Waa kuwee Normanists iyo antinormanistov?

In sayniska Ruushka ayaa muddo dheer waxaa jira antinormanistov dood Normanists a kaas oo ku saabsan doorka Normans ah (Norsemen) in formation of qarannimada Dr Makumbe ee Russia. dood waxa uu ka dhacayaa diyaarado kala duwan - caqiideedka iyo sayniska.

dood taariikhda

khilaafka ku saabsan Normans u yimaadeen oo ku saabsan qarnigii XVII ah, marka ay taariikhyahanadu Swedish ayaa loo isticmaalaa macluumaadka on xididdada rus Varangian in ay taageero ka bixiso ballaarinta dalka Bariga Yurub. hadallada noocan oo kale ah ayaa sababay diidmada ideologists qaranka ee qarnigii XVIII (ugu horreeya oo dhan, Mikhail Lomonosov). Antinormanistov diideen in ay wax xiriir rus oo Viking ka.

Dhammaadkii qarnigii XIX ah, dhaleeceyn this ayaa gebi ahaanba la waayay. By markii ugu yimid wax badan oo shuqullada halis sayniska ee Shaqaalaha, si ay ugu qiil asal ahaan ka mid ah magacyada Scandinavian oo ah amiirradii horeysay Ruush ee ilaha Dr Makumbe (sida Oleg, Rurik, Igor, iyo N. sidaas on.). Si gaar ah muhiim ahaa daabacaadda sahamisa caanka ah ee deenishka Vilgelma Tomsena. About Varangians muuqday Russia qarnigii VIII ah, waxaa jira wax badan oo cadaymo jirtamaxalli. saamaynta ay ku dhaqanka Slavs bariga bartay ilaa maantadan la joogo.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khilaafka Normanists antinormanistov iyo dib u bilaabay xoog cusub durba Zaman Stalin ee, marka fikradda antinormanizma isticmaalaan dacaayad Nazi oo ku saabsan Fadilmo oo ka mid ah dadyowga Germanic ee Slavic ah (iswiidhishka iyo Scandinavians guud ahaan waa qaraabada dhow ee Jarmalka qowmiyadaha). Tan iyo waagii ay dhaleeceyn Midowga Soofiyeeti ee Norman oo dhan ka badbaaday ilaa maantadan la joogo.

asalka ah ee Rurik

Inta badan Normanists antinormanistov murmayay aqoonsiga Rurik - xukumi jiray Novgorod in 862-879 sano amiirka. Isagu wuxuu u yimid Russia si wadajir ah ula walaalihiis iyo Truvor Sineus. Sida laga soo xigtay "SHEEKADII Years teesto ah" ee 862. Ilmen Slavs iyo-Finno Finns maxaliga ah ayaa iyaga lagu casuumay inuu meesha ka dalka Novgorod. qabiilooyinka Local soo gaaray ka dirir aan dhammaadka lahayn. Dirirta Gudaha ka mid ah Slavs ah ee North West of Russia bilaabay in ka dib markii sida ay eryay ee la soo dhaafay Vikings, waxay ku aamaanay beddelkeeda ammaankooda. Independence keentay in dhiig joogto ah. Ugu dambeyntii kooxaha laandheere Novgorod ku heshiiyeen in ay ugu yeedhi taliye dhexdhexaad ah by kuwaas oo maamula si ay u joojiyaan khilaafka u dhaxeeya.

Ninkan oo noqday Rurik. Normanists muran iyo antinormanistov The tixgeliyo saamaynta yimid Vikings wuxuu lahaa on Slavs Bari. Shaki kuma jiro in amiirka ka Scandinavia yimid, oo ay la socdaan wefdigiisa iyo taliyayaal. In qorna ummadda loo yaqaan "rus". Normanists iyo antinormanistov ku kala duwan yihiin fasiraadda ereyga.

Ruric ayaa helay Novgorod, Sineus - Beloozero, Truvor - Izborsk. Magaca walaalkiisii weynaa back to Hrærekr tagaa - Magaca Scandinavian, sidaa darteed waxaa shaki ku jirin in uu ahaa qof dibada ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee Normanists antinormanistov iyo fasiraada kala duwan ee asalka ah ee amiir koowaad ee Novgorod. Tusaale ahaan, culimada qaar waxa ay aqoonsadaan iyada oo Rerik Yuulland, kuwaas oo ku noolaa in bartamihii qarnigii IX iyo iska lahaa guri ammaan ah scylding ka Denmark. Aragtida sidaan ah waxay ku salaysan tahay isku mid ah oo magacyadooda, inkasta oo ay tani feature muhiim ahayn - waxa kaliya oo ay xoojinayaan la xiqiijiyay.

ilo kala daadsan

All of Normanists dood casriga ah iyo antinormanistov ku salaysan taariikhda Dr Makumbe in ay yihiin labada guuriyeen ama qayb ka lumay ay sabab u tahay dababka iyo securities suuska. All this abuuraa badan oo Kuusow iyo wararka la isla dhexmarayo.

