Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky: Biography kooban, guulaha, daahfurtay

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - an xisaab Ruush fiican, muddo ka badan afar sano ee - Raktarka of University Kazan, dhaqdhaqaaqe of Education, aasaasaha geometry non-Euclidean.

Tani waa nin dhowr sano ee ka hor inta uusan waqtiga oo waxaa lagu garan by saffarro uu.

Biography Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha

Nicholas waxa uu ku dhashay on December 11, 1792 in qoyska uu dakhligoodu yar yahay ee rasmiga yaryar Ivana Maksimovic iyo Praskovya Alexandrovna ah. Dhashay of xisaab Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - Nizhny Novgorod. At da'da 9, ka dib dhimashadii aabbihiis, oo uu ku qaadaa, oo hooyadiis u ku Kazan iyo in 1802 uu qirtay in uu dugsiga sare oo degaanka ah. Ka dib markii iyada qalinjabinta ee 1807, Nicholas noqday arday ka mid ah Kazan Imperial University ee dhawaan la sameeyay.

Hoos ka mid ah M. F. Bartelsa

jacaylka Gaarka ah ee hanad jirka iyo cilmiga xisaabta mustaqbalka u suurtagashay in ay abuurto Grigoriy Ivanovich Kartashevsky - macalin tayo leh, si qoto dheer ogaa iyo mahad shuqulkiisa. Nasiib darro, marka la gaaro dhamaadka 1806 sababta oo ah is khilaafsan ee hoggaanka jaamacadda "for muujinta Ruuxa caasinimo iyo khilaaf," ayuu eryay adeegga jaamacadda. Koorsooyinka xisaabta bilaabay inuu keeni Mihail Fedorovich Bartels - macalin oo saaxiib la ah caanka Karla Fridriha Gauss. Soo gaaray 1808 in Kazan, wuxuu ardayga bacdi awood laakiin masaakiinta qaaday.

macalinka cusub ee la ansixiyey horumarka Lobachevskian in uu bartay iyada oo ay kormeerayaan shuqullada classic sida "Number Aragtida" Karl Gauss iyo "Farsamoyaqaan samadu" ee cilmiga Faransiiska Pierre-Simon Laplace. Waayo, caasinimo, caasinimada, iyo calaamadaha godlessness sannaddii sare oo ka badan Nikolay shiddadii itimaalka ee laga jarin. ilaalinta in Bartels ka qayb qaybiyey khatar aaddan ardayga hibada leh.

nolosha Kazan University Lobachevsky

In 1811, ka dib ka qalin jaamacad, Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, Biography gaaban taas oo danaha dhabta ah ee jiilka ka yar, waxaa la ansixiyey Master ee xisaabta iyo physics, iyo ka tagay dugsiga. Laba cilmiga sayniska - aljabra iyo makaanikada, bandhigay 1814 (xilliga hore), oo horseeday in ay dhismaha professor ah associate (docents). Next Lobachevskii Nikolai Ivanovich, guulaha taas oo ka dibna si fiican loo qiimeeyo doonaa farcankiinna, wuxuu bilaabay waxbaridda, si tartiib ah u sii kordhaya goobo ka mid ah koorsooyinka iyaga (xisaabta, xiddigaha, physics) iyo si xun u fikirka ku saabsan dib u dhiska ah ee mabaadi'da xisaabta. Ardayda jeclaaday oo heer sare mahad Lobachevsky casharro sannad ka dib abaal horyaalka of professor aan caadi ahayn.

amarada New Magnitsky

Ujeedada xakamaynayaan fikirka xor ah oo niyadda u kacaan bulshada xukuumadda Alexander ahaa waxaan ku salaysan fikirka ah ee diinta iyo waxbaristiisa ay Christian asalka ah. The kormeer ugu horeysay jiifoo jaamacadaha lagu sameeyay. Bishii Maarso 1819kii hay'ad waxbarasho sare leh hubinta ee Kazan yimid ML Magnitsky - wakiil oo ka mid ah dugsiyada Guddiga Xukunka, daryeelka kaliya oo ku saabsan shaqooyinka iyaga u gaar ah. Sida laga soo xigtay natiijooyinkii jeegaga ay gobolka ee arrimaha Jaamacadda ahaa mid aad u niyad: la'aanta ah ee ardayda deeqda waxbarasho ee hay'adda qariyo bulshada waxyeelo. Sidaa darteed, jaamacadda waxaa looga baahan yahay inuu baabbi'iyo (si cad u baabbi'in) - gol leeyahay in lagu tusaale waano kuwa kale.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Alexander I, waxaa la go'aamiyay si aad u daaweyso xaaladda this gacmaha kormeerka isla, iyo Magnitsky qiiro gaar ah waxay bilaabeen inay "si toos ah amar" in derbiyadii xarunta: 9 ganaax shuqulka Professor, bandhigay faafreebka adag oo daran hab xeryaha muxaadaro.

