Waa maxay Alchemy - saynis ah ama sixir? alchemists caan

Dadka ayaa had iyo jeer xiiso wax asalka ah, dahsoon, oo aan la garaneyn. sayniska a noocan oo kale ah, sida alchemy kacay muddo aad u dheer, laakiin dan u ah ee aan laga badiyay ilaa maantadan la joogo. Oo wakhtiga la joogo, dad badan ayaa la yaaban waxa alchemy ah. Aynu u wajihi.

Ra'yiga iyo nuxurka of alchemy

ururka ugu horeysay ayaa imanaya xusuusta qofka caadiga ah, marka uu ereyga "alchemy" maqlo - sixir. Laakiin dhab ahaantii waa saynis ah weedhu taas oo muujinaysa sida ay u gaaraan nuxurka waxyaabaha jira oo dhan. Dad badan oo waxaa pseudoscience a, taas oo ay diiradda ku saabsan sida loo heli ka mid ah biraha caadiga ah ee loo yaqaan dahab alchemical fiirsada, oo uu jidkan in ay naftooda loo kobciyo. Dad badan ayaa alchemists runtii nafteena dhigay goolka ee kobcinta, laakiin macnaha asalka ah ee alchemy ahaa si ay u fahmaan nuxurka nin iyo dunida. alchemists Kuwani sabab u milicsiga falsafada ammaanaya midnimada dunida ku doodaya in ay ka qayb habka runtan uunka qaado.

Ururada kale ee dadka la erayga "alchemy" - qurub ah. Iyo dareen kasta oo kanu inuu runtii yahay. In Alchemy dhaqma qasayso ah maaddooyinka kala duwan. nuxurka ugu weyn ee sayniska waa in oo dhan ka jira guurayaan oo waxaa ka go'an in ay soo koraya.

Taariikhda dhacdo erayga "alchemy"

Jawaabay su'aasha, waxa alchemy, waa in aad u ogaato taariikhda asalka ah ee sayniska this. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in markii ugu horeysay ee sayniska in asalkiisu ka soo jeedo ee dunida qadiimiga: Greece, Rome iyo Masar, ka dibna uu u fido Bariga. Waa wax aan macquul in la yidhaahdo in ereyga loola jeedaa, sababtoo ah waxa ay xidido ku leeyahay badan. version ugu horeysay ee soo jeedinaya in alchemy ka timaadaa ereyga Chymeia, taas oo macnaheedu yahay "riix", "shub". Ereygan waxaa loola jeedaa dhaqanka ee dhakhaatiir badan oo qadiimi ah. Sida laga soo xigtay version kale, magaca uu ka yimaado erayga Khem ah, taas oo astaan dalka dhulka madow (Masar). Ilo Giriigga ee hore waxay muujinayaan in asalka ah ee ereyada "ee Human" iyo "hemevsis" - shubay, la isku qasin socodka.

Asalka iyo Ujeedooyinka alchemy

Alchemy waxay leedahay saddex hawlood oo waaweyn:

1. Soo hel hab si aad u hesho ka Biraha saldhig oo dahab ah, si ay isu kobciyo oo ay u helaan awood.
2. Gaaraan gashado dhimashola'aanta.
3. Raadi farxad.

The salaysan alchemy waa in la isticmaalo afarta cunsur aasaasi ah. Sida laga soo xigtay aragtida this, Plato horumariyo iyo Aristotle caalamka Demiurgos abuuray oo wax laga bilaabo ka mid ah element 4 xubno ka abuuray: biyaha, dhulka, dab, hawada. Alchemists ku daray in ay xubno ka kuwanu waa saddex: mercury, baaruud, iyo cusbo. Mercury - dhedig, baaruud - cusbo lab - dhaqdhaqaaqa. Sababo la isku dhafka ah ee xubno ka oo dhan si ka duwan waxaa lagu gaarayaa transmutation. Sidaas darteed of transmutation waa in ay qaataan ka Philosopher ee Stone, kaas oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan elixir ah ee uu gashado dhimashola'aanta. Inta badan heli elixir tani waa goolkii ugu weyn ee alchemists badan. Laakiin ka hor inta helitaanka elixir ah heel, alchemist dhab ah waa in fahmaan dabeecadda xagga ruuxa runta ah. Haddii aysan u shaqeeyaan si ay u helaan dhagax falsafo heel ee.

