Tamarta nukliyeerka: Ruush NPP ugu weyn

The musiibo Chernobyl iyo dhacdooyin aad u waaweyn ee Quwadda Nuclearka "Fukushima-1" ayaa sababay dhaawac halis ah horumarinta tamarta nukliyeerka ee dunida oo dhan. Iyada dadaalka warbaahinta abuuray xukunka adag ee khatarta dhaw warshad xoog warshad nukliyeerka kasta. Laakiin, sida ay saynisyahano badan, kale oo laysku halayn karo si ay u bixiyaan korontada weli u baahan yahay, laakiin, tusaale ahaan, Balakovo - warshad nukliyeerka ugu weyn Russia ee - waa khatar ku ah wax ka badan xarunta kasta oo kale oo ka mid ah warshadaha magnitude this.

Mabda'a hawlgalka ee NPP

Dhammaan dhirta awood weyn oo ka hawlgala on shidaalka nuclear, waa la mid ah mabda 'hawlgalka. Waayo, jiilka awood isticmaalaya kulaylka in ahbaa at fission nuclear cadaanyo gacanta silsilad shidaalka - oo intooda badan uranium ku hodanaynta. Nidaamkan waxaa fuliyay in nuclear-ka nuclear - "qalbi" geedka.

Dheeraad ah oo ku jirto diyaarinta uumi kulul oo kaxeeya matoorrada marawaxadaha ah. Iyadoo ku xiran design ay la rotors isticmaali karaa on dhirta awoodda nooc oo dhan iyo dhisey tixgelinayo ka shaqeeya cayimayo warshad shidaalka nuclear.

nooc oo tigoodu

Waxaa jira dhawr nooc oo tigoodu kuwaas oo shidaalka kala duwan, coolant marayay asaasiga ah, iyo retarder loo baahan yahay in la xakameeyo reaction silsiladda.

The tigoodu cadaato ugu dhaqaale iyo wax soo saar leh, halkaas oo dheecaanka habka la isticmaalayo a caadiga ah, biyaha "iftiin". By design, waxaa ka mid ah laba nooc oo aasaasi ah:

• RBMK - RBMK. Waxaa lamaanaha Xuddunta marawaxadaha waa la diyaariyey si toos ah xudunta u ah, sidaas xarunta tani waxaa la yiraahdaa buusho. Tani waxa ay ahayd nuclear-ka awood afaraad ee Chernobyl, rakibo noocan ah wuxuu isticmaalayaa, tus, Kurskaia station - warshada ugu wayn Ruush.
• VVER - VVER. Tani nidaamka laba siddo hermetic: in ugu horeysay - shucaac - biyo si toos ah siidaayey iyada oo xudunta u ah, kulaylka dhuuqin ka falcelinta silsilad fission nuclear ee labaad - uumi ahbaa oo waxaa la quudiyey si matoorrada turbo. tigoodu noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa in ugu awooda badan ee Yurub, Zaporizhzhya NPP, ay u shaqeeyaan kale oo waaweyn Ruush NPP - Balakovo.

Nooca labaad ee nuclear - gaas-qaboojiyey, kuna waari dhexdeeda, waayo, geedi socodka la isticmaalayo graphite (EGP-6 nuclear-Bilibino). The saddexaad - on shidaalka ee foomka of uranium dabiiciga ah, oo leh "biyaha culus" - xabagta deuterium - sida coolant iyo Haguhu. Tan afraad - RN - nuclear-neutron dhakhso ah.

The warshad nukliyeerka ugu horeysay

Tijaabada ugu horeysay ee ku saabsan isticmaalka tigoodu nuclear jiilka awood la sameeyay ee US, Idaho National Laboratory ee 1951. nuclear ayaa waxaa ku shaqeeya ee awood ku filan warshadu hawada ku of afar nalalka 200-watt. Muddo ka dib geedka si ay u bixiyaan korontada noqday dhismaha oo dhan halkaas oo cilmi qaadeen ee nuclear-ka nuclear. By network xoogga waxaa la xiran ka dib markii 4 sano, oo magaalada u dhow ee Arco shaybaarka ahaa kii ugu horeeyay ee adduunka si ay u bixiyaan korontada via warshadda nukliyeerka.