Haddii aad is barbar booska iyo antinormanistov Normanists, waxa uu noqonayaa mid iska cad in ay ku lug leedahay khilaafka taariikhda Ruush dhowr, mararka qaarkood is khilaafsan. Tusaale ahaan, bedelka Ryurika Oleg marka hore u yeedhay taliyaha. In heshiis la bilowgii Byzantium qarnigii X waxaa durbaba waxa lagu sheegay sidii qof qaraabo ah oo amiir koowaad ee Novgorod. Ilo Ruush Later of XII qarnigii, ayaa sidoo kale ku celiyay xiqiijiyay in this, is diidan shuqullada hore ee chroniclers qoyska.

Dhibaatada kale ee been in xaqiiqda ah in ma taariikhyahanadu shisheeye ilo madax banaan muddada, kuwaas oo xaqiijin lahaa Halyeeyga reer Rurik iyo laba walaalo ah. Marka tan la eego, ma jirto shukaansi saxda ah ee hawlaha amiirradii Varangian.

cilmi-Swedish

Dhaqan ahaan, waxaa la rumeysan yahay in Normanists antinormanistov oo bilaabay in ay wada hadal ee qeybtii hore ee qarnigii XVIII ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxbarasho ugu horeysay ee xiriirka ka mid ah Scandinavians iyo Russia dib ugu qarniyo XVI-XVII ee taariikhda. Marka ee Muscovy ahaayeen reer Yurub ugu horeeyay ee reer galbeedka. Sidaas daraaddeed, su'aasha ah ee asal ahaan of Vikings xiiseynaya Safiirka Imperial Sigismund Herberstein. On Jidka la qorsheeyey inuu galay cilmi kale.

Fikradda ka soo jeedo Swedish ah Rurik difaacay diblomaasi Swedish iyo taariikhyahan Petr Petrey de Erlezunda, kuwaas oo ku noolaa dalka Ruushka ee Zaman ee Boris Godunov. shuqulladiisa noqday caan ah oo xitaa dibadda oo la turjumay Jarmal. author Swedish Olaf Dalin, codsiga rasmiga ah u qoray "The History of gobolka Swedish," Rurik uu tilmaamay Erik Björnsson ka guri ammaan Ynglings Scandinavian. Si dhakhso ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, la xiqiijiyay in this ayaa disproved.

Book Gottlieb Bayer

First shaqada sayniska dhabta ah in bilaabay normanizm tixgeliyo essay "On Varyag" ee Russia. Its qoraaga ahaa professor ah ee St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Gottlieb Bayer (1694-1738). Waxa uu marka hore baaritaan la ballamay taariikhiga ah ee hore ilo Dr Makumbe, kaas oo ugu danbeyn cunto u noqdeen fikirka farcankii soo socda dhowr ah oo saynisyahano.

Bayer ayaa marka hore isku hallaysay kitaabkii taariikhda muddada. Academician diiday caan ka dibna "Aragti Prussian" sida laga soo xigtay oo Viking ee lahaa asal yuzhnobaltiyskoe. In uu shaqo oo helay shahaadada laga helay ilo shisheeye, tusaale ahaan taariikhda Bertinskih.

Under Bayer Vikings ogaa Scandinavians ee dareenka ugu ballaran ee erayga, oo dalka Iswiidan, Gotlanders, oo deenish ah iyo dadka noorwiijiga. Adeegsiga cilmi afaf, ayuu falanqeeyay abtirsan Ruush iyo magacyada amiirradii qarniyo IX-X. Si taas loo gaaro, qoraaga ilo jeestay sida dhagax runic fariimihii, shuqullada Greek, iyo taxadiri kale ee muddada. Bayer qaaday qoraalka, iyo Emperor X qarnigii Byzantine, Konstantina Bagryanorodnogo. Sidaas darteed of taariikhyahan shaqadan soo gabagabeeyey in magacyada Rurik oo lahaa Truvor asal ahaan Scandinavian.

Shaqo Gerard Miller

Qaar ka mid ah "Varangian" jajabkii buug soo jiitay ee Vasiliya Tatischeva (1686 -1750), waxaana lagu xusay isaga by in uu "History of Russia". Isla mar ahaantaana saynisyahan Ruush qudhiisu xayiran boosaska saxda ah ka soo horjeeda in ay Bayer. Tatishchev ahaa antinormanizma apologist ah, Vikings rumaysteen Finns oo asal ahaan Finnish loo aaneeyey inay u Rurik.

