Taariikhda galaas wasakheeyey ee Russia iyo dunida oo dhan. farshaxanka samaynta muraayada

ereyga "galaas wasakheeyey" The loo tarjumay ka Latin sida "muraayad". Wuxuu waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah noocyada ugu badan la safeeyey iyo gaarka ah ee farshaxanka, hodan ku ah farsamooyinka taariikhda iyo waxqabadka ay. Taariikh kooban oo ku saabsan asalka ah ee galaas wasakheeyey sheegi doonaa akhristayaasha ee maqaalka.

Background ee muraayada

Macallimow, sheekada oo ah muraayada ee carruurta fasalka, ku bilaw sababaha asalka u ah ay ka soo jeedo. Xaaladan oo ka mid ah ilbaxnimooyinka ugu horeysay ee la xidhiidha arinta daahfurtay in badan. Waxaa markaas ahaa, oo waxay bilaabeen inay soo saaraan hal galaas. Waqti ka, waxaan bartay si ay u midabo iyo sida loo isticmaalo in ay qurxiyaan walxaha kala duwan. dhaqan kasta lahaa isticmaalka gaar ah u gaar ah ee koob sida:

• Sumerians qurxinay Saanqaag Fidlo macbudyo ay.
• Masriyiinta iyo muraayad nabarka muquuninta sameeyey xaggeeda weelashii midab leh.
• The Romans iyo Gariigba ahaayeen takhasusay soo saarka ee dheryaha qaraami ah iyo koobab la sawirro madaxtooyada oo badan oo dahabka.

All daahfurtay in dib taariikhda bilowga ah BC Millennium labaad. Kaliya kun sano ka dib markii ay reer Suuriya bartay inay afuufaan galaas, iyo tan siiyey kor u taariikhda horumarka muraayada.

Imaansho muraayad ugu horeysay gaaro dhiigga

In taariikhda muuqaalka kore ee galaas wasakheeyey looma qoro taariikhda saxda ah. Laakiin waxaynu og nahay in xilligii Christian noqday ciyaaryahankii ugu horeeyay in ay isticmaalaan hal galaas midab for soo saaridda of sawirada fudud. Waxaa la Putty la dhajinta on board a ama daaqadaha qurxiyey. Iyo dhalashada ka mid ah kuwo macbudyo dhaca hore ee horumarinta heshay muraayada Byzantine. gabayo Laudatory iyo tilmaanta darey galaas ahaayeen gabayaaga caanka ah ee qarnigii afraad ama shanaad. Waqtigaas, galaas wasakheeyey lifaaqan muhiimadda rabaani ah, iyo iftiinka maraya iyaga waxaa la ruuxa quduuska ah marka la barbar dhigo.

History of horumarinta

Nasiib darro, our time, mana aysan gaarin qarnigii wasakheeyey daaqadaha galaas tobnaad badan gobolka oo dhan. Waxay ka jajabkii ka hartay iyo cajalado ah gabayayaashiinnu lagu xukumi karaa. Laakiin mustaqbalka noocan oo kale ah tahay ayaa si weyn loo faafin iyo horumarinta dalalka oo dhan. Ha ka fikiro si aynu sheekada ka soo jeedo ee daaqadaha wasakheeyey-galaas, Hababka isbedel iyo technology in marxalad kasta.

muraayada Romanesque

Sheekadu waxay muraayad ku wasakhoobay inoo sheegayaa in hindiga baxday qarnigii kow iyo tobnaad oo ahaa weli la xiriira qarni ah. Waxay noqotay daaqadaha wasakheeyey-galaas classic ugu horeeyay, taas oo image la soo sameeyey oo xabbadood oo dhalooyinka midabka iyo profile ee biraha.