Laakiin dhirta ugu horeysay ganacsi tamarta nukliyarka ee dunida ugu waa warshad nukliyeer xoog, bilaabay ilaa Obninsk, gobolka Kaluga ee USSR ee xagaagii 1954 iyo isla markiiba ku xiran shabakadda. Laga soo bilaabo halkan u billaabay warshadaha nukliyeerka ee Russia. Power Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant yaraa - MW oo kaliya 5. 3 sano ee Gobolka Tomsk ka dib, taasoo ah magaalada Seversk, waxaa lagu rido hawlgalka Marxaladda koowaad ee warshadda Siberian nuclear xoog, kaas oo soo saaray 600 MW danbe. nuclear ayaa waxaa halkaas ku dhajinta, loogu talagalay soo-saarka ee plutonium fasalka hub, iyo tamarta korontada iyo kaamerada waa-burka. tigoodu Maanta at saldhigyada kuwaas aamusiin.

warshadda nukliyeerka ee USSR hore

Tan iyo 1950 iyo 1960 hore soo daahay ee Midowga Soofiyeeti bilaabay dhismaha degdegga ah ee Quwadda in gobollada kala duwan ee dalka. List of dhirta nukliyeerka Ruush iyo Jamhuuriyadda Midowga ka kooban 17-hiilaadka sida, kuwaas oo 7 ka hadhay baxsan Federation Ruush xaadirka-maalin,

• Armenian, meel u dhow magaalada Metsamor. Waxay leedahay laba cutub oo leh awood a total of 440 MW. Ka dib markii 1988 dhulgariirka, kaas oo taagnaa NPP ah oo aan wax dhaawacyo halis ah ay sabab u tahay ballan-qaaday in design ah ee iska caabin seismic, waxaa la go'aamiyay in ay joojiso go'aankeeda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mustaqbalka, ay sabab u tahay dalabaadka sare ee korantada, xukuumadda Jamhuuriyadda ayaa go'aansaday in aan bilowno 1995, qaybta labaad. In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in la tixgelinayo baahida korodhay on ammaanka farsamada iyo deegaanka, Midowga Yurub ayaa sheegay in ay ilaalinta.
• warshadda nukliyeerka Ignalina ee-bari woqooyi ee Lithuania ku shaqeeya 1983 ilaa 2009 oo la xiray kadib markii uu codsi ka ah Midowga Yurub.
• Zaporozhye, geedka ugu awooda nukliyeerka ee Europe, ku yaalaan on bangiyada ee kaydka Kakhovka ah, in Energodar, dhisay sanadkii 1978. Ay ka kooban 6 VVER-1000, soo saara shanaad ka mid ah korontada ee Ukraine - 40 bilyan oo kWh / sanadkii. Waxaa si buuxda u waafaqsan heerarka caalamiga ah ee Atoomikada Agency (IAEA).
• Rivne, oo u dhow magaalada gobolka Kuznetsovsk Rivne ee Ukraine. Waxay leedahay 4 VVER awoodda a total of 2835 MW. IAEA ayaa lagu amaanay by natiijada dhawrka ammaanka.
• Khmelnytsky, oo u dhow magaalada Neteshin, meel u dhow webiga Gorini ee Ukraine. 2 lug VVER-1000.
• South-Yukreeniyaan, waxa uu ku yaalaa on xeebaha bahal ee Koonfurta gobolka Mykolaiv ee Ukraine. 3 VVER-1000 bixiyaan 96% koonfurta Ukraine u baahan yahay koronto.
• Chernobyl, oo u dhow magaalada Pripyat, ayaa noqday meesha nin-dhigay ee ugu weyn musiibada 26 on April 1986 sano. Ugu danbeysay ee ka mid ah afarta tigoodu ah ee RBMK 1000 joojiyay sanadkii 2000.

Saamiga koronto dhalinta ee geedka, in tamarta guud ee Quwadda Nuclearka ugu weyn, xireenada, TPP in Russia ay ku saabsan tahay 18%. Tani waa la taaban karo ka yar, tusaale ahaan, hogaamiyaha warshadaha ee quwadda nukliyarka - France, halkaasoo ay tiradaasi waa 75%. Sida laga soo xigtay qaatay istaraatijiyad tamarta Dowladda ee muddo ilaa 2030 ayaa la qorsheeyey in la kordhiyo saamiga this 20-30% iyo in la kordhiyo wax soo saarka ee korontada via unugyada awood ka hawlgala on shidaalka nuclear, 4 jeer.

