Waddooyinka gaadiidka caalamiga ah ee Ruush. Formation iyo horumarinta waddooyinka gaadiidka caalamiga ah

Horumarinta guud ahaan dhaqaalaha ee gobolka wax badan ku xiran tahay heerka horumarka ee gaadiidka ay. Oo halkan waxaa ka mid ah muhiimadda ugu weyn ee waddooyinka gaadiidka caalamiga ah. Waxay ku xidha dal oo kala duwan, kuwaas oo la siinayo iskaashiga dhaqaale, dhaqanka iyo sayniska-farsamo. Laakiin waddooyinka gaadiidka caalamiga ah - ma aha oo kaliya faa'iidooyinka dhaqaale halkan iyo hadda. Waxaa kaloo damaanad ah ammaanka iyo horumarka guulaystay ee dalka sanado badan inuu yimaado.

In this article, waxaan diiradda saari doonaa waxa ay tahay waddooyinka gaadiidka caalamiga ah, sida ay u sameeyaan iyo umuuruhu.

waddada gaadiidka International - waa maxay?

Ereyga "waddada gaadiidka caalamiga ah" (ama, in foomka loo soo gaabiyo, MTC) fahmaan nidaamka gaadiidka adag, kaas oo la dhigay on the tilmaamaha ugu weyn ee gaadiidka. nidaamka Tani waxay ku lug isku dhafan ee noocyada kala duwan - wadada, tareenka, badda iyo dhuumaha.

Sida dhaqanka shows, waddooyinka gaadiidka caalamiga ah sida ugu saameynta badan ku shaqeeya gudahood zone dhaqaalaha guud. The network ugu cufan ee maanta MTC waa caadiga ah ee gobolka Yurub (gaar ahaan - ee bariga iyo badhtamaha Europe). Tani, gaar ahaan, deeqo la-qabsiga siyaasadda gaadiidka EU cusub ee 2005. door muhiim ah ka this fikirka cusub qaaday wadooyinka gaadiidka badda.

Aasaasidda waddooyinka gaadiidka caalamiga ah waxa uu noqday la xiriira waqti marka baahida loo qabo gaadiid badan oo caalami ah oo alaabta si weyn kor ugu. wadiiqooyinka noocan oo kale ah inta badan waa mid muhiim u ah horumarinta labada gaadiidka rakaabka xamuulka ka dib markii dalka ama gobolka oo dhan.

Doorka iyo muhiimada ay ITC

horumarinta waddooyinka gaadiidka caalamiga ah waa muhiim ma aha oo kaliya eegaysana ee faa'iidooyinka ganacsiga. Ka dib oo dhan, gaadiidka qarameed ma keeni faa'iido keliya. Waxay sidoo kale kicin koritaanka iyo horumarka ee ciidamada, warshadaha, laan dalalka sayniska. Intaa waxaa dheer, ITC gacan ka oo si firfircoon loo ballaariyo kaabayaasha gobollada iyada oo ay Marayaan.

In wadamo badan oo dhaqaale horumariyo, su'aasha ah ee siyaasadda gaadiidka iyo ammaanka gaadiidka waxaa la dhigay heerka ugu sareeya ee mudnaanta. Russia, sidoo kale, waxay u baahan yihiin in la raaco ay tusaale saaraysa.

MTK function Main

Waa maxay ujeeddada ugu weyn waa in ay u fuliyaan ah waddooyinka gaadiidka caalamiga ah? Waa dhowr ah:

1. Bixinta tayo sare-, gaadiid la isku halayn karo iyo raaxo u leh dhammaan ka qaybgalayaasha in xiriirka dhaqaale.
2. Bixinta "buundada" asalka ah, kartida si loo fuliyo faa'iido ganacsiga buuxa fuliya oo u dhaxeeya dawladaha.
3. Ka qayb qaadashada dhismaha ammaanka ciidamada dalalka iyo gobollada oo dhan.