Maqaallo galaas Romanesque gaaro dhiigga:

• iyaga awoodi kari waayay, ma dhammaan qiimaha sare, tan iyo farsamo barafku iyo quraaradaha ahaa mid aad u adag iyo waqti,
• waxaa jiray qaar ka mid ah sayidkooda iibinta ee sheets galaas oo khafiif ah oo ku takhasusay astaamo sawir toos sii kordhay tayada Romanesque daaqadaha wasakheeyey-galaas;
• soo saarka guddi hal qaaday kasta isagoo qaab iyo midab ka badan boqol gogo 'oo kala duwan;
• muraayada muddada this waxaa lagu gartaa cilladaha sida ahayed, sinnayn, ka qaadmay, laakiin aan wax dhacaan oo ay muuqaalka, iyo iyaga ka dhigaa inay gaar ah iyo la jecel yahay in ay jidka u gaar ah.

Mishiino soo saarta dhalooyinka Romanesque gaaro dhiigga:

• si ay u bilaabaan sayidkii qaaday dusha ka samaysan alwaax, iyo iyada oo tiradaasi ku qeexan uu masterpiece mustaqbalka;
• markaas element kasta oo ka mid ah bogagga hannaankii doortay (qaabka iyo cabbirka);
• jajab ayaa codsatay in nooca la doonayo ee rinjiyaynta rinjiga ka dib markii rasaas foorno si loo adkeeyo hannaanka;
• mosaicking dhacay image oo dhan iyadoo la isticmaalayo casements cidhiidhi ah ee hogaanka,
• sida daaqadaha wakhtigaas ahaayeen weyn (ku dhow lix mitir), waayo, xoog iyo xasiloonida of Halabuurka weyn ka kooban dhowr darfaha yar ka weyn.

Masterpieces ee Zaman Romanesque:

• Masiix madaxa Veyssemburgskogo Abbey Alsace;
• Halabuurka afar nebiyada Old Testament ee Cathedral Augsburg ah;
• "Loosoo Masiixa" ee Cathedral Augsburg ah;
• "The Qodbay iyo Qiyaame" on daaqadaha cathedral ee Poitiers;
• suuqa kala saddex wasakheeyey-galaas oo Trinity Quduuska ah ee cathedral ee Chartres.

muraayada Gothic

Taariikhda galaas wasakheeyey (Gothic) ayaa asal ahaan ay 1144. Abbot taliye Sergiyos Bawlos inta lagu guda jiro dhismaha kaniisadda Saint-Denis, buuxiyeen dhowr medallions suuqa kala taagan. Farqiga ugu muhiimsan ee ka style Romanesque of Halabuurka ahaa xaqiiqada ah in billadda kasta Muujin xilligan muhiim ah in taariikhda.

Features of Gothic daaqadaha wasakheeyey-galaas:

• in cathedrals bilaabay inuu kordhiyo tirada daaqadaha in ay diiwaan-in qaab Gothic,
• naqshadaha Tani waxa ay si deg deg ah helay taageero iyo loo sameeyay England iyo France,
• muraayada markii ugu danbeysay siiyey macbudka madowgiisa, oo la xidhiidha sharka, iyo waqti isku mid ah ruuxa weyn, ku lifaaqan ee aad u badan oo iftiin, ratio this ahaa nin qumman oo ku qaadeen macnaha asalka ah;
• midabada casaanka iyo buluugga ah ugu danbeyn cokan si tartiib tartiib bedelay fududee, in lagu qabto gudaha intii macquul ah iftiin,
• beddeleen iyo noocyada furan yahay suuqa kala;
• France abuurtay farsamo cusub oo la caddeeyo - grisaille, kuwaas oo nuxurka been in xaqiiqda ah in iftiin, muraayada iftiimeen meeleeyay ah meelaha weyn mugdi ah, iyaga huriyo daynin, muddo, tirada farsamooyinka of style this noqday xitaa ka sii badan.

