Waa maxay virus? Waa maxay waxa ay ka kooban tahay?

The wakiillo ka socda boqortooyada fayrusyada - koox gaar ah ee foomamka nolosha. Waxay leeyihiin qaab takhasus sare leh oo keliya ma aha, laakiin sidoo kale lagu gartaa-shiid gaar ah. In this article, waxaan baari doonaa foomka nolosha acellular - fayras. Waa maxay sida tarmaa iyo waxa door u ciyaara ee dabiiciga ah, waxaad ku baran doontaa by it reading.

helitaanka foomamka nolosha aan gacanta

saynisyahan Ruush Dmitry Ivanovsky ee 1892 bartay pathogene cudurka tubaakada - mahrajaan tubaakada. Wuxuu ogaaday in wakiilka pathogenic ma aha bakteeriya, oo waa foom u gaar ah, markii danbe loo magacaabay fayraska. In qarnigii 19aad ee biology aan isticmaalo microscopes xallinta sare, si saynisyahan ku garan kari waayay ee Britain kasta waa fayras, iyo sidoo kale in la arko oo soo kala tilmaamaan. Ka dib markii la abuurayo microscope electron ah ee qarnigii 20aad, dunida arkay wakiilada koowaad ee boqortooyo cusub, sabab u yihiin khatar iyo weydey badan cudurada aadanaha, iyo sidoo kale noolaha kale ee ku nool: xoolaha, dhirta, bakteeriyada.

booska uu ka foomamka aan gacanta ku Taxonomy ee duur-joogta

Sida hore loo sheegay, noolaha, kuwaas oo lagu daro galay shanaad boqortooyada dabiiciga ah - fayrusyada. morphological ugu weyn ee qoreysa caan ku fayrusyada - lahayn qaab-dhismeedka gacanta. Ilaa iyo hadda, dunida sayniska ma joojin doodda ku saabsan in foomamka aan gacanta ee noolaha ku nool dareen buuxa ee ereyga. Ka dib oo dhan, dhammaan daliilka ee dheefshiidka, iyagu waa suurto gal oo keliya ka dib markii lays geliyey gacanta ku nool. Illaa markan fayraska u dhaqmaan sida walxaha dabiiciga ah walax: aysan haysan reactions dheefshiidka, iyagu ma ay dhalayaan. In qarnigii 20aad, ka saynisyahano, set oo dhan su'aalood: Waa maxay virus ah, waxa ay qolof, oo ku yaalla gudaha walxaha fayraska? Responses ayaa laga helay iyadoo ay sabab u sano ee cilmi-baarista iyo tijaabo, taas oo u adeegi jireen sida saldhig u ah anshaxa cusub sayniska. Waxaa soo baxay isgoyska of bayoolaji iyo daawo, iyo waxaa loo yaqaan virology.

muuqaalada dhismaha

Tibaaxda "hanad oo dhan waa mid fudud" toos ah ku saabsan noocyada nolosha aan gacanta. virus waxaa ka mid ah u taagoo acid nucleic - DNA ama RNA, protein dahaarka xuub. Ma lahan nidaamka synthesizing tamarta iyo protein u gaar ah. ha iyada oo aan gacanta ciidankii la virus ah wax calaamado ah walaxda nool: neefsashada lahayn, koritaanka lahayn, ma caro ama dhalmo. Si taas loo dhan waxaa jiray, kaliya ayay qaadataa hal wax si aad u hesho dhibane - unug nool, hoosaysiiyo iyada shiid ay nucleic acid iyo ugu danbeyn baabbi'in. Sida hore u soo sheegnay, protein virus baqshadda ka kooban yahay u taagoo isagoo qaab-dhismeedka amar ku bixiyay (fayrusyada fudud).

Haddii kooban of qolof ah ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ka mid ah subunits lipoprotein, taas oo run ahaantii ay yihiin qayb ka mid ah xuub cytoplasmic ee gacanta ciidanka, fayrusyada sida waxa loo yaqaan xarunta (wakiilada ee furuqa iyo hepatitis B). Inta badan in xuub dusha of virus ka soo galaan iyo glycoproteins. Waxay qabtaan shaqo oo signal a. Sayidka, sidii qolof ah, iyo virus laftiisa ka kooban ee u taagoo of qayb ka organic - protein iyo acids nucleic (DNA ama RNA).