Waxa intaa dheer in qoraaga "History of Russia" wada hadal ee Scandinavia ee bartamihii qarnigii XVIII ka goob joog ka ahaa laba cilmi caan ah. Midkii kowaad wuxuu u weyn ethnographer iyo geographer Gerard Miller (1705-1783), iyo labaad - Mikhail Lomonosov (1711 - 1765). Last uu ka shaqeeyay kala duwan ee cilmiga iyo calaamad muhiim ah oo ay ku jiraan in anshaxa taariikhi ah ka tagay.

In 1749, oo ku beegnaa maalinta maalinta magaca xiga ee Elizabeth Empress ah, magaalada waxay ahayd in la qabto shir guud, at taas oo aqoonyahano caan ah soo ururiyey warar loo akhriyo-madaxyo simanna. Si gaar ah Lomonosov qoray uu caan "eulogy" ee ay dhacdo. Miller doortay mawduuca halkii sibiibix ah "Asal dadka iyo magaca Ruush ah." Qoraalka ayaa loo diyaariyey waqtiga, laakiin waxaa la marna qirtay in doodaha guud iyo waa hore u edition print qabsaday.

Warbixin Miller ee ma jeclaan saynisyahano badan iyo saraakiil ku dhow inay Empress kuwaas oo helay "predosuzhdenie Russia." Badiyey sha iyo Lomonosov, kuwaas oo ahaa koox fiiqan ee aragtida ah oo ka mid ah Roots "Varyag" of Russia. Similar in aragtidooda ku saabsan wada-hadalka Tatischev fogaadaa. Like jeer aad u badan ka hor in 1749 Normanists aragti iyo antinormanistov sababay khilaaf halis ah oo u dhexeeya saynisyahano qoyska.

Miller in uu sha bedelay inta celiyay by Bayer. Is barbar dhig meel Normanists antinormanistov iyo isku day si loo ogaado waxa ku kala duwan muhiimka ah. Waxay si fudud loo go'doonsan karo by barbar qiimaynta Miller iyo University. First, ilaalinta aragti Norman, ayuu ekaysiin u Scandinavians iyo Vikings hogaaminayo ay guushu ku this la xiqiijiyay, caddaymo cusub. Gaar ahaan, Miller oo seefqaad ah u dhaqan magacyada "Ruush" oo ka mid ah Rapids Dnieper, taas oo la siiyey in uu khuseeya "On maamulka ee boqortooyada" by taliyihii Byzantine Konstantinom Bagryanorodnym dareenka. Sidoo kale qoraaga shuqullada amaano soo jiitay in uu daraasad soo jeedinaya qorayaasha Scandinavian ka mid ah qarniyadii dhexe hore, sheegaye ku Slavs bari.

Taariikhyahanadu Normanists iyo antinormanistov inta badan noqdaan jilayaasha in a halgan siyaasadeed oo adag. weerarka in Miller ayaa sababay aan wax badan dhinaca sayniska ee uu shaqada, sida rar ay fikirka. boqornimadii Elizabeth ee uu bilaabay ka dib "toban sano madow", marka, inta lagu guda jiro Anny Ioannovny ururiyey carshiga aad u badan oo Jarmalka ku wareegsan. Under Empress cusub waxaa xigay gadood ah. Waxaa dhaleeceeyay wax walba oo ajnabi ah, iyo Sweden oo sameeyey dagaalka bilaabay. Dabcan, dadkan soo jeeda, shaqada, la hadal oo ku saabsan asalka Scandinavian ee Rurik, loo aqoonsaday smear ah. Miller, isagoo ku sugan xaalad xasaasi ah, fikradahooda, si kastaba ha ahaatee, uusan waxba iska badalin. Shaqadiisii waa la daabacay dibadda oo waxaa Ruush si akhristaha guud ayaa la heli karo oo kaliya sanadkii 2006.

dood antinormanistov

jawaab faahfaahsan oo si daabaco Miller waxaa xigay uu hor jeeda ugu wayn Mihaila Lomonosova. Dhowr sano ka dib muran la buunbuuniyey cilmiga Varangian Ruush bilaabay inuu ka koobanahay uu shaqada weyn oo u gaar ah oo ku saabsan taariikhda dalka. dhammayn, oo wuxuu wada yeelay waqti haysan sabab u ah geerida lama filaan ah. dhimashada Lomonosov Ka dib waxaa la daabacay oo keliya mid ka mid ah mugga uu "taariikhda Ruush qadiimiga ah." Si kastaba ha ahaatee, su'aasha ah ee Varangians (sida mid ka mid ah mudnaanta), qoraaga in uu shaqada tixgeliyo.

