Sulfated acid: guryaha formula iyo kiimikada

Mid ka mid ah acids macdanta hore, oo noqday kuwa loo yaqaan ninkii - waa sulfuric acid, ama sulfate. Ma aha oo kaliya in, laakiin qaar badan oo ka mid ah cusbada ay waxaa loo isticmaalaa dhismaha, dawo, warshadaha cuntada iyo ujeedooyin farsamo. Ilaa hadda saaraysa, waxba ma uu is beddelay. sifooyin dhowr ah in uu leeyahay sulphate acid, waa wax fudud maarmaan in syntheses kiimikada. Intaa waxaa dheer, in ficil ahaan qeybaha kala duwan ee warshadaha iyo nolol maalmeedka waxaa loo isticmaalaa cusbada oo dhanba. Sidaa darteed, waxaanu ka fiirsan si faahfaahsan waxa uu yahay iyo waxa ay tahay sifooyinka ugu muujiyey guryaha.

kala duwan oo ka mid ah magacyada

Bal aan ka bilowno xaqiiqda ah in magacyada in this macno badan. ka mid ah kuwa la aasaasay by Magac-a maangalka ah, iyo kuwa taariikh ahaan ay leeyihiin. Sayidka, xarunta this waa in loo gudbiyaa sida:

• sulphate acid,
• vitriol;
• acid sulfuric,
• oleum.

Inkasta oo ereyga "oleum" ma aha oo gebi ahaanba ku haboon maalkii sababtoo ah waa isku dar ah ee acid sulfuric iyo xabagta sare baaruud - SO _3.

sulphate Acid: formula kelli iyo qaab-dhismeedka

Marka laga eego dhnaca ee gaabiyey kiimikada qori formula ee acid this waxaa laga yaabaa in si: H ₂ SO _4. Waa wax iska cad in Britain ayaa waxa ay ka kooban laba siifilisku hydrogen iyo anion ka hadhay acid - sulfate ra'iyi isagoo 2+ lacag.

Sayidka gudahood Britain ee, isgaarsiinta ee soo socda:

• covalent horjeeda u dhaxeeya baaruud iyo oxygen;
• covalent si xoog leh kala horjeeda u dhaxeeya hydrogen iyo intii ka hadhay acid SO _4.

Sera isagoo 6 electrons unpaired foomamka laba bonds double laba atamka oxygen. Xitaa laba - hal, iyo kuwa markeeda - hal hydrogen ah. Sidaas darteed of dhismeedka kelli u ogolaanaya in ay noqon xoog leh oo ku filan. Isla mar ahaantaana, waxbarashada hydrogen waa mid aad u mobile ah oo sahlan si ay u tagaan, waayo, baaruud iyo oxygen waa weyn ee electronegativity. Jiidaya cufnaanta electron laftiisa, ay bixiyaan lacag hydrogen qayb wanaagsan, oo markay detaching dhamaato. Sayidka sameeyay xal acid, taas oo waa H ^+.

Isagoo ka hadlayay dalalka qayilo victorious ee xarunta, caanaha sulfate acid garansii H ₂ SO _4, si fudud u ogolaanaya xisaabinta: hydrogen y +1, y -2 oxygen, baaruud at +6.

Sida Britain kasta, amarka net waa eber.

History of daahfurka

Sulfate acid la og yahay in qof tan iyo wakhtiyada ugu qadiimiga ah. Xitaa alchemists ay awoodaan si ay u helaan hababka kala duwan ee calcining sulfate. Laga soo bilaabo qarnigii IX ah, ayaa dadka qaar loo isticmaalo iyo walax this. Later in Europe Albertus Magnus bartay inay soo saaro acid ah ee geedi socodka of daatay of sulphate birta.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma jiro mid ah hababka aan faa'iido. Markaasaa la ogaado waxa loogu yeero muuqashadii qolkii Avv. Waayo, baaruud this gubanaya iyo amooniyam, iyo uumi waxaad fartaan Wannaagga biyaha nuugo. Sidaas darteed, sulphate acid sameeyay.

Weli ka dib, British ah ay awoodaan si loo helo habka ugu jaban ee helitaanka walaxda. Waxaan isticmaali pyrite ah - FeS _2, pyrites bir ah. Its ka cayrinta iyo falcelin ku xiga la oxygen weli waa mid ka mid ah hababka ugu muhiimsan ee warshadeed ee ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee sulfuric acid. alaabta ceeriin noocan oo kale ah oo dheeraad ah la heli karo, la awoodi karo oo tayo leh oo wax soo saarka mugga weyn.

guryaha jirka

Waxaa jira fursado dhowr ah, oo ay ku jiraan dibadda, oo waa ka sulfate kale acid kala duwan. guryaha jirka lagu tilmaami karaa in dhawr qodob:

