Taasi waxaa loo iibiyey in sibraar oo winemakers, brewers iyo farmashiye: Isbeddellada horumarinta Baakadaha

Ururku wuxuu ugu horeysay, waxa kadhibaataysan in ay ka jawaabaan su'aasha ah waxa lagu iibiyaa dhalooyinka, ku dhowaad dhammaan isku - khamriga.

Inkastoo Russia ayaa inta badan ku filan in la xuso vodka iyo biirka, oo ka dhigan dhalo muraayad saafi ah. dhalada Later xusa caanaha, kuul polutoralitrovye PET, kiimikada guryaha ee caaga ah, saliid gabbaldayaha iyo dareeraha ah.

Taariiqda

Wixii kaydinta iyo gaadiidka wakiilada oo saliid iyo khamri ah ilbaxnimo ee qadiimiga ah loo isticmaalo, iyo haragoodu xoolaha iyo weelasha ka samaysan alwaax xardhan iyo weelasha dhoobada. noocooda ah ee dhalooyinka casriga yihiin, dabcan, amphora qadiimiga Masriga, oo alaabteeda oo cidhiidhi adag toosan si ay u fuliyaan iyo kaydka biirka iyo khamri, iyo saliid.

weelka galaaska kaydinta oo cabitaanno ah ayaa codsatay in ka badan saddex kun oo sano ka hor (1700 E.. BC). weelka galaaska sameeyey koollada quartz. Geedi ayaa adag, waqti-Cunidda iyo dheer. Oo markaas oo keliya, markii la soo hindiseen blowpipe ah (1-2 qarnigii BC E..), Geedi socodka noqday sahlan. Romans The guuleysto wax soo saarka ee alaabta galaas, wanaajinta qaabka iyo awoodda oo weelasha.

Ka dib markii qarnigii 13aad sayid uguurtay articles tallaabay dalka ka maqan oo waxay bilaabeen inay meel walba ku weyddiinayaa, halkaas oo waxaa jiray baahi ah in uu kaydiyo iyo gaadiidka cabitaanno ah, inkastoo ay ahaayeen kuwo ku debcaan.

Qarnigii 17-foornada British tiga waayo dhuxusha toogashada. waxyaabaha Glass ayaa noqotay xoog in foornada dabka ah oo la sameeyey toogashada suurto galka ah ee dhalooyinka mugdiga ah. Winemakers isla markiiba aqoonsan this iyo, sida, mar xiranayo dhalada ugu horeysay oo khamri ah (1661, England).

Maxaad galaas?

Faa'iidooyinka galaas hore ee dhoobada waa muuqdaan, iska caabin abrasion sare, brittleness hoose, gebi ahaanba hufnaan. transportability sare la siiyo habka wax soo saarka cheap (mashiinka saarka ee dhalooyinka ayaa la xiranayo ee 1901) waxa uu noqday adag faafidda galaas. Nadaafad, si fudud loo nadiifin, wax cufnaanta iyo midabka - faa'iidooyinka kuwan waxaa lagu daray maamulaha, iyo baakadaha galaas uu noqday lagama maarmaan.

Taasi waxaa loo iibiyey in sibraar oo winemakers galaas maanta?

Xiranayo for sibraar khamri ah tan iyo qarnigii 17aad ayaa lagu sameeyay isbedel weyn.

The dhalada ugu caansan iyo mass tixgeliyo Bordeaux, waxa si fudud loo aqoonsan karo oo ay kala iyo garbaha of hoose ee concave. Waxa loo isticmaalaa buuxinta raagay casaan iyo caddaan.

Waayo, dhalooyinka Burgundian lagu gartaa a garbaha sloping, kanna waa weelka galaaska labaad ee ugu weyn khamri.

Jiid ilaa sibraar Burgundy loo yaqaan "biibiilaha", marka hore la sii daayay in Germany.

dhalada caanka ah ee khamri la dhalaalayay waxaa been abuurtay (by Halyeeyga, soo saare raagay dhalaalayay "Dom Perignon") wadaad Pierre Perignon. feature A ee baakada tani waa dhumucdiisuna waxay derbiga, oo booskiisa gaar ah oo hoose miisaan leh.

