Tusaalooyinka aromorphosis in dhirta iyo xoolaha

Aromorphosis - waa isbedel-qabsiga ee noolaha ka dhaca koorsada of horumar ku nool, waxaa ka mid ah muhiimadda guud iyo waxa loogu talogalay horumarinta urur, taas oo kordhinaysa koboca.

Wadarta qiimaha aromorphoses

aromorphoses bixitaanka waa muhiim in halganka jiritaanka. noolaha, taas oo isbedel sida dhacaan, ka sii firadaha xaaladaha deegaanka iyo u yaqaaniin kara jawi cusub. Tusaale ahaan Aromorphosis waa isbedel kasta oo evolutionary, taas oo horseedaysa muuqaalka kore ee cusub, kooxaha horusocod ah ee noolaha.

aromorphoses Formation waa geedi socod dheer oo la xidhiidha tirayn kala dhaxlo. Intaa waxaa dheer, qiimaha in bixitaanka guryaha cusub uxuu ku nool yahay doorashada dabiiciga ah, badbaadaan noolaha ka badan marka loo habeeyey. Waxay leeyihiin awood dheeraad ah nafsaaniga ah si ay ula dagaalamaan jiritaankooda iyo siiyaan farcankiis dheeraad ah oo la hantida waxtar leh ku dhaafay in jiilka xiga.

Waxaan dhihi karnaa in ay tahay aromorphosis habka morphophysiological muhiim ah. Waxay keenaysaa in noolaha dheeraad ah oo adag, taas oo ka yar ay ku xidhan tahay xaaladaha deegaanka.

dhirta Aromorphoses

isbedel Progressive caadiga ah ee dhirta. Waxay la xidhiidhaan ma aha oo kaliya si ay u hagaajiyaan astaamaha morphological, sidaas darteed inta badan halkii "aromorphosis" erayga loo isticmaalo erayga "arogenez", taas oo macnaheedu yahay "asal ahaan".

ah ee noocyada kala duwan ee algae waxaa la xidhiidha isku-dar ah oo kala duwan oo guryaha morphological oo awood u leh inay photosynthesize, laakiin dhar ah oo dhab ah iyaga oo aan haysan, sidaa darteed waxay waxaa loo arkaa noolaha biyaha hoose (isbedel evolutionary in qaab-dhismeedka ay ma laga heli karaa).

Haddii aad sheeg tusaalooyin aromorphosis, waxa ugu muhiimsan waxaa loo yeedhi karaa kaladuwan ee unugyada, taas oo keentay in soo bixitaanka of jidhadhka dhulka dhirta sare. The ugu heer hoose ah oo ka mid ah - waa Muuse, sida ku kaladuwan yihiin unugyada maray liidata ee dhirta, kuwaas oo, xididka maqan yahay, iyo caleemaha waxaa lagu gartaa dhismeedka heer hoose ah.

The aromorphosis soo socda muhiim ahaa kala qeybinta jirka dhirta in ay ka baxsadaan, oo xididka. In mustaqbalka, wax kasta oo dhirta spore, oo ay ka mid ferns, horsetails iyo Muuse kooxda, laakiin weli waxay leeyihiin abuurka lahayn iyo sporophyte yeesho embriyaha, taas oo ah wax yar ka differen. Sida unugyada labka iyo dheddiga u baahan tahay biyo, waa ilaa xad xaddidaya dhirta spore baahsan.

Tusaale ahaan in dhirta aromorphosis

Haddii aan ka hadlo isbedel xagjirka ah ee qaab-dhismeedka iyo qaab dhismeedka of dhirta, waa in la xusuustay waaxda Gymnosperms, kuwaas oo xubno ay leeyihiin tiro ka mid ah aromorphoses:

• waxay leeyihiin ovule ah, taas oo uu yeesho endosperm (gametophyte dumar ah);
• waa manka in Gagaab tube manka, gametophyte lab sameeyay; waayo, unugyada labka iyo dheddiga uusan biyo ma u baahan tahay;
• at dhirta, kuwaas oo ay leeyihiin abuurka in ka kooban yihiin jeermiska iyo sidoo kale-duwan iyo endosperm, taas oo ah isha ugu of nafaqooyinka ee horumarka ah ee embriyaha.

Waayo, abuur dhirta ka tirsan angiosperms kale. Waxay soo baxday in muddada Jacka. Tusaalooyinka aromorphosis waaxda this dhirta ee soo socda:

• waxay had iyo jeer ah ovules carpel u xiran yihiin (pistil ah);
• Waxaa jira "sed" gaar ah - ee nectar iyo perianths in entomophily bixiyaan - pollination by yahay cayayaan, taas oo ah waxa lagu gartaa saxnaanta habka gudahood ah noocyada gaar ah oo u ogolaan jiritaanka dhirta kala duwan;
• angiosperms lagu gartaa koleyga embriyaha leh qaab kaas oo u ogolaanaya marinka ee labka iyo double.