1. Under xaaladaha caadiga ah, - dareere ah.
2. In dawlad xoog u culus yahay, saliid leh, taas oo uu ugu yeedhay "saliidda vitriol".
3. Mugga Maandooriyaha - 1.84 g / cm ^3.
4. Waxay leedahay ma midabka ama urta.
5. Waxay leedahay "copper" a dhadhan xoog leh.
6. Waxay u kala diray biyo si aad u wanaagsan, ku dhowaad aan xad lahayn.
7. Hygroscopic, waa ay awoodaan in ay qabsadaan biyo lacag la'aan ah oo xidhxidhan labadaba ka unugyo ah.
8. nonvolatile The.
9. dhibic karaya - 296 ° ^C.
10. MILMA at 10.3 ^° C

Mid ka mid ah qaababka ugu muhiimsan ee xarunta this tahay awooddiisa ah inuu hydrate la sii daayo of xaddi badan oo kulaylka. Taasi waa sababta xitaa dugsiga, carruurta waxaa la baraa in biyo lagu daraa acid ah kiis kasta waa wax aan macquul aheyn, laakiin mid kasoo horjeeda. Ka dib oo dhan, biyaha waa fududee in cufnaanta, sidaa daraadeed waxa uu ku ururto doonaa dushiisa. Haddii si weyn waxa ay sii kordhineysaa in ay acid ah, dareen-celin ka dhalanaya milmi baxay tamar badan in biyaha bilaabo inuu karkariyo oo lagu wada buufiyay qayb ka walax khatar ah. Waxay keeni kartaa gubasho daran kiimikada maqaarka gacmahaaga.

Sidaas darteed waa in ay dhibco ku shub acid biyo, ka dibna isku dar ah ayaa waxaa si xoog leh kululaynta, laakiin karkaraya dhacaan ma, iyo halkan aad qarash.

kiimikaad

Laga soo bilaabo aragtida ah kiimikada, acid waa mid aad u xoog badan, gaar ahaan haddii ay ku howlan xal. Waxaa dibasic, si kastaba ha ahaatee stepwise iska fogeeyay si ay u sameeyaan anion gidrosulfat- iyo sulfate.

Guud ahaan, ay la macaamilaan xeryahooda kala duwan la kulmay oo dhan reactions aasaasiga ah caadiga ah ee fasalka ka mid ah walxaha. Waxaa jira tusaalooyin dhowr ah isla'egyada oo ka qayb sulphate acid. guryaha Chemical yihiin muujiyey in ay la macaamilaan:

• cusbada,
• oxides biraha iyo hydroxides;
• oxides amphoteric iyo hydroxides;
• Biraha ee taxanahan electrochemical in hydrogen taagan.

Sidaas darteed of isdhexgalka sida in gebi ahaanba xaaladaha oo dhan cusbada celceliska aasaasay of acid ah (sulfates), ama acidic (sulfates hydrogen).

Muuqaalka gaar ah sidoo kale waa xaqiiqda ah in biraha sidii caadiga ahayd Me + H ₂ SO ₄ = ₄ + Meso H ₂ ↑ xal maalkii sameynayso, i.e. milo acid. Haddii aan soo qaadanno ah u xoog ama cokan sare (oleum), alaabta falcelinta waa kuwo kala duwan.

guryaha gaarka ah ee sulfuric acid

Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah xal dhexgalka kaliya la joogaa biraha. Sidaas darteed, waxaa jira jaantuska muujinaya mabda'a dhan celintan:

1. Haddii biraha firfircoon yahay, natiijadu waa formation of sulphide hydrogen, cusbada iyo biyaha. Taasi waa, baaruud waa la dhimay si -2.
2. Haddii hawlaha caadiga ah ee biraha, natiijada - baaruud, milix iyo biyo. Taasi waa, soo kabashada ee ra'iyi sulfate in baaruud free ah.
3. Biraha hawl yar yahay kiimikada (ka dib markii hydrogen) - baaruud dioxide, milix iyo biyo. baaruud ee lagu qayilo gobolka +4.

Sidoo kale guryaha gaarka ah sulfate acids yihiin awood u leh inay oxidize qaar ka mid ah non-birta ay sidoodii qayilo ugu sareeya oo jawaab celin la xeryahooda adag oo iyaga oksidheeyeyaal in walxaha fudud.

Hababka for soo saarka warshadaha

habka sulphate sulfuric acid ka kooban yahay laba nooc oo aasaasi ah:

• pin;
• munaaraddii.