Weelasha for vodka iyo jinniyadooda

Inta lagu jiro muddada Soviet deggan dalka ma dareemaan raaxo on jaho ee foomamka la soo jeediyay ee dhalooyinka, kaas oo si ku shub vodka ee, khamri iyo Rum. vodka sale waxaa soo abaabulay xagga dambe ee weelka galaaska: dadka dhalooyin wasakh qaaday, ka dibna way ku maydheen off qoraalka, ku sameeyey Makiinadaha dhar dhaqidda gaar ah, oo kaliya in ka dib markii mar kale dhalada leh vodka ka buuxsamay. weelka Caadiga ahaayeen dhalooyin cagaaran hufan iyo madow - 0.5 litir, ugu yaraan 0,25.

Maanta Heshiisyada saarayaasha vodka yaabiyo ma aha oo kaliya la aqonsado ee content iyo koobab, laakiin sidoo kale foomka. dhalooyin dhaqanka Soviet tagaan waddada dhankeeda yiil, taas oo waddada u horumarinta noocyada design la monogram iyo calaamad midabo. Inta badan, xirmooyinka oo maanta lagu gorgortami karo.

Beer Glass ama PET

weelka ee dhaqanka u ah biirka ka dib markii dhalada galaas bakeerigaagu biir waxaa loo arkaa inay: white, oo hufan, oo cagaar ah, madow cawlan. Ka hor 1970, waxaa la sheegay in galaas ee SBI biir.

dhalooyin ka terephthalate polyetylen (PET) ayaa waxa uu noqday kale shuruud galaas culus. weelasha miisaanka caag for biir (iyo sharaabka kale) 0.5 L - 28 garaam guud ahaan, iyo galaas culeyskiisu yahay 350 garaam.

Soo-saareyaasha of dhalooyin PET in faa'iidooyinka of weelka waxa ka mid ah qiimo jaban ah, iyo hufnaan u maaraysay, iyo sharraxaadda, iyo recyclability.

Qasaaraha weelasha PET

guryaha Barrier of dhalooyin PET hana u oggolaan in cabitaanno ah in lagu kaydiyaa awoodda muddo dheer. Tan waxa u sabab xaqiiqada ah in ka yar size ee u taagoo gaaska (oxygen iyo carbon dioxide) si sahal ah gelin dhismeedka miisaanka polyetylen ah silsilad sare kelli. Nor waa caqabad ah rays UV.

Sidaa darteed, guryaha ee cabitaanada naqaska ku kala duwan yihiin. In Germany, biir dhalooyin PET oo kaliya loo isticmaali karaa laba toddobaad gudahood. saarayaasha qoyska saaray dulqaadka weyn - ilaa afar bilood.

Taasi waxaa loo iibiyey in sibraar oo PET, biirka marka laga reebo?

Shirkadda "PepsiCo" marka hore si ay u isticmaalaan baakada sida for cabitaannada fudud. In 1974, warshada soo saarka ee dhalooyinka PET la dhisay Novorossiysk shirkadda this.

ganacsiga ee soo saara weelka caynkaas ah waxa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu caansan oo waxtar: heer sare waxay fursad si aad u hesho dakhli ah oo deggan la maal-yar. About share kharashka dhalooyinka ku jira qiimaha ugu dambeeya ayaa sheegay in this: 90% qiimaha biyaha macdanta waa kharashka weelka.

In Russia maanta PET dalabka inta lagu guda jiro buuxinta of dhan - wax soo saarka iyo waxyaabaha caanaha laga, saliidda dhirta iyo miirka. Waayo, jelly iyo saliidda awoodda caadiga ah - 0.9-1 l. Casiir dhalada sii daayay ka soo 0.1 litir 1 liter.

biyaha macdanta dhalada in Russia waa baahida yar ee galaas badan ee PET. Tan waxa u sabab xilliyada ka mid ah isticmaalka iyo advertising lagu hafray soo rogay soo saarka cusub, waayo, Russia dadweynaha (tan iyo 1990).

Dhalooyinka caaga iyo aluminium, meesha iyo sababta dhigay

Si aad su'aasha ah: "Waxa lagu iibiyo dhalooyin caag ka dhigay" - jawaabta waa cad yahay: kiimikada guryaha, cadar iyo warshadaha rinjiga.

Waa wax aan macquul in la qiyaaso jikada oo aan wax dhalooyin la zhirosmyvatelyami iyo Xumaan removers kala duwan. xulashada weyn ee shaamboo, jel, conditioners in dhalooyin caag ah ama aluminium waa mid cajiib ah.

Automobile iyo rinjiga dhismaha, enamels Kohler soo saaray by saarayaasha ma aha oo kaliya in weel weyn, laakiin sidoo kale suuqa mass weel caag ah.