Russia tamarta Nuclear

Imisa nukliyeerka dhirta ee Russia ayaa maanta? In dalka waxaa ka jira 10 xarumo, isagoo in ay ka kooban of 35 cutub oo kala duwan (oo ku saabsan 100 goobaha sida ka hawlgala Maraykanka). Qaybinta weyn heshay nuclear-biyaha xooga leh a (PWR) - 18 xabbadood. Kuwaas oo kala ah, 1,000 MW - 12, 6 kale - 440 MW. Wargeyska ayaa sidoo kale 15 channel karkaraya tigoodu 11 RBMK-1000 iyo 4 - EGP-6.

Waa maxay geedka ugu weyn ee awoodda nuclear ee Russia

Si aad u taariikhda, ma jiraan wax nidaam in Rosenergoatom hoggaamiye cad ka mid ah dhirta nukliyeerka ee awoodda iyo ku biirinta dheelitirka guud ee dalka. Waxaa 2 adag, halkaas oo tiro isku mid ah waxaa laga codsadaa (4) ee tigoodu la mid ah oo ka mid ah VVER-1000. Waxaa dhirta Balakovo iyo Kalinin nukliyeerka. Mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah waxay leedahay awood guud ee 4,000 MW. Awoodda isku been warshad koronto ka mid ah Kursk iyo Leningrad, taas waxaa loo isticmaalaa Unit 4 RBMK-1000 nooca. Xaaladdan oo kale, geedka ugu awooda nukliyeerka ee adduunka - Japan ayaa Kashiwazaki-Kariwa - waxay leedahay 7 xarumo awoodda a total of 8212 MW.

fiirsashada ee shirkadaha xoogga ee noociisa ah ee qaybta Yurub ee Russia keentay in xaqiiqda ah in ay ka ciyaaraan door muhiim ah ee siinta korantada in ay gobollada dhexe ee dalka. In xarunta of Russia, iyo gaar ahaan waqooyi-galbeed, share awoodda nuclear ee kor u dheelitirka Tamarta si ay u 40%.

6 kale Ruush NPP

Ka qayb waaxda tamarta Ruush kordhinaya warshad Kola, geedka ugu weyn Russia ee quwadda nukliyarka ee dhulalka waqooyiga, hawl laba awood tysyachemegavattnyh. Waxay sii wadaan in ay soo bandhigo awoodda cusub ee warshadda Novovoronezh nuclear xoog, halkaas oo ay ka heli isticmaalka cusub, hagaagtay VVER -1200. Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant ee gobolka Sverdlovsk la oran karo waa sida boosteejo ah oo tijaabo ah, waayo, saynisyahano nuclear Ruush. Waxa uu isticmaalaa dhawr nooc oo tigoodu, oo ay ku jiraan tigoodu neutron dhakhso ah. In Chukotka, oo ku yaalla saldhigga Bilibino qeybinayay kulaylka lagama maarmaan gobolka.

Su'aasha ah waxa warshadda nukliyeerka waa weyn ee Russia, mar kale laga yaabaa inay noqdaan ku haboon marka unugyo cusub oo la soo bandhigi doonaa in warshad Rostov ah, kaas oo ilaa saddex, iyo awoodooda waa 3100 MW. Waxay leedahay awood isku mid ah iyo Smolensk, ka shaqeeya tigoodu RBMK.

rajada

Barnaamijka waxaa ka mid ah horumarinta waaxda la tixgeliyo, sida dhirta nukliyeerka ee Russia u baahan tahay in la dhiso unugyo badan oo u baahan in dib iyo la gelin qalliin si loo hagaajiyo korontada. Tani waa run gaar ahaan loogu talagalay goobaha ka mid ah Waqooyiga, Siberia iyo bariga fog. Waxaa ku sugnaa inta badan shirkadaha saliidda iyo gaaska soo saara, halka la xirrira sal u ah dhaqaalaha dalka Ruushka.

Mid ka mid ah goobaha ugu wanaagsan, taas oo uu leeyahay warshadaha nukliyeerka ee Russia, - abuurka sabayn saldhigga awoodda nuclear thermoelectric. Waxay ku salaysan tahay tigoodu dhakhso KLT-40 low-xoog unugyada awood transportable (ilaa 70 MW). Kuwani goobaha mobile siin karaan meelaha ugu fog ee korontada, kulaylinta iyo warshadaha gudaha iyo xataa biyo macaan. Guddiga of sabayn geedka ugu horeysay nukliyeerka "Mikhail Lomonosov" ayaa la qorsheeyey in sanadaha soo socda.