The ugu caansan daaqadaha muraayada, ka dhigay in qaab classic Gothic, oo ku yaalla cathedral ee Chartres. Taasi waa ay fududahay si loo raad raaco wada noolaanshaha ka dhexeeya daaqadaha haybad, naqshadaha-xumida iyo fikradda meel gudaha. socodka tiro badan oo ah rays gudcurka, iyo gudcurka ku siinayaa saamayn cajiib ah oo soo jiidasho leh - taasi waa quruxda Gothic ah. Sidoo kale in cathedral waxaa peculiarity ah taasi oo markii dambe ku faafay dunida oo dhan - waxaa daaqad on a Latin cross hannaankii. Waxay soo bandhigay nolosha Virgin ah. Oo daaqadaha, saldhig u muujinaysa kuwo Masiix iyo Maryan oo bikrad ah.

daaqadaha muraayada ah Renaissance ah

ruxruxo A cusub ee dhaqanka, ay ka mid yihiin dhismaha, xanaajiyeen dhacdooyinka cabsi badan sida dagaal iyo belaayo. By qarnigii shan iyo tobnaad, oo qof ayaa joojiyay in ay ku riday kaniisadda in meesha ugu horeysa oo u tegey hab cilmaani ah nolosha. Waxaa aad u saameeyay horumarinta dheeraad ah muraayada.

Features daaqadaha wasakheeyey-galaas oo Renaissance ah:

• Koox ka mid ah farsamooyinka fiicnaaday koob shaqeeyaan;
• waxaa arrin been abuurtay si tartib ah oo lacag ah, oo aad u kordhay heerka sawirada ahbaa;
• midabada si toos ah laga codsadaa in ay galaaska, waxaa suurtagal ah si ay u helaan noocyo kala duwan oo midabo aan caadi ahayn;
• images eegto more asaasay oo dhalaalaya,
• France iyo Italy ayaa ah xarumaha ugu weyn ee wax soo saarka ee daaqadaha wasakheeyey-galaas;
• in medallions Parma, aan ka badnayn soddon sentimitir, waxay noqdeen wax calaamado ah xilligii.

Tusaalooyinka Renaissance wasakhoobay:

• suuqa kala Florence Cathedral by sayid Talyaani;
• daaqadaha keniisad in Kenigsfeldene;
• daaqadaha gaaro dhiigga-galaas ee goobta cibaadaysiga Besserer in Ulm Wasiirka.

Wasakheeyey High Renaissance

Ilaa qarnigii lix iyo sayidkayga muraayada soo saaray nidaamka classical ilaa halkaas joogay sayid sida Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo ah. Waxay saamayn weyn dhaqanka dunida, oo ay ku jiraan taariikhda farshaxanka galaas wasakheeyey ee Russia.

Features daaqadaha wasakheeyey-galaas oo Renaissance Sare:

• tan iyo inta badan ee sayid of galaas wasakheeyey ahaayeen Talyaaniga, waxayna la mid noqdeen qorayaasha ka mid ah isbedelka cusub;
• art of Epoch isku dhafan xaqiiqo ah oo ka mid ah xubno European ah decoration iyo foomamka weyn;
• Waxaa la horumariyo a mashiinada cusub processing galaas, ka dhigo mid aad hufan oo cad;
• marka lagu daro lacag ah, iyo been abuurtay etchant cas,
• Master bilaabay inuu door bidaan nidaamka midabka, hana u xumeeyaan foomamka iyo images of ficiladooda nijaasta;
• furitaankiisu in daaqadaha ballaarisey xitaa ka sii badan oo soo gaadhay Joogaba, toosaa.

Tusaale ka mid ah daaqadaha wasakheeyey-galaas oo Renaissance Sare:

• "Tree Yesay" in Beauvais;
• daaqadaha weyn ee Cathedral ee Brussels,
• "Eryidda of Heliodorus ka Macbadka" ee cathedral ee Gouda.

qarnigii lix waxaa loo arkaa la soo dhaafay in ra'iisul ee muraayada ee qarniyadii dhexe. Dheeraad ah, soo saaridda of patterns technology dhalooyinka iyo sawirka u noqday horumarka aad u degdeg ah. qarnigii labaatanaad saamayn weyn ku hababka la dhigaayo wasakheeyey.