hawlaha ballaaran Lobachevsky

Biography Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha qeexayaa muddada adag aasaasay at the University of nidaam ah kaniisad-booliska, kaas oo socday muddo 7 sano. Adkaysan baaritaano adag ka caawiyay in ay ku qasbi ruuxa caasi ah oo markii ugu waadaxa ah ee cilmiga ah, ma ka tago daqiiqo kasta oo waqti free.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky amray Bartels, kuwaas oo derbiyadii University ka tegey, oo wax ku baray in dhammaan koorsooyinka xisaabta, sidoo kale mas'uul ka ah xafiiska jirka iyo akhriyo mawduuca, ardayda ee xiddigaha iyo geodesy baray ilaa I. M. Simonov jiray safar dunida. Dad badan oo shaqo lagu maalgeliyay iyaga oo ku gelinaya si maktabadda, gaar ahaan buuxinta iyada qayb ka mid jireed iyo xisaabta. Jidka, xisaabyahan Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky ah, sida guddoomiyaha guddiga dhismaha, kormeero kacsiga ee dhismaha weyn ee jaamacadda oo in muddo ah lagu qabtay meel ka mid ah hormuudka ka mid ah Kuliyadda Physics iyo Xisaabta.

Non-Euclidean geometry Lobachevsky

Tiro weyn ee arrimaha taagan, cilmiga guud, shaqada maamulka iyo cilmi ma noqon ooday si hal-abuurka Xisaabta: ka qalin yimid 2 buugaagta dugsiyada sare - "Algebra" (xukumay isticmaalka nidaamka ton) iyo "Joometri" (aan la daabacay ). On qayb ka mid ah Nikolai Magnitsky ee Ivanovich la dhigay kormeer adag, sababta oo ah muujinta iyaga dhiirranaan oo xad gudub ku ah xeerarka la aasaasay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in xaaladahan, ka hawlgala Dulleeya in sharafta aadanaha, Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich si adag u shaqeeyey in ka badan dhismaha adag oo ka mid ah aasaaska joomateri. Natiijada sida shuqul caadi ah aqoonyahaniinta ahaa daahfurka joomatari cusub, kaamil ah jidadkii dib u eegis a xagjirka ah oo ka mid ah fikradaha Zaman ee Euclid (III qarnigii E. BC.).

Xilliga jiilaalka 1826 xisaab Ruushka ayaa lagu fuliyay warbixin ku salaysan joomateri isugu gudbiyo inay dib u eegaan tiro ka mid ah Professor Gaalowday. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dib u eegis la filayo (mid wanaagsan ama xitaa negative) ayaa la helay, iyo qoraaladii warbixinta qiimo leh si times our aan gaadhay. Tani saynisyahan wax ayaa waxaa ka mid ahaa in uu shaqo ugu horeysay "On ku salaysan geometry", oo lagu daabacay 1829-1830 GG. ee "Journal of Kazan." Waxa intaa dheer in bandhiga daahfurtay joomateri muhiim ah, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky tilmaamay qeexid la safeeyey ee shaqada (si cad calaamadinta ay sii iyo differentiability), si khalad ah loo aaneeyey inay u xisaab Jarmalka Dirichlet. Qubarada ayaa sidoo kale la sameeyey daraasad dhamaystiran of taxane trigonometric, lagu qiyaasay dhowr sano ee dambe. xisaabyahan A tayo waa qoraaga of habka of xal tiro ka mid ah isla'egyada waqti aan caddaalad ahayn loogu magac daray "Habka Graeffe".

Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich: Facts Interesting

Hantidhawrka Magnitsky, dhibaa falalkiisa dhowr sano, ka filan qaddar xaalad cakiran, waayo, xadgudubyada badan aqoonsaday guddiga hubinta gaar ah, oo uu ku saaro inuu post oo soo diray maxaabiis ahaan. Kale wakiilka hay'adda waxbarashada loo magacaabay Mikhail Musin-Pushkin, kan kara inuu mahad firfircoon Nikolai Lobachevsky oo isaga lagula talinayaa post ee Raktarka of University Kazan.