horumar iyo marxaladaha Alchemical Biraha galay oo dahab ah

alchemists caan ku salaysan sannado badan oo wada hadal iyo waxbarashada uu helay in ka bilowgaba Biraha kulligoodna waxay ahaayeen sharaf leh, laakiin muddo ka dib qaar ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen madow, arag isku darsan, taasoo keentay in ay taraan,.

Waxaa jira dhowr marxaladood ugu weyn oo isbadal ku biraha saldhig galay qaali ah;

1. Calcinatio - wajigan ku lug renunciation wax adduun dhan, ka dhan danaha shakhsi ahaaneed;
2. Putrefactio - tallaabo this ka kooban yahay detaching ciidda baabba'aya,
3. Solutio - astaan arrimaha daahirintiisa;
4. Distillatio - tixgelinta dhan nadiifiyo canaasirta wax;
5. Coincidentia oppositorum - ifafaale soo horjeeda xarunta;
6. Sublimation - tusinaysaa cadaab ka dib markii diidmada damac adduun waayo ruuxa;
7. Adkaan aan falsafada - Connect mabaadi'da fudaydkii iyo ka-fiirsashada.

Evolution of alchemy waa in dhammaan laftiisa dhex mari, xitaa haddii ay keentaa dhib weyn, oo markaas u baahan tahay in dib loo soo celiyo iyadoo la kaashanayo tamarta in helay in tallaabo hore.

alchemists weyn

All alchemists isku dayeen in ay ka jawaabaan su'aasha ah, waa maxay alchemy. sayniska waxa uu door muhiim ah ka ciyaaray taariikhda aadanaha. faylosuufiinta badan oo ku fikiray in alchemy leedahay wax badan oo la sameeyo iyada oo cilmi nafsiga. sayniska Tani waxay ka caawisaa qofka ilaa in la furo sida qofka oo ay gaaraan gool ruuxi ay shakhsi. Dad badan ayaa ku hawlan alchemy tan iyo bilowgii la aasaasay. Laakiin doorka muhiimka ah ee lagu ciyaaray by alchemists ee qarniyadii dhexe.

Mid ka mid ah alchemists ugu caansan unbaa loo arkaa Nicolas Flamel (noolaa 1330-1418). Nikola ku dhashay qoys aad u liita, in ay qaan wuxuu u kacay Paris si ay u noqdaan karaaniga a. Waxay guursatay marwada waayeelka ah ay ahayd in yar oo caasimada ah iyo dukaamo yar la furay. Flamel go'aansaday inuu ku soo bilowdo iibinta buugta. Uu mustaqbalkiisa alchemical bilaabay inuu riyo, taas oo malaa'ig tusay buugga Flamel, taas oo ka kooban dhammaan qarsoon ku mahad naqa. Waxa uu helay Kitaabkii oo bilaabay inuu aad u aad u barato. Waa aan la garanayn sida ay u awooday inay fahmaan runta oo dhan, laakiin saddex sano ka dib alchemist u suurtagashay in ay hesho Saaxir ee Stone, iyo bixin mercury caadiga ah ee lacag ah, iyo in muddo ah ka dib, iyo dahab. Laga bilaabo 1382, Nicolas Flamel noqday hodan, wuxuu soo iibsaday dalka guriga. Waxaan ku hawlan shaqada hay'ad samafal oo si fudud u siiyeen lacag. Warar xan ah oo maalkiisa heer sare boqorkii u yimid, laakiinse iyadoo la kaashanayo of laaluush Flamel boqorka ka qarin karin xoolahooda. In 1418, alchemist dhintay. Laakiin waxa la sheegay in lagu daro dahabka iyo lacagta Nikola oo Tumeeya qarsoon ee nolosha aan dhiman. Waxa uu la Abuurtay mana dhimashadiisa, iyo isaga iyo xaaskiisa u baxay Safar ah.