History of muuqaalka kore ee muraayada ee Russia

galaas Ruush wasakheeyey ma jirin ilaa qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad. dadka hodanka ah oo keliya kartaa raaxaystaan ka keeneen masterpieces dibadda. Waxa ugu waa in kaniisadaha iyo cathedrals kuma jiraan muraayada, iyo dhaqanka oo dhan ma aha ee u baahan foomkan of farshaxanka. Waxay u muuqday oo markiiba helay taageero iyada oo shuqullada sayid Yurub.

Taariikhda muraayada ee Russia:

• qarnigii XVII - muuqaalka kore ee ugu horeysay ee muraayada;
• qarnigii XVIII - fadhiidka ah ee horumarinta non-faa'iidada;
• laga bilaabo qarnigii XIX ah - mudida tartiib ah sawiro of galaas midab, dhaqan Ruush sameeyey;
• bartamihii qarnigii XIX ah - isticmaalka firfircoon ee galaas wasakheeyey; Emperor iyo dadka kale ee hodanka ah ayaa la ansixiyay fashion Yurub oo bilaabay inuu u isticmaalaan in ay qurxiyaan xaafadaha ay, ayaa markaas wasakheeyey iyo kaniisadaha,
• dhammaadkii qarnigii XIX ah - dhisay siminaaro badan oo ku saabsan xirfad farshaxan, iyo sidoo kale fasalada rinjiyeynta iyo dugsiga;
• qeybtii hore ee XX qarnigii - wasakheeyey tahay muraayad bilaabay inuu hoos u sabab u ah dabar ee Art lacagta badan, iyo ka dib, sababtoo ah ka dillaacay ee dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka,
• bartamihii qarnigii XX ah - nooleynta gaaro dhiigga galaas dhaqanka Soviet, waxay yeelan doonaan wax soo saarka gaar ah, kala duwan oo ka farshaxankiisa hore ay asalnimada iyo madmadowga.

daaqadaha galaas caanka Ruush gaaro dhiigga:

• decoration muraayada ee St. Alexander Nevsky Church,
• Chapel ee Tsarskoye Selo;
• Society The Ruush dhuleed ee St. Petersburg,
• "Loosoo Masiixa" Cathedral St. Isxaaq.

Wasakheeyey Glass, hore iyo mid hadda

Iyadoo loo arkaa dhinaca taariikhiga ah ee noocyada wasakheeyey in ay jireen waagii kala duwan, waxaan loo isticmaalaa in lagu soo noqdaan in farshaxanka casriga ah. daaqadaha muraayada of our time waxaa si qolkii siin soo jiidashada gaar ah iyo style. Dad badan oo farsamooyinka galaas-samaynta, horumarinta iyo design fashion ayaa noqotay daqiiqado muhiimka ah ee ah ee noocyada kala duwan cusub ee farshaxanka.

noocyada casriga ah ee muraayada:

