Suburbanization - waa fikradda ah in? Waa maxay farqiga u magaalaynta, de-magaalaynta iyo suburbanization?

Man - qabka ah, dabcan, bulshada, doonaya shirkadda dadka kale. Taasi waa sababta dadka dunida ee sii wadaan in ay "qulquli" in magaalooyinka waaweyn. Dhinaca kale, dadka - isagoo dabiiciga ah. Waa qayb muhiim ah oo element dabiiciga ah, muuqaalka dhirta dabiiciga ah. Sidaas darteed, magaalooyinka iyo meelaha dabiiciga ah - oo aan warshadaha iyo qiiqa maanta sii laba faasas ugu weyn ee ku wareegsan oo daba noqonayaa nolosha bulshada casriga ah.

In this article waxaan kaala hadli doonaa fikradaha la xidhiidha qaybta qorshaynta magaalooyinka. Waa maxay suburbanization ah, de-magaalaynta iyo magaalaynta? Waa maxay macnaha saddexdan fikradaha?

Taasoo la micno ah ee "magaalaynta"

Ereyga "magaalaynta" waxaa laga ereyga "Urbanos" Latin, taas oo micnaheedu yahay "magaalada". Under magaalaynta (ee dareenka ugu ballaran) si ay u fahmaan koritaanka doorka magaalada ee nolosha aadanaha iyo bulshada. In dareenka cidhiidhi, waa geedi socodka koritaanka ee dadka reer magaalka iyo "faafi" ee dadka ka soo baadiyaha - in magaalooyinka iyo megacities.

On magaalaynta, sida a arrin dhaqan-dhaqaale iyo nidaamka, si firfircoon uga bilaabay in ay ka hadlaan dhexe ee qarnigii labaatanaad, marka boqolkiiba dadka reer magaalka ah waxay bilaabeen inay si degdeg ah loo kordhiyo. Sababtu waxa ay ahayd horumarinta warshadaha ee magaalooyinka, soo bixitaanka ka mid ah kuwan cusub ee shaqo, iyo sidoo kale horumarinta hawlaha dhaqanka iyo waxbarashada meelaha magaalooyinka ah.

Seynisyahanno ku aqoonsaday tiro ka mid ah dhinacyada kala duwan ee geedi socodka magaalaynta, kuwaas oo:

• depopulation ee baadiyaha - in magaalada;
• Isbadal tuulooyinka - degsiimooyinka magaalooyinka;
• formation of qaybo badan oo guud hareeraheeda ah ee dejinta.

On su'aasha ah "Waa maxay suburbanization, magaalaynta, de-magaalaynta, ruralisation?" geourbanistika kulmay sayniska - mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee juquraafiga dadka casriga ah.

Iyada oo fikirka ah "magaalaynta" waa si dhow la xiriira in ay arrin ka mid ah wax-u magaalaynta been ah, taas oo la mid ah gobolada sida Latin America iyo koonfur bari Asia. Waa maxay magaalaynta been ah. Dhab ahaantii, waxba ma aha koritaanka aan macquul ahayn ee magaalooyinka, taas oo aan la Ulasocto korodhka loo baahan yahay in shaqo iyo horumarinta kaabayaasha la xiriira. Sidaas darteed, tirada dadka reer miyiga ah oo kaliya si fudud "barakacay" ee magaalooyinka waaweyn. magaalaynta been ah, inta badan la socda xowli ah in shaqo la'aanta iyo muuqaalka magaalada ee loo yaqaan "raranta" - ma loogu tala galay caadiga ah qofka xaafadaha magaalooyinka.

Heerka magaalaynta ee dalal kala duwan

Waaxda Qaramada Midoobay ee Dhaqaalaha iyo Arrimaha Bulshada sanad walba isku diyaarinaya rating xiga ee magaalaynta dunida. Cilmi-baarisyadaasi waxay lagu sameeyo, tan iyo 1980.

Heerka magaalaynta - waa boqolkiiba ee dadka reer magaalka ah in tirada guud ee dalka. Oo isna wuxuu la mid ma aha in dalalka kala duwan ee dunida. Sayidka, heerka ugu sareeya ee magaalaynta (haddii aadan inay tixgeliyaan gobolka cilin, oo ka kooban hal magaalo) go'an yihiin ee Kuwait, Qatar, Belgium iyo Malta. In dalalka oo dhan tilmaamayaasha magaalaynta ka badan 95%. Sidoo kale, heerka magaalaynta waa wax sare ee Iceland, Argentina, Japan, Israa'iil, Uruguay iyo Venezuela (ka sarreeya 90%).

tiradaasi Ruush ee darajayn sida ay sheegtay Qaramada midoobeey waa 74%. Hoos magaalaynta qiimeeyo ku yaal Papua New Guinea iyo Burundi (la indices magaalaynta 12.6 iyo 11.5% siday u kala horreeyaan). In Europe, heerka ugu hooseeya magaalaynta waa caadiga ah ee Moldova (49 boqolkiiba).

Fikradda ah agglomeration magaalooyinka

meelaha Metropolitan - ugub ah oo la kala saari Karin xidhiidh la socodka ah ee magaalaynta. Tani geeddi-socodka ee midaynta degsiimooyinka magaalooyinka dariska ah in nidaam adag oo isku dhafan. nidaamka this gudahood, in ay curiyaan waara oo degdeg ah isgaarsiinta:-soo-saarka, gaadiidka, sayniska iyo dhaqanka. meelaha Metropolitan - waa mid ka mid ah geeddi-magaalaynta marxaladaha dabiiciga ah.