Sidee Fayrus gasho unugyada nool

Horaantii waxaan eegay muuqaalada dhismaha of qolof ah ee noole ah intracellular. virus A ka kooban yahay u taagoo organic iyo wakiilada noolaha, iyo qaab-dhismeedka dusha ay ka kooban borotiinka gaarka ah, plasmalemma garashada unugyada nool. Sidaa darteed, noocyo aan gacanta saamayn gaar ah noocyada unugyada ee noocyada qaar ka mid ah noolaha. Tusaale ahaan, fayrasyo distemper eyda ma waxa keena fayoqab aadanaha. Inside noole uu galo unugyada siyaabo dhowr ah:

1. midowga ee ay baqshadda la xuub gacanta (fayraska hargabka).
2. By pinocytosis (wakiilka sababaya xoolaha dabeysha).
3. Ka dib markii dhaawac derbiga cell (fayrusyada warshad) ah.

dhufashada ee fayrasyada

Marka noole ku dhuftay qafis, ay Britain acid nucleic, aaladdda ee hiddawadayaasha xuduntii, gudbiyaan warbixin ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka of Qurub protein iyo borotiinada gaar biosynthesis kiciya. Waxa uu isticmaalaa taagoo ribosome ee ATP, tRNA cell ciidankii. In isku midka ah, unugyada cudurka waa reduplication macluumaadka la iska dhaxlo. Xusuustaa of fayrusyada protein iyo nucleic acid ka kooban yeedhay fudud. Qurub ay ka kooban RNA, kaas oo si deg deg ah ula xiriiro subunits ribosomal unugyada ciidankii iyo xaadiriyaan biosynthesis ee u taagoo of protein fayraska.

Natiijada weerarka ee pathogene ku cell uu noqdo xarunta of DNA ama RNA qayb viral ay protein u gaar ah. Sayidka, fayraska cusub waxaa ka mid ah u taagoo acid nucleic, Qurub dahaarka amartay proteids. xuub ee gacanta ciidanka waa la wada baabbi'iyey, cell dhinto, laakiinse iyadu ka soo fayrusyada qaadsiin unugyada caafimaadka qaba ee jirka.

reduplication ifafaale dambe

Bilowga waxbarasho oo ka mid ah wakiilo ka socda boqortooyada xigmad in fayrusyada ka kooban yihiin unugyada, laakiin tijaabo D. Ivanovsky muujisay in wareer aan la kala sooci karaa iyadoo la kaashanayo of filtarrada microbiological: wareer ah u gudbeen xagga daloolada iyo muuqday filtrate ah, kaas oo ku hadhay guryaha jaahilnimadii.

waxbarashada dheeraad ah ayaa la aasaasay by xaqiiqada ah in fayraska ka kooban yahay u taagoo ee arrinta organic iyo waxa ka muuqata calaamado walax ku nool oo kaliya ka dib markii ay wax lays toos galay gacanta. In waxa, uu bilaabo inuu u badin. fayrusyada RNA intooda badan u badisay sida kor lagu sharaxay, laakiin qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah, sida fayruska AIDS ka, sababta Avv DNA ee halyeeyada ah ee gacanta ciidanka. Tani waxay ifafaale waxaa lagu magacaabaa taranka dambe. Next, in Britain DNA ah oo uu ku dhexsameeysmo iyo RNA-virus, laakiin waxa uu leeyahay si ay u bilaabaan shirka of subunits protein viral, la xirrira ay baqshadda.