Waa in la ogaadaa in kooxdan oo ah dhirta ka mid ah oo ku saabsan 250 noocyada iyo waa horumarka jidka noolaha ah. Sayidka, angiosperms ay matalayaan by noocyada kala duwan ee nolosha (in dhirta, ku xoortay, canabkiinna, cows, wakiilada biyaha), kaas oo si joogto ah la soo hagaagtay marka la eego qaab dhismeedka iyo hawlaha qaybaha shaqsi.

isbedel evolutionary in qaab-dhismeedka xoolaha

organisms Eukaryotic, kaas oo la gartaa nooca heterotrophic awoodda siiyey kor u fangaska iyo xayawaanka. The ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah ay yihiin noolaha hal-unuglaha in aadan haysan safaleeti. In xilligii Proterozoic muuqan xayawaan invertebrate multicellular. The xayawaanka ugu heer hoose ah waxay ahaayeen laba lakab, tusaale ahaan Coelenterates. Tusaalooyinka aromorphosis xayawaanka group this - dual lakabka iyo jirka embriyaha, kaas oo ka kooban tahay laba go'yaal - ka ectoderm iyo endoderm.

horumar xigta weyn ee qaab-dhismeedka ahaa bixitaanka dhexe lakabka jeermiga - mesoderm ah, taasi waxa ay dhalisay kala nudaha iyo bixitaanka qaababka xubnaha (dirxi guri iyo hareeraheeda). Aromorphosis soo socda ah ee guud ahaan - saabka sare, kaas oo jidhka xoolaha bilaabay in la kala qaybiyaa qaybo.

protostomes Lahaanshaha heer hoose ah (tus, Annelida), kuwaas oo horey u haystay parapodia (addinka heer hoose) iyo jirka segmented homonomous. Tusaalooyinka aromorphosis dhacay dambe, - muuqaalka kore ee jirka Qaybinta heteronomous iyo addimada jointed (isagoo Arthropoda). Bilowga Devonian lagaga soo baxay inay caarada dalka iyo cayayaanka in la kulantay aromorphosis halis ah - ah ee xuubka SNMna.

Evolution deuterostome

muuqaalka kore ee noolaha kuwaas notochord, tube neural, quseyo caloosha, iyo de markaas qalbigoodu wuxuu horseeday in formation of nooc cusub - chordates. In mustaqbalka, kalluunka uu yeesho lafaha visceral iyo axial. Sidaas daraaddeed, way xajiyeen joogitaanka dhakada iyo daanka qalfoofku.

In kalluunka lafaha leh ayaa sidoo kale soo maray qaar ka mid ah aromorphoses muhiim ah (Neefta pulmonary muuqday oo kuwanuna waxay dabcan) in siiyey kor u lafdhabarka.

Sii horumariyo amniotes, oo wuxuu lahaa saddex xuubka SNMna. The wakiillo ugu horeysay ee xamaarato steel ay. Waxay madax-bannaan oo ka biyo yihiin, laakiin sababta oo ah iyaduna ka mid ah wareegga xidhan adkaysan kari waayay heerkulka jirka joogto ah, taas oo keentay in eynu a mass dhamaadka Mesozoic ah.

tusaalooyin dheeraad ah aromorphosis - muuqaalka buuxa ee Risaalo ka dhexeeya intraventricular ah ee wadnaha. Waxaa suurto gal ah in la kala wareegga, taasoo keentay in muuqaalka kore ee xayawaanka diiran dilaa ah, kaas oo markii danbe helay awood u leh inay u soo duulaan. Sayidka kacay fasalka Shimbiribii.

Aromorphoses taas oo horseeday in soo bixitaanka of nuujiya

At xamaarato naasleey-sida ugu danbeyn koray maskax-u Safra horumariyo kiliyaha, waxaa joogay qalbi afar-qollaha, qaaday hoos u xafiiltamaan ee aortic. Intaa waxaa dheer, nuujiya kacay ay sabab u tahay muuqaalka kore ee ah hoore maqalka, jubbadda oo ku kaladuwan yihiin caanaha ilko Alfiyoli ah. Tusaalaha soo socda aromorphosis nuujiya - muuqaalka kore ee mandheerta iyo dhalashada nool.

Sidaas daraaddeed, quudinta caanaha weylood, horumarinta horusocod ah ee sambabada, maskaxda, nidaamka wareegga dhiigga, iyo sidoo kale tiro ka mid ah aromorphoses kale - sababa kor u kac wayn ee heerka guud ee ururka xoolaha iyo soo bixitaanka of noolaha sare.

aromorphosis ugu danbeysay ee la taaban karo oo la odhan karaa korodhka maskaxda awowayaashood aadanaha (epimorphosis). Sida maanta, faaftay sapiens nin ayaa isaga addoonsada aagga la qabsiga dalka ayaa ka xanaajisay muuqaalka kore ee noosphere ah. Xaaladdan oo kale, dunida organic ayaa galay marxalad cusub - psihozoynuyu.

Isku soo duuboo, waa in la sheegay in aromorphoses weyn oo u wadin inuu soo qabashada ee degaanada cusub iyo soo bixitaanka of noolaha cusub Tilmaamo gaar ah in ka ciyaaraan door hogaamineed ee geedi socodka evolutionary.