Waxaa jira laba nooc oo waaweyn oo agglomerations:

• monocentric (aasaasay by xuduntii dhexe ee magaalada);
• polycentric (raasamaal dhowr xero oo magaalooyinka u dhigma).

sifooyinka soo socda waa dabeecad ee deegaanka magaalomadaxda,

1. magaalada bartamaha xarunta la magaalooyinka ku xeeran iyo magaalooyin kale oo (aan discontinuities weyn dhuleed).
2. Tirada goobaha dhisay-up ee nawaaxiga waa in ay daruuri ka badnayn boqolkiiba dhulka beeraha.
3. Waayo, agglomeration kasta waxa lagu gartaa socdaal maalinle - shaqada, waxbarashada, dhaqanka iyo dalxiiska.

Sida laga soo xigtay Qaramada Midoobay, on dhulkeenna, ma yar yihiin 450 goobaha magaalooyinka, kuwaasoo mid walba uu ku nool yahay ugu yaraan hal milyan oo qof. agglomeration ugu weyn ee adduunka aqoonsan Tokyo Metropolitan Area ah, kuwaas oo guriga waa in ku dhawaad 35 milyan oo qof. dalka taasoo keentay in tirada guud ee agglomerations magaalooyinka waa: China, USA, India, Brazil iyo Russia.

agglomerations Urban ee Russia

Waxa xiiso leh, ee Russia ee heer gobolka ayaa xisaabaadka ma agglomerations magaalooyinka dalka. Sidaa darteed, caddaymo ku saabsan arrintan waxaa laga yaabaa in wax yar ka duwan midba midka kale.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dalka reer Russia go'aansanay in loo qoondeeyo 22 agglomeration. The ugu weyn iyaga ka mid ah waa sida soo socota (in parentheses tilmaamaya tirada saxda ah ee dadka):

1. Moscow (oo ku saabsan 16 m).
2. St. Petersburg (5.6m).
3. Samara-Toliattinskaya (2.3m).
4. Ekaterinburgskaya (2.2m).
5. Rostov (bixixo 1.7).

Si aad goobaha magaalooyinka Ruush caadiga ah ee warshadaynta sare ee dhulka, heer sare ah horumarinta kaabayaasha, tiro badan oo ah hay'adaha cilmi-baarista iyo tacliinta sare. bulk of agglomerations ee Russia waa monocentric, in uu yahay, waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah, xarun oo kala duwan, kuwaas oo ay gacanta ku dhammaan tuulooyinka iyo agagaarkeedii kale.

Suburbanization: Qeexidda

Haddaba waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la tixgeliyo fikradaha kale in si firfircoon loo isticmaalaa in waxbarashada magaalooyinka. Suburbanization - waa in fikradda, iyo waxa ay nuxurka?

Ereygan waxaa galay isticmaalka firfircoon ee qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii labaatanaad. Suburbanization - this ifafaale waxaa la socda horumarinta firfircoon ee agagaarkeedii - aag oo ku yaalla agagaarka magaalooyinka waaweyn.

Xagga dhamaadka qarnigii la soo dhaafay, tirada sii kordhaysa ee dadka bilaabay inuu ku laayeen magaalada guurto, ka qaylada warshadaha iyo hawada wasakhaysan oo u dhaw in ay Bbc dabiiciga ah iska. Isla mar ahaantaana, kuwaas "soo galootiga" hana bilaabina inaad dalkii baaqbaaq iyo kicin digaagga. Waxay sii wadaan in ay ka shaqeeyaan magaalada, faqri dhowr saacadood maalin kasta si aad u hesho iyo ka shaqada. Dabcan, suburbanization noqday suuragal ah keliya horumarinta motorization mass mahad.

Magaalaynta - in suburbanization ah!

Recently, majaladda "The Economist" daabacday maqaal xiiso leh cinwaan looga dhigay "Planet ee agagaarkeeda." Sida laga soo xigtay qoraalka ah ee article, suburbanization ah - ma aha waxaan a "ismidab qariyey" magaalaynta! Ka dib oo dhan, dunida maanta magaalada iyo goobaha magaalooyinka koraan oo keliya kharash ku agagaarkeeda. Marka laga reebo ka mid ah "The Economist" oo ku baaqay in kaliya labo Magaalooyinka casriga ah - waa London iyo Tokyo.

Oo haatan waxaan ka arki kartaa sawir oo xiiso leh: haddii 30-40 sano ka hor duleedka magaalooyinka waa weyn waxay noqdeen "guriga" ee qeybaha saboolka ah ee dadka, laakiin hadda wax walba ayaa baadinaayo bedelay. Haddaba meelood guryaha aqoonyahanada sii kordheysa arkay meelaha magaalada hareeraheeda ah.

Waa maxay-magaalaynta de?

Ugu dambayntii, aad u baahan tahay si ay ula weli fikradda kale ka qabtaan. De-magaalaynta - habka a soo horjeeda magaalaynta ah (ka "dez" Faransiiska - diidmada a).

De-magaalaynta waxa lagu gartaa geedi socodkii dib u dejinta ee dadka ka baxsan magaalooyinka. In dareenka caalamka, xilli ay sidoo kale ka dhigan tahay inkiraad ah ee doorka wanaagsan ee magaalooyinka ee bulshada. Ujeedada ugu weyn ee aragtida ah ee de-magaalaynta - waa in la baabi'iyo oo dhan magaalooyinka waaweyn ee dunida.

Gebogebadii ...

Magaalaynta, de-magaalaynta, suburbanization ... All fikradaha kuwan waxaa aad u dhow la xiriira midba midka kale. Haddii magaalaynta - waa habka hagaajinta doorka magaalada ee bulshada, suburbanization - waa, on lid ku ah, dheecaanka dadka meelaha magaalada hareeraheeda ah.