Features bacteriophages

Waa maxay bacteriophage a - cell ama fayras? Waa maxay in this form non-gacanta ee nolosha? Jawaabaha su'aalahan waa sida soo socota: waa fayras in cudurka noolaha prokaryotic keliya - bakteeriyada. Dhismaha ay halkii ku waani. Fayrasku waxa uu ka kooban yahay u taagoo maalkii organic iyo waxa loo qaybiyaa saddex qaybood: madaxa, ul (Case) iyo thread ka danbeysa. In hore qayb - madaxa - waa Britain DNA ah. Dhacdooyinkan soo socda isagoo ku waari dhexdeeda qodaa meel godan. thread Caudal ku lifaaqan ku darina, waxay bixisaa xiriir la receptor virus loci u xuub plasma bakteeriyada. Mabda'a hawlgalka ekaan sirinj bacteriophage. Ka dib markii hoos u dabooli protein Britain DNA ah seego ushii godkii ka dibna mudaa cytoplasm ee gacanta bartilmaameedka. Haddaba bakteeriyada cudurka synthesize doonaa DNA ah viral iyo brotiin, taas oo shaki la'aan waxay keeni doontaa in ay marakay dhacdey.

Sida shaqeeyo laftiisa ka difaacaayo cudurada viral

Nature ayaa abuuray qalab badbaado gaar ah, soo horjeeda cudurada viral dhirta, xayawaanka iyo bini'aadanka. Wareer ah ay isu garteen unugyadooda sida cudur. Si wax looga qabto joogitaanka fayrusyada ee jirka soo saarta immunoglobulins - difaaca jirka. HAY'ADAHA habka difaaca jirka - thymus, mergiga - in ay ka jawaabaan duulaanka viral iyo qayb-qaato horumarinta ee borotiin difaaca - interferon. Waxyaabahani waxay la xakameeyo koritaanka of Qurub virus iyo joogsada in ay soo batay. Labada nooc ee reactions ilaaliya kor ku xusan ka wada hadleen la xidhiidhaan difaac humoral. nooc kale oo ilaalin - cell. unugyada dhiiga cad, macrophages, neutrophils nuugo qayb virus, oo waxay u sii xajiyaa.

taasoo la micno ah fayrasyada

Waxaa si qarsoodi ah lahayn in ay tahay inta xun. Kuwaas oo ay qayb aalladda pathogenic (15 ilaa 450 nm), la arki karo oo kaliya in microscope electron ee sababa bouquet ah cudurada halista ah iyo weydey in aan noolaha marka laga reebo ka jira dunida. Sidaas darteed, ka fayrusyada aadanaha saamayn xubnaha muhiimka ah iyo nidaamyada, sida habdhiska (rabies, encephalitis, polio) difaaca (AIDS), dheefshiidka (hepatitis), neefsashada (influenza, adenoinfektsii). Xayawaanka heli qorratada buka, cudurku, iyo dhirta - noocyo kala duwan oo galleeyda, barbaraha, mahrajaan.

kala duwanaanta ka mid ah wakiilo ka socda boqortooyada aan la bartay ilaa dhamaadka. Caddeynta waa xaqiiqada ah in ilaa hadda la ogaado noocyada cusub ee fayraska iyo ogaado cudurka aan hore kala kulantay. Tusaale ahaan, in bartamihii qarnigii 20-ee Africa waxaa la ogaadey virus Zika. Waxay ku taalaa ee jirka ka mid ah kaneecada in ay yihiin cudurka marka ay qaniinaan dadka iyo nuujiya kale. Calaamadaha cudurka ayaa tilmaamaya in wakiilka saameeyaa horreyn qaybo ka mid ah habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha iyo sababaha microcephaly dhalaanka. Dadka xambaarsan fayruska this, waa in la xasuusto in ay khatar ka iman kara in ay lamaanahooda, sida ku dhaqanka caafimaad sheegay inay jiraan kiisas la isugu gudbiyo galmada cudurka.

By doorka wanaagsan ee ay fayraska ka mid ah ay u isticmaalaan dagaalka ka dhanka ah noocyada cayayaan ee injineernimada hidaha.

In shaqo this, waxaa naloo sheegay in virus noocan oo kale ah kaas oo ay tahay qayb ka, sida nooluhu ay uga badbaadaan wareer ah. Waxaan sidoo kale loo aqoonsaday doorka ka ciyaaray by foomamka aan gacanta nolosha ee dabiiciga ah.