Waayo, 19 sano, tan iyo 1827, Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich (taallo photo in Kazan arko. Kor) si adag u shaqeeyey meel this, gaaro waaberiga ilmaha uu ugu jecel yahay. On account of Lobachevsky - horumar cad in heerka hawlaha sayniska iyo waxbarashada guud ahaan, dhismaha tiro badan oo ah dhismayaasha xafiiska (xafiiska jirka, maktabadda, shaybaarka kiimikada, fiirinta ah sumalka uguma iyo magnetic, dissecting, siminaaro si farsamaysan). Raktarka sidoo kale waa aasaasaha of a joornaal adag sayniska "The saynisyahano qoraalada University Kazan," bedelay "Kazan Bulletin" iyo horaysay la daabacay sanadkii 1834. Mawqifkaa waxaa la Raktarka 8 sano hogaaminayo maktabadda Nikolai, ku hawlan waxbaridda, qoraal edbinta macalimiinta xisaabta.

By qalantid Lobachevsky waa wax aan macquul aheyn in aan u la xidhiidhaan walaac tiiraanyo leh u kali ah oo ku saabsan Jaamacadaha iyo ardayda. Sidaas daraaddeed, in 1830 uu ahaa awoodaan in ay ka jaraan goobta waxbarashada iyo si ay u qabtaan jeermi xeeldheer si loo badbaadiyo shaqaalaha daacuun hay'ad safmarka ah. Intii lagu guda jiray dab laga cabsado in Kazan (1842.) u suurtagashay in ay badbaadin dhowaad dhammaan dhismayaasha waxbarasho, alaabtii ah sumalka uguma iyo waxyaabaha maktabadda. Sidoo kale, Nikolai furay in tacsida maktabadaha jaamacadda free booqasho iyo matxafyada iyo ayaa abaabulay fasalka mowduucyo caan ah oo dadweynaha.

Thanks to dadaalka cajiib ah Lobachevsky awood, fasalka-koowaad, si fiican u qalabaysan University Kazan waxa uu noqday mid ka mid ah hay'adaha waxbarashada ugu fiican ee Russia.

Ismaandhaaf iyo diidmada oo ka mid ah fikradaha xisaab Ruushka

waagaas oo dhan, xisaabta uusan joojin in cilmi-baaris ka socda loogu talagalay horumarinta geometry cusub. Nasiib darro, fikraddiisa - qoto dheer oo cusub, sida haysay in ay cadayn guud ahaan aqbalay in saffarro ayaa ku guuldareysatay, iyo laga yaabee ma doonayaan in ay maqsuud shuqullada Lobachevsky. Fahan oo waxay ilaa xad xoog ma joojin Nikolai Ivanovich la odhan karaa: - ". Codsiga joomatari khayaali ah si integrals qaar ka mid ah" in 1835 uu daabacay "geometry khayaali ah", oo sannad ka dib Saddex sano ka dib, dunida waxay arkeen shuqulkii ugu ballaaran ee "geometry Bilowga New leh aragti ka buuxa isku midka ah", oo ay ku qoran a kooban, aad u cad izyasnenie fikradaha ay muhiim ah.

muddo A adag ee nolosha ee xisaabta

Ha heli fahamka dalkoodii hooyo, Lobachevsky go'aansaday si aad u hesho dadka sida maskax dibadda. In 1840 Lobachevskii Nikolai Ivanovich (sawirka eeg. In dib u eegis) daabacay uu shaqada leh si cad u qeexan fikradaha aasaasiga ah ee af Jarmal. Nuqul ka mid ah edition this waxaa la guddoonsiiyey in Gauss, kuwaas oo uu ka danbeeya Muuqaallo joomatari non-Euclidean shaqeeyay, laakiin kuma ay dhicin inay meel fagaare ah ku hadlo la fikirradiisiina wuu la. Markuu barasho shuqullada asxaabta Ruush, Jarmal ah lagula talinayaa in ay dooran dhigiisa Ruushka in Society Royal ee Göttingen xubin wariye a. Laudatory ku saabsan Lobachevsky, Gauss hadlay oo kaliya in uu xusuus qorka iyo goobo ka mid ah ragga ugu kalsoon tahay. Doorashada Lobachevsky weli qabtay; waxaa dhacay 1842., laakiin booska uu ka saynisyahan Ruush, ma hagaajiyo, oo wuxuu lahaa oo ay ka shaqeeyaan at the University of 4 sano.