In cutubka ugu dambeeya waa inuu faahfaahin dheeraad ah. Xaqiiqada ah in ammaanka ciidamada of territory kasta, iyada oo aan marka laga reebo, waa sare ugu xiran yihiin heerka horumarka ee network gaadiidka ay. In erayada fudud, ayaa in ka badan gobolka jidadka waaweyn, waddooyinka tareennada iyo saldhigyada, dekadaha iyo airfields - sahlan waa in uu abaabulo difaaca, qalabka shixnad, hub iyo khayraadka ay dhacdo gardarada military dibadda.

nidaamka waddooyinka gaadiidka caalamiga ah ee u dhexeeya Europe iyo Asia

MTC gobolka ugu weyn ee Eurasian ka mid ah waddooyinka gaadiidka soo socda:

• ITC "North - South", daboolaya Scandinavian dal, dalalka reer bariga iyo badhtamaha Europe, qayb ka mid ah Yurub of Russia, ee gobolka Caspian ah, iyo sidoo kale South Asia.
• Trans-Siberian Tareenka (ama MTC "Transsiberian") - waa waddooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee expanses of Russia iyo isku xira Central Europe la Shiinaha, Kazakhstan iyo Jasiiradda Korean. Waxay leedahay dhowr laamood ee Ukraine, Kiev, St. Petersburg, Ulan Bator.
• Tirada MTC 1 (digsiga-Yurub) - xidhana Baltic magaalooyin muhiim ah - Riga, Kaliningrad iyo Gdansk.
• Tirada MTC 2 (digsiga-Yurub) - xidhana magaalooyinka sida Minsk, Moscow iyo Nizhny Novgorod. In mustaqbalka, sii of waddada si Ekaterinburg.
• Tirada MTC 9 (digsiga-Yurub) - xirta Helsinki, magaalada waqooyi ee Russia - St. Petersburg, Moscow iyo Kiev.

All waddooyinka gaadiidka caalamiga ah leeyihiin tilmaamood ay - jirrabo. Tusaale ahaan, ka ITC "North - South" waxa lagu qoray index ee NS, "Trans-Siberian" - TS iyo wixii la mid ah.

nidaamka MTC Ruush

On dhulka ee dalka maraa dhowr MTC. Sayidka, ee waddooyinka gaadiidka caalamiga ah ee waaweyn Ruush - a "Badda Northern Route" MTC "Primorye-1" MTC "Primorye-2".

waddada Gaadiidka loo yaqaan "Northern Sea Route" xira magaalooyinka muhiimka ah ee Russia - Murmansk, Arkhangelsk iyo Dudinka. Waxay leedahay magacaabista ah oo caalami ah - SMP.

MTK "Primorye-1" maraa Harbin, Vladivostok, Nakhodka iyo timaado in dekedaha muhiimka ah ee Pacific.

MTK "Primorye-2" isku xira magaalada Hunchun, Kraskino, Zarubino iyo sidoo kale in dekedaha of East Asia.

waddooyinka gaadiidka International Russia: Dhibaatooyinka iyo Rajooyinka

In dunida maanta waxaa jira saddex ulaha xoog badan oo ah horumarinta dhaqaalaha, North American ah, Yurub iyo Bariga Asian. Iyo Russia, waa in meel faa'iido juquraafi u dhexeeya labadan ulaha muhiim ah, waa inay ka faa'iidaystaan xaalada this iyo in la dhiso gaadiidka si joogta ah ay soohdintiisa soo dhex maraan. In si kale loo dhigo, waa dalkeena waxaa ku waajib ah in ay ku xidhmaan xarumaha kuwan oo dhan dunida horumartay iyo waddooyinka gaadiidka casriga ah.

Russia waa arrin awood u leh in ay qaataan on dhowaad dhammaan durdurrada gaadiidka Eurasian waaweyn. Khubarada la saadaaliyo in haddii aad gaadhi karto habeynta horeba 15-20 sano jir ah saxda ah ee nidaamka gaadiidka gudaha this. In Russia waxaa jira dhammaan shuruudaha loogu talagalay in: shabakad cufan ee tareenka, nidaamka ballaaran kala leexdaan, joogitaanka shabakad cufan oo webi navigable. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, habka of formation of waddooyinka gaadiidka wax ku ool ah ka mid ma aha oo kaliya ballaarinta Roobka gaadiidka, laakiin sidoo kale ay casriyeynta, iyo sidoo kale logistics iyo ammaanka gaadiidka.