"Russia hor Rurik" Mikhail Nagi dhowr cutub adag. Waayo, Slavs ah, wuxuu tiriyey ma aha oo kaliya Slavs ah, laakiin sidoo kale Maraykanka Baltiga (Lithuania, Zhmud, Prussians) iyo Veneto, reer Maaday iyo reer paflagontsev, aaneeyay asal ahaan of this group caadi ah qowmiyadaha ku dhow in xilligii dagaalkii qoriga ah. Horeba yaboohaasi lagu arki karo fikirka ah in ma Vikings ama wax kasta oo qabiil kale ma saamayn laga yaabaa formation of Russia madax banaan, kuwaas oo asal ahaan dib u Qarniyadii hore taariikhda. khasaare ugu weyn ee shaqo Lomonosov ahaa xaqiiqda ah in in qoraaga hogaansamey mabaadi'da ee taariikh qarniyo XVI-XVII, halka sayniska Yurub ayaa si ay u horumariyaan hababka cusub ee falanqaynta muhiimka ah ee ilaha.

"Russophile" aragti in Rurik ka Slavs yimid hayo iyo Ekaterina II, digtoon ah "History" Vasiliya Tatischeva. Tusaale ahaan, mid ka mid ah historiographers ugu muhiimsan ee ka dambeeya waqtiga, Mikhail Shcherbatov (1733-1790) waxaa loo arkaa amiir Novgorod odayaashii qaraabo horeysay Ilmen Slovenes Gostomysl.

opinion Karamzin

Habka aad u miisaaman oo halis ah la saffarro ay la barbar dhigaysa Nikolai Karamzin (1766-1826). Isaga oo multi-mugga "History of State Ruushka" waxa uu noqday arrin ugu muhiimsan ee dhaqanka Ruush iyo sayniska.

Karamzin ahaa si siman u digtoon waxa la yiri iyo Normanists iyo antinormanistov. Doodaha labada dhinac ayaa waxay xisaabta lagu darsadaa daryeelka ugu badnaan in xaqiiqooyinka. Karamzin shuqullada Bayer iyo Miller xurmayn, iyaga ka fiirsaneysa mahadhada oo dhan taariikhda. Laakiin fikradda antinormanskaya waxaa Tatishcheva lagu dhaleeceeyay. Qoraaga walaacsan Gaarka ah ee loo yaqaan caddaynta diiwaanka podcherpnut Ioakimovskaya.

Karamzin sheegay oo dhan lix xaqiiqooyinka aasaasiga taageeraya asal ahaan Scandinavian ee Rurik iyo Varangians ee guud. Waa midda koowaade, caddaymo ah qorayaasha reer galbeedka, tusaale ahaan, Bishop Liutprand jeelka, halkaas oo Russ maleeyey in ay ahayd Normans ah. Second, magaca Rurik, iyo amiirradii kale ee loogu talogalay la Asalkeeda Scandinavian cad. Saddexaad, ilaha Byzantine. Viking ee Constantinople la odhan jiray Knights Scandinavian. Tan afraad, muran Miller ee ku saabsan sida magacyada reer binu Rapids Dnieper. Fifth, isku mid ah oo dhinacyada soo ururinta ee sharciyada Ruush runta la booska Jarmal iyo Scandinavian isku. Sixth, "ayuu SHEEKADII Years teesto ah," halkaas oo qoraaga Nestor sheegay in Viking ee ku noolaa galbeed ee badda bari.

Ku guuleysiga Normanists

Doodaha Hot soo horjeeda fikirka sameeyey khilaafka u dhexeeya Normanists antinormanistov iyo mid ka mid ah "su'aalo inkaaran" ugu weyn ee taariikhda Ruush. Ujeedadu waxay ka leexdo iyo in ay horumarinta ahaa kitaabkii nin afaf ka barto deenishka Vilgelma Tomsena (1842-1927) "Home gobolka Ruush." Waxaa in shaqadan ugu horeysay soo bandhigay nuxurka buuxa oo ka mid ah aragtida Norman classical. kitaabka ugu Thomsen khilaafeen ka horreeyay eexda in cilmi afaf. Doodaha cilmiga ku saabsan qayb luqada ilaha Dr Makumbe, aan laga badiyay ku tacaluqa maanta.