Dowladda Nicholas Ma aanan rabin in ay u qiimeeyaan sano ka badan oo shaqo Lobachevskogo Nikolaya Ivanovicha iyo 1846 isagii boqortooyadii ka wareejiyeyna shaqada ee jaamacadda, ayaa si rasmi ah loo magacaabay sababta: af caafimaad sii xumaatay. Si rasmi ah, Raktarka hore la siiyaa jagada ku xigeenka curator, laakiin aan lahayn dejinta mushaar. Wax yar ka hor casaan iyo laalista kursiga professorial Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, Biography gaaban ah oo taas oo maanta loo bartay dugsiyada, talinayaa macallin ka noqday Kazan gymnasium A. F. Popova, si fiican u difaacay sida uu u PhD. Nikolai ka fikiray, waxa lagama maarmaan ah in la siiyo waddada saxda ah ee nolosha awoodda saynisyahano dhallinyarada 'si aad u ogaato oo aan habooneyn in la qabto kursiga in xaaladaha sida. Laakiin, iyagoo laga badiyay oo dhan hal mar iyo in gebi ahaanba loo baahnayn jagooyinka naftooda, Lobachevsky lumay fursad ay ku ma aha oo kaliya keeni jaamacadda, laakiin sidoo kale bartey in ay ka qayb hawlaha hay'adda.

In nolosha qoyska Lobachevskii Nikolai Ivanovich tan iyo 1832 ayay guursatay Varvare Alekseevne Moiseevoy. In guurka waxaa u dhashay 18 caruur ah, laakiinse intii toddoba keliya ayaa ka badbaaday oo dhan.

sano ee la soo dhaafay ee uu noloshiisa

ka saarida ka kiiska lagu qasbay inuu naftiisa, fashilka joomatari cusub, waxaan Gaalnimo Badan xunxunna ah saffarro uu, daraysa af boos dhaqaale (sabab u tahay estate kicitaan ee lamaanaha waxaa lagu iibin deynta ah) iyo hoog guurka (khasaaraha ee 1852 wuxuu ahaa curadkii) oo dhan baabi'in saameeyey caafimaadka jireed iyo kan maskaxeed xisaabyahan Ruush, ayuu muuqata haggard oo bilaabay in ay lumiyaan hortiisa. Laakiin tiray Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky ma joojin inay ka qayb galaan imtixaannada, yimaadaan munaasabadaha ciidaha, ka qayb-galay dood tacliinta iyo sii waday in ay ka shaqeeyaan faa'iido u ah sayniska. Shaqada ugu muhiimsan ee xisaab Ruushka "Pangeometriya" waxaa laga soo qoray ardayda yeerin tiray Lobachevskian sanad ka hor inta uusan dhiman.

Lobachevskiy Nikolay Ivanovich, daahfurka in joomateri, kuwaasi oo ay qiimeeyaa toban sano ka dib, ma aha cilmi-kaliya ee xisaabta cusub. saynisyahan Hungarian Janos Bolyai, madax banaan oo ka mid ah asxaabta Ruush, asxaabta soo bandhigay Maxkamadda ee 1832, aragtida uu geometry non-Euclidean. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dadaalka aan la mahadiyo saffarro uu.

Life waa cilmiga aad u fiican, oo gebi ahaanba ka go'an in ay Science Ruushka iyo Jaamacadda Kazan, dhammaaday February 24, 1856. Lobachevsky waxaa lagu aasay, oo aan la aqoonsan intii uu noolaa, in Kazan, at xabaalo Arsk. Kaliya ka dib markii a labaatan sano dhowr xaaladda ka jirta dunida sayniska ayaa u xuub bedelay. doorka A weyn ee aqoonsi iyo aqbalaada of shuqullada Nikolai Lobachevsky ciyaaray daraasad Anri Puankare, Eugenio Beltrami, Feliksa Kleyna. Fahamka in geometry Euclidean muuqday kale buuxa si ay saamayn wayn ku yeelan dunida sayniska iyo in la siiyo niyad ah in ay fikrado kale oo geesi ah ee cilmiga saxda ah.

Goobta iyo taariikhda dhalashada ee Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky yaqaan in ay contemporaries badan, oo la xiriira cilmiga saxda ah. In sharaf Nikolaya Ivanovicha Lobachevskogo ayaa loo magacaabay bohol a on Moon ah. Magaca cilmiga Ruush weyn leedahay maktabad cilmi ah University ee Kazan, kan uu wax ka go'an waslad weyn ee noloshaada. Sidoo kale waddooyinka Lobachevskian magaalooyin badan ee Russia, ay ka mid yihiin in Moscow, Kazan, Lipetsk.