Aad u rajo fiican u Russia waa abuurista ee loo yaqaan MTC "East - West" - waddada weyn gaadiidka isku xira lahaa Europe la Japan. The salaysan this waddada gaadiidka caalamiga ah been ka waxaa laga yaabaa in hadda jira Trans-Siberian Tareenka, iyadoo laamaha badda dekedaha ee waqooyiga Russia.

Sida tirakoobka ee sannadihii la soo dhaafay, ganacsiga ee ka dhexeeya Europe iyo dalalka of East Asia (horrayn Japan iyo South Korea) ka badan isku caateeyo. bulk The alaabta u dhexeeya labada gobol waa gaadiid guud badda. Sidaa darteed, waddada gaadiidka kalen ay si toos ah u noqon karaa jidka badda kale u fiican. Laakiin in maamulka Ruush waa in badan oo dadaal iyo wax hab.

ITC "North - South"

waddada gaadiidka International "North - South" waxay bixisaa xiriir oo ka mid ah dalalka Baltic ee gobolka la India iyo Iran. Index waddada this: NS.

tartan ugu weyn ee waddada waa wadada gaadiidka badda iyada oo Suez Canal. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka ITC "North - South" ayaa tiro ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka la taaban karo. First of dhan, wadada dalka dhererka fogaanta badhkiis, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in gaadiidka badeecadaha sidan waa wax badan ka jaban.

Sida maanta, gaar ahaan ka qaybgale firfircoon ee waddada this adeegta Kazakhstan. dalka waxa ay u isticmaalaan in ay alaabta la dhoofiyo ay (horrayn cereals) ee wadamada Khaliijka. The guud isbeddelkaas of this waddada lagu qiyaasay 25 milyan oo tan oo xamuul ah sannadkii.

ITC "North - South" waxaa ka mid ah saddexda laamood oo waaweyn:

• The Trans-Caspian - xirta dekedda Olya, jaaket iyo Makhachkala;
• East - waa tareenka dhulka a link dalalka of Central Asia iyo Iran,
• Western - kordhiyay line jaaket - Samur - Astara (iyada oo Makhachkala).

MTC Pan-European № 1

nidaamka gaadiidka balaaran ee bariga iyo badhtamaha Europe la odhan jiray Pan-European. Waxaana ay ku aaddan toban wadiiqooyinka caalamiga ah ee jiho oo kala duwan. Loo yaqaan "PE" dheeriga ah ee lambar gaar ah (aan si X).

The gaadiidka caalamiga ah waddada-1 digsiga-European maraa lix dal oo loo marayo: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia iyo Poland. Oo dhererkeedu wuxuu guud ahaan waa 3285 km (hal - 1655 kilomitir - on jidadka waawayn iyo 1630 km - tareen).

The tirada digsiga-European MTC 1 wada xidhana caasimadaha Yurub ugu waaweyn: Helsinki, dhiman, Riga, Kaunas iyo Warsaw. xuduudaha waddada this gudahood waxaa jira lix madaarada iyo 11 dekedaha. Qeybta waxaa ka mid ah maraa dhulka of Russia, gudahood gobolka Kaliningrad ah, oo ka mid ah a dekedda Baltic weyn - magaaladii Kaliningrad.

MTC Pan-European № 2

In 1994 jasiiradda Kereetee qabtay shir gaar ah oo ku saabsan gaadiidka, taas oo uu qeexay tilmaamaha ugu weyn ee nidaamka mustaqbalka Pan-European gaadiidka. Waxay ka kooban tahay 10 jiho oo kala duwan.

The waddada-2 gaadiidka caalamiga ah digsiga-European xira Central Europe la qayb Yurub ee Russia. Waxa uu ku egyahay ee guud ahaan afar dalalka. Waa Germany, Poland, Belarus iyo Ruushka. waddada gaadiidka isku xira magaalooyinka waaweyn sida Berlin, Poznan, Warsaw, Brest, Minsk, Moscow iyo Nizhny Novgorod.

Gebogebadii ...

Sayidka, horumarinta waddooyinka gaadiidka caalamiga ah waa mid aad muhiim u ah gobolka ka mid ah dunida. Abuurista iyo hawlgal ku ool ah oo waddooyinka sida loogu tala galay in ma aha oo kaliya dhaqaale, laakiin sidoo kale dhaqanka, dadka iyo military-istiraatiiji ah.