ay ku jiraan birta, magnesium iyo zinc. Tani waxay soo saartaa hydrogen iyo cusbada, loo yaqaanno acetates: Mg + 2 CH3COOH → (CH3COO) 2Mg + H2 ↑. Tan iyo aluminium foomamka ah film passivation acid u adkaysta of xabagta aluminium, taangiga aluminium, ay la socdaan taangiyada ahama loo isticmaalo CH3COOH gaadiidka.

In warshadaha, acetic acid waxaa la helaa by oxidation of isla hal aldehyde: 2CH3COH + O2 → 2CH3COOH. 800 kg oo ka mid ah aldehyde, tuunbo ah CH3COOH ayaa la soo saaray. Laakiin habka casriga ah ee wax soo saarka ayaa ah oxidation-ku-dareere ah oogada leh oksijiin hawada heerkul ah 150-170 ° C iyo cadaadiska 50 atm: CH3CH2CH2CH3 + 2O2 → 2CH3COOH + 2 H2O. Dhab ahaantii, jawaab-celinta ayaa aad uga adag tan lagu muujiyay sawirka. Intaa waxaa dheer in acetic acid, tiro ka mid ah alaabta-by-yihiin ayaa la sameeyay. Labadaba hababkaas ayaa loo beddelay (sababtoo ah sicirka saliidda ee sii kordhaya) habka methanol carbonylation method: CO + CH3OH → CH3COOH. Hawlgalku wuxuu ka dhacaa jiritaanka xajin, taas oo ah cusbada rhodium, iyo dhiirrigeliyeyaasha (dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha) - ion iodide. Awoodda of sheyga qaar ka mid ah waxaa si cajiib leh khamriga ethyl, raaceen by qayilo in CH3COOH, loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka lagmamaarmaanna: C2H5OH + O2 → CH3COOH + H2O . Nidaamku waa mid aad u adag oo qaadana dhowr tallaabo.

Acetic acid waxaa loo soo saaray si waafaqsan GOST 19814-74 (synthetic and restenerated), GOST 18270-72 (nadiifin khaas ah) iyo GOST 61-75 (reactive). Waa maaddo kimiko ah oo kiimiko ah, oo badanaaba loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka, waxay u adeegtaa wax soo saarka kiimikada, fiyuusyada, qalabka, filimada iyo kuwa kale. Waa alaabta ceeriin ee wax soo saarka vinyl acetate, taas oo loo isticmaalo habka soo saarida kalilene (sida joorniyaadka ethylene). Isticmaalka acid acetic wuxuu sabab u yahay hantida kiimikada iyo jidheed. Salts CH3COOH waa mordants oo u adeega si loo xakameeyo xididdada fiilada.

Qoysaska, dila austic acid waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa sida wakiilka wax burburiya. In warshadaha cuntada waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida ku cad xeerka cuntada lagu daro E260, sida aaladaha acidity iyo sida xawaash. Cuntada wax lagu karsado ayaa loo oggol yahay isticmaalka EU, USA, Australia iyo New Zealand. In warshadaha cuntada loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka pickling qaab khal la fiirsashada of CH3COOH biyo ah 3 ilaa 15% ama khal la jajab mass oo ah walaxda aasaasiga ah ee 70%. Dhowr esters of acetic acid loo adeegsado warshadaha macmacaanka ah.