Alchemist Paracelsus: Kooban

alchemist kale si siman caanka ah Paracelsus ahaa (noolaa 1493-1541). ninkanu wuxuu ahaa dhakhtar caan ah, iyo dad badan oo Beeniyey doorkeeda in alchemy. Pratsels isku dayaya in ay ka heli dhagax Faylasuuf ee, laakiin ma ay aaminsan yihiin in uu awoodo in uu soo jeedin biraha saldhig galay oo dahab ah u noqon doonaa. Alchemist uu u baahan yahay si loo fahmo waxa qarsoon waaridda iyo in la abuuro daawooyinka. Pratsels rumeysan yahay in qof kasta oo wax qaban karo oo aan ka yar yahay xoogga dabeecadda, waxaad u baahan tahay waqti iyo dadaal oo kaliya. Daawada lagu leeyahay badan Pratselsu. Waa dhakhtar this diiday aragtida ah in kuwo suuxdin qaba waxaa Waali jinniyadooda sharka leh. saynisyahan ayaa sheegay in uu u suurtagashay in ay la abuuro Philosopher ee Stone, oo isagu waa dhiman, laakiin ka dib markii ka height ah, markii uu ahaa 48 sano jir ah uu u dhintay.

Denis Zasher: Kooban

Denis Zasher (noolaa 1510-1556). Waxaan ku dhashay qoys si caddaalad ah hodanka ah. In ay qaan, ayuu u tegey University of Bordeaux inaad wax ka barato falsafada. Uu mentor jeestay alchemist ayaa ku lifaaqan nin ee dhalinyarada ah si ay u sayniska this. Wada jir ah ula mentor ay baadho oo dib u eegaan dhammaan cuntada cusub oo cusub oo alchemy. Laakiin mar kale iyo mar kale ku guuldareystay. Money ka Zashera si deg deg ah ku soo orday ka baxay, oo sidaas daraaddeed ayuu guriga tegey oo uu hantida u dhigeen. Laakiin waayo-aragnimo uma shaqeeyo, oo lacagta si fudud u awdeen farihiisa. Denis go'aansadeen in ay si Paris, halkaas oo uu dhowr sano ku qaatay ka laalaada, waxbarashada falsafada iyo alchemy cuntada tagaan. In 1550, weli wuxuu u suurtagashay in ay u sameeyaan mercury biraha qaali ah - dahab. Denis siiyey oo dhan deymaha oo u tegey Germany, halkaas oo uu doonayo in uu ku noolaado nolol dheer iyo welwel la'aan. Laakiin qof qaraabo ah oo isagii ku dilay, halka uu dhintay oo la seexday, oo ka tagay naagtiisa.

Seefeld: Kooban

Muddo dheer oo ku saabsan alchemist this ogayn macluumaad aad u yar. Tan iyo carruurnimada, Cunid Seefeld iyo sameeyay tijaabo ee alchemy. Dabcan, wuxuu wax yar u shaqaynayey, iyo dhinacyada oo dhan ku shubtay jees jeesi jireen isaga. Markaas ayuu ka tegey oo wuxuu ku noqday Austria toban sano jir, oo ku noolaa tuulo yar oo qoyska ka mid ah, kaas oo u aqbalay. In mahadnaq u muujiyeen ciidankii sida bartay inay soo saaro dahab ka biraha caadiga. Si dhakhso ah magaalada oo dhan ogaa alchemist dhabta Seefeld. About waayo-aragnimada uu Waxaan bartay Emperor oo isaga lagu xukumay xabsi daa'in khiyaamada. Seefeld laakiin ugu dhakhsaha badan u saamaxay, laakiin shardi ah in uu sii wadi doonaa tijaabo uu u gooyo. Laakiin muddo ka dib Seefeld carareen dalka, oo ninna waxba kama oga badan oo ku saabsan uu qaddar. Waxa uu macno ahaan ka libdhay hawada khafiif ah.

Thanks to macluumaadka kor ku xusan, waxa ay noqotaa mid aad u cad in alchemy sida, waa waxa ay dabeecadda iyo waxa uu ahaa.