• Sandblast wasakheeyey - Halabuurka galaas, ka dhigay in farsamo-engeeg iyo audio xidhiidha theme caadi ah. Sameeyey dushiisa oo dhan, sida caadiga ah ka mid ah midabka.
• Muuse muraayada - wuxuu ka kooban yahay qayb ka mid ah oo ku saabsan size isla, eg mahrajaan. Waxaa laga yaabaa in asalka ama image ah sawir.
• Dejiyo oo muraayada - sawirka abuuray xubnihii shaqsi muraayad la doonayo qaabka iyo midabka, sida caadiga ah iyada oo aan lagu daro kasta.
• Fusing - muraayad, kuwaas oo ka kooban waxaa la soo ururiyey, waxaa sintered kasta oo kale oo boos uuraysatay. Xataa noocan ah waxaa ka mid ah xubno shisheeye qaarkood vpekanie in image finalka.
• Priming gaaro dhiigga - wuxuu ka kooban yahay hal galaas dahaarka leh kula image dusha ka uuraysatay. si faahfaahsan kasta waxaa ka buuxsamay rinjiga gaar ah ama varnish.
• Iambarrada wasakheeyey - set oo ah koob macmalay by hab of technology Iagu iyo macnaha hal xiran.
• Kabida, muraayada - wuxuu ka kooban yahay hal galaas midab go'an in jir ah hogaanka oo la shaabadeeyey ee laabatooyinka. Farsamada ugu da'da weyn, taas oo gaadhay tan iyo qarniyadii dhexe.
• Khuseeya wasakheeyey - waxaa soo ururay oo isticmaalaya dhalooyinka, iyadoo ku saabsan kuwaas oo hore u saaray. Ikhtiyaar kale - waa isticmaalka dhulka iyo galaas safeeyey.
• Isugeynta muraayada - halabuurka, isku daraysa dhowr nooc oo ah muraayad wasakheeyey. Farsamada Tani waxay ka caawisaa si loo gaaro natiijo la yaab leh, si ay u sameeyaan a masterpieces dhab ah asalka ah.

Tiffany wasakheeyey Glass

Lewis Tiffany ahaa aasaasihii uu style u gaar ah iyo farsamo ee la abuurayo muraayada, kaas oo noqday caan ah oo adduunka oo dhan. Isagu waa muddo aad u dheer ka shaqeynaya doorashada ee alaabta, iyo ugu muhiimsan - on siyaabo si uu u xaliyo galaaska, sida hababka ay Dr Makumbe aan ku habboonayn. Maxaa ka dhacay on natiijada shuqullo kuwan, gabi ahaanba hadhaysay by kabida, muraayada. Sidaas waxa kala duwan oo ku saabsan farsamada this dadka kale iyo sababta taariikhda daaqadaha galaas Tiffany wasakheeyey ka mid ah ugu qiimaha badan yihiin, eegno dhow.

Maqaallo Tiffany-style:

1. Color. Nuurkii ayaa had iyo jeer Faraj aad muhiim ugu ah Lyuisa Tiffani marka koob wasakheeyey shaqeeya. Waxa uu isku dayay in uu gaaro qaninimada ugu weyn ee suuragalka ah oo asalnimada ee isticmaalka midabada. Mararka qaarkood Macallimow midabada aayo, iyo mararka qaarkood ku riday mid ka mid ah (ama xitaa dhowr) galaas on top kale.
2. Waxyaabaha. Tayada - waa astaanta xogta khasab wasakheeyey galaas. Ka hor inta aadan bilaabin galaas wasakhoobay waxaa had iyo jeer maray imtixaan adag, waa in ay noqon aan wax cilladaha iyo texture uniform.
3. Xaqiiqo. shuqullada odaygii ayaa si casri ah, oo adag, ka buuxa faahfaahinta iyo midabkiinaba, in ay inta badan marka la barbar dhigo rinjiyeynta.
4. Technology. Xiriirka u dhexeeya hal galaas oo ka dhacay iyada oo strip copper ah. Tan iyo markii ay ahayd ka badan hal galaas laftiisa, cajalad la isku laalaabay ku laayeen, xagal sagaashan digrii. xubno dhammeeyey yihiin kuwo isku xiran oo codsatay in patina iyo waxa daasadda.
5. Qiimaha sare. shaqada noocan oo kale ah waa mid aad u qaali ah, oo kaliya laga heli karaa ururin gaar ahaaneed, matxafyada British iyo American iyo cathedrals.

Wax yar ka hor inta uusan dhiman, Lewis (1933), shirkaddu la xiray, laakiin weli farsamo Tiffany waxaa loo arkaa in ay ka mid ah kuwa ugu wanaagsan, iyo shaqo - masterpiece ah tahay.