Labaduba waa hababka ugu badan in industry ee dunida oo dhan. muuqashadii ugu horeeyay ee ku salaysan yahay isticmaalaya sida alaabta ceeriin pyrites bir ama baaruud pyrite - FeS _2. Guud ahaan waxaa jira saddex weji:

1. Calcination mid ah waxyaabaha la cayriin si ay u sameeyaan ahaan maxsuulka sari baaruud dioxide.
2. Gudbinta gaaska this iyada oo loo marayo ogsijiin ka badan Hannaan vanadium ah si ay u sameeyaan trioxide baaruud - SO _3.
3. munaaraddii nuugo waa la fuliyay go anhydride ee xalka of sulfate acid la formation xal-fiirsashada sare - oleum. dareere qaro weyn dufan aad u culus.

muuqashadii A labaad - shiidaa waa isku mid, laakiin oxides nitrogen ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida Hannaan. In la eego oo xuduudaheedu sida tayada wax soo saarka, kharashka iyo awood isticmaalka, adigoo daahir ah ee alaabta ceeriin, waxqabadka, habka ugu horeysay ee waa wax ku ool ah oo la aqbali karo, sidaas darteed waxaa loo adeegsanayaa marar badan.

shaybaarka Avv

Haddii aad rabto in aad hesho sulfuric acid tiro yar ee imtixaanka shaybaarka, sida ugu fiican si ay ula falgalaan tayadda hydrogen sulfates bir aan firfircoonayn.

Xaaladahan, formation of tayadda ferrous, oo waxaa la aasaasay sida byproduct ah sulfuric acid. Waayo, cilmiga yar doorasho sida ku habboon yahay, laakiin ka khayroon daahirnimo ee sida acid noqon doonaa kala duwan jirin.

Sidoo kale in shaybaarka noqon kartaa jawaab tayo in xal sulfate ah. The reagent ugu badan waa chloride of barium, tan iyo Ba ²⁺ udhigo si wadajir ah ula anion sulfate precipitates ee soo dadajin cad - caanaha barite: H ₂ SO ₄ + ₂ = BaCL 2HCL + BaSO ₄ ↓

The milix ugu badan

Sulfated acid iyo sulfates oo u yeela, waa xeryahooda muhiim ah oo dhinacyo badan warshadaha iyo qoyska, oo ay ku jiraan cunto. The cusbada acid inta badan sulfuric yihiin kuwa soo socda:

1. Gypsum (alabastar, selenite). Magaca Kiimikada - aqueous biyo cabaan sulphate calcium. Formula: CaSO _4. Waxaa loo adeegsado dhismaha, dawo, saxarka iyo warshadaha warqad, soo saaridda ee dahabka.
2. Barite (barytes). Barium sulfate. Xalku waa soo dadajin ah caanno. In foomka adag - kiristaalo hufan. Loo isticmaalo qalabka indhaha, shucaaca X-ray, waayo, soo saaridda ee daahan ah qalabada.
3. Mirabilite (cusbo Glauber ee). Magaca Kiimikada - crystalline sodium sulphate decahydrate. Formula: Na ₂ SO ₄ * 10H ₂ O. Waxa loo isticmaalaa sida calool jilciye ee daawo.

Mid ka mid ah tixraacaan kartaa sida tusaale u ah cusbada badan, kuwaas oo ka mid ah muhiimadda wax ku ool ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kor ku xusan - ugu badan.

Kraft khamriga

walax Kani waa xalka a kaas oo la sameeyey by daaweyn kaamerada oo qoryo, i.e. cellulose. Ujeedada ugu weyn ee la xiriira this - hesho saabuun khamriga ay by degaya. Walxaha kiimikada ee khamriga sulfate waa sida soo socota:

• lignin;
• hydroxy;
• monosaccharides;
• phenols;
• Beeyada,
• iyo acids dufan kacsan;
• sulfides, chlorides, carbonates iyo sulfates of sodium.

Waxaa jira laba nooc oo waaweyn oo qalabka, khamriga cad iyo madow Kraft. White aado warshadaha saxarka iyo warqada, iyo madow loo isticmaalo saabuun khamriga madow in industry ee.

codsiyada Main

wax soo saarka ee sannadlaha ah ee sulfuric acid waa 160 million. metrik halkii sanno. Tani waa tiradaasi aad u muhiim ah, taasi oo tusinaysa muhiimadda iyo jiritaanka xarunta this. Waxaa jira dhowr warshado iyo meelaha ay lagama maarmaan tahay isticmaalka sulphate acid:

1. batteriga sida elektrolytka ah, gaar ahaan hogaanka.
2. In dhirta meesha bacrimin sulphate soo saaray. bulk of acid ah si hufan waa soo saaridda dhirta macdanta bacarimiso. Sidaa darteed, dhirta wax soo saarka ee sulfuric acid iyo wax soo saarka ee Bacriminta inta badan dhiso dhow.
3. In warshadaha cuntada sida emulsifier ah, qoondeeyey code E513.
4. Avv organic fara badan sida wakiilka ah dehydrating, Hannaan. Sayidka helay waxyaabaha qarxa, Beeyada, saabuun, nylon, polypropylene iyo ethylene, formaldehyde, fiiloyin kiimikada, esters iyo xarumaha kale.
5. Isticmaal in filtarrada waayo biyaha lagu nadiifiyo iyo soo saaridda of biyo arimaha debeda.
6. Waxaa loo adeegsaday in ay ka fiirsato iyo processing ee xubno dhif ah ka ore u.

Sidoo kale wax badan oo sulfuric acid waa la qaatay imtixaanada shaybaarka, halkaas oo la soo saaray hab maxaliga ah.