Sida ay soo horjeeda oo kaliya halis Thomsen ayaa sheegay in Stepan Gedeonov (1816-1878), tan iyo markii ay ahayd shuqulkiisa "The Vikings iyo rus" sameeyey si Dane, "aragti ah wadatashi dhab ah." Kale nin afaf ka barto shuqullada antinormanskie yeedhay ridis ah. In uu buugga Thomsen sameeyey dib u eegis qoto dheer ilaha Carabta iyo Byzantine ee Laatiin on Vikings ah.

Falanqaynta asalka ah ee erayga "Russia", saynisyahan ah waxaa loo bixiyey xididka xididka u dhigma Swedish ka mid ah erayada "shiraaca" iyo "dhibtoonaya". In xiriir this Thomsen soo jeediyay in magaca sida ay naftooda u yeedhay Scandinavians, kuwaas oo ku noolaa on xeebaha Gacanka Finland, ayaa bilaabay safar inay dalalka deriska ah. Sidoo kale, nin afaf ka barto a sameeyey baxay erayga "Vikings". Sida laga soo xigtay inuu la xiqiijiyay in, ka timaado xididkii "var" Swedish, kaas oo tarjumayaa "hoy" ama "ilaalinta".

Thomsen gaar dersin erayadii qadiimiga ah luqadaha, kuwaas oo si cad loo arki karaa Asalkeeda Scandinavian (Tiuna, xidhka, dukaan, ul, iyo D. sidaas on.). Gebogebadii uu waxbarasho, qoraaga soo jeediyay tusaale capacious: Scandinavians ayaa saldhig u ah gobolka yar, taas oo uu leeyahay Slavs u gaar ah kor u Joogaba, toosaa dhigay. Haddii aad is barbar booska iyo antinormanistov Normanists, marka la barbardhigo sida a daruuri dul dood ah in markii ugu horaysay la keenay Dane Vilhelm Thomsen.

natiijada khilaafka

Go'aaminta yahay kan saxda ah ee a Normanists muran iyo antinormanistov, waxaa lagu adkeeyay in ay muran uu la micno ah kaliya in kiiska ugu fiican ee qarnigii XIX ah, markii dhismaha dawlad-goboleedka la xiriira asalka ah ee guri ammaan ah. Laakiin xitaa qoraaga of isha muhiimka ah Dr Makumbe "SHEEKADII Years teesto" Nestor ku jawaabay in saddex su'aalo si gooni gooni ah, "halkaas oo uu ka tegey" dadka Slavic oo ahaa Rurik iyo, ugu dambeyntii, sida sameeyey Russia laftiisa. Qiyaastii hab isku mid ah maanta u hogaansaneyd sayniska taariikhiga ah.

Modern Normanists antinormanistov oo ay sii wadaan khilaafka, inkasta oo ay muddo dheer ahayd cad in geeddi-socodka dhismaha dawlad-goboleedka madax bannaan yahay qowmiyad qoyska talada haya. Xaqiiqada ah in Rurik ahaa qof dibada shisheeye, ma wiilkiisa Igor aan looga hortago in ka yar yahay si ay u koraan jawi aad u kala duwan lana qabsan. Wiilkiisa oo ahaa ina Vladimir Svyatoslav ayaa sinaba u ekaan Scandinavians - waxay ahaayeen Slavs labadaba dhiig iyo caadooyinka ama afka. wax la mid ah ku dhacay la taliyeyaal bixinta Varangian, keydsan kara, iyo kuwa kale yeedhay dibada si Waqooyiga Russia.

Is barbar dhig meel Normanists antinormanistov iyo isku day si loo ogaado sida weyn ahaa ay saameyn ku leeyihiin Scandinavians ku saabsan abuurista gobolka Old Ruush. Inkastoo Novgorod iyo xeerarka Vikings ah (Rurik), iyo Kiev ayaa lagu qabtay by uu la taliye ama qaraabo (Oleg), tirada ugu badan ee dadka ku nool wadanka cusub ayaa had iyo jeer Slav ah. element Scandinavian ugu danbeyn la waayay ee badda ku jira. Oo sidaas daraaddeed guusha sayniska ee taageerayaasha "Aragti Varangian" ma la yaso karaa "kibirka qaranka ee weyn", taas oo xitaa ku dooday ah Normanists ugu horeysay oo antinormanistov. Marka la soo koobo, murankaasina ee la soo dhaafay. cilmi Professional iyo qoto-dheer oo ku saabsan saamaynta Norman Baydka rus socota illaa maanta, laakiin waxa ay la xiriiraan faahfaahin yar, qaar ka mid ah erayada afka Ruush, caadooyinka, arrimaha ciidamada iyo wixii la mid ah ..