Ma jiraan xoolaha ee hab mentor taranta?

laamaha kala duwan ee sayniska qabashada cultivars taranta, eyda xoolaha beeraha iyo muruq bakteeriyada loo isticmaalo hababka dhaqanka iyo soo baxaya iyo farsamooyinka la taaban karo labadaba. Waxay ugu horrayn waxay ku xiran tahay shaqada xulashada shayga. In si kale loo dhigo, qabashada tijaabo la dhirta, saynisyahan a isticmaali kartaa doorashada mass ama habka barbaariyaan, halka xoolaha ama sheyga farsamooyinka noocan ah waxaa looga faa'iideysan waa xadidan tahay, iyo mararka qaarkood ma isticmaalo oo dhan.

Ujeedada qoraalkan waa in la caddeeyo Su'aasha ah in foomkan of taranta, sida hab ka mid ah la talin, waa aragti ahaan macquul ah iyo ficil macquul ah si ay u abuuraan cusub ama hagaajin eyda jira oo lo 'ah, doofaarrada iyo digaagga.

taranta gaar ahaan xoolaha

Si weyn loo yaqaan ee bulshada sayniska shuqulka Charles Darwin "Isbedelka xoolaha la dhaqdo iyo kaymo dhirta sarkhaansan domestication," qoran bartamihii qarnigii 19-ka, waxaa weli loo baahan yahay akhriska Galaxy oo dhan saynisyahano casriga ah ku hawlan hawlo wax ku ool ah. Waxaa loo aqoonsaday farsamooyinka taranta ugu weyn: hybridization, heterosis iyo inbreeding ku salaysan xulasho aan dabiici ahayn.

In tijaabooyinka xayawaanka waxaa la fogaadaa si aad u codsato foomka weyn, sida labo ka mid ah shakhsiyaad waalidka badanaa waxay ku siineysaa qadar yar oo ah Beelaha, mid kastaa leeyahay qiimo gaar ah ee u dhigma wax. Ina keena aynu iloobin in xubnaha ka mid ah fasallada ka mid ah shimbiraha iyo nuujiya, kuwaas oo asal ahaan yihiin waxyaalaha ugu muhiimsan ee taranta, sifo kaliya faafin galmada. Taas macnaheedu waa in habka ku saleysan qaabab daaqsinka (gooyn, gaysashada, maaddooyinka), waayo, xayawaanka aan la aqbali karin. Si la su'aasha ah in la isticmaalo in xoolaha dhalmada ka qabtaan iyo hagid habka uu noqon doono macquul ah in marka hore aad u ogaato nuxurka farsamadaa waxa.

habka baraha

The Ruush I. breeder saynisyahan fiican V. Michurin, waxbarashada cajiib ah ay ahaayeen aasaaska loo sayniska dunida, dabaqi beegsaday isku daya in daaqsinka u dhaxeeya labada dhirta of noocyo kala duwan. Sidaas darteed, labada qof oo bilaabay naftaada si ay u bartaan sifooyinka iyo guryaha cusub. Tusaale ahaan, in la beddelo qaabka, size ama midabka midhaha, iyo sidoo kale tayada iidaan ay. Iyada oo Grafting ee taajka of rootstock geedka, I. V. Michurin ahaa awoodaan si ay u abuuraan jawi in oo caws ka bilaabaan inay nafaqooyinka ka shimbiraha waalidka ay helaan.

All tani waa natiijada ugu dambeysa waa in la beddelo koorsada of falcelinta dheefshiidka in unugyada iyo unugyada meeshoodii gooyn, oo halkan ka dabeecadihiisa phenotypic. Habka kor-tilmaamay tallaalka uu noqday yaqaan hab ka mid ah mentor in taranta geedka.

Tusaalooyinka abuurka noocyo cusub oo midho ah

Mid ka mid ah ugu horeysay soo saaray I. Michurin 1908, waa noocyo kala duwan oo tufaax-Kitaika Bellefleur. Sida breeder sapling Scion soo qaaday noocyo American Bellefleur jaalaha la dhadhan fiican. rootstock seedling u adeegeen Kitaika waaweyn-fruited - noocyo Local sii daayay dalka reer Central Russia. Faa'iidooyinka ay ugu muhiimsan ahaayeen caabin qabow iyo iska caabin ah cudurada ugu waaweyn ee tufaax - qolof iyo engeeg iyo budada ah. Dalbashada habka of mentor ah, ardayba, iyadoo ay sabab u ahayd hybridization kala duwan oo cusub, sida ugu fiican loo habeeyey in xaaladaha adag cimilada ee latitudes waqooyiga, oo ay weheliso midho dhadhan sare. noocyo tufaax Michurinist leedahay jidhka baraf-cad oo ah dhadhan macaan leh caraf udgoon jilicsan tur a.

In dhaqanka this muddo ka badan qarni sii wadaan in ay la koray ee qoysaska gaarka loo leeyahay, Russia ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale Ukraine, Armenia, ee Jamhuuriyadda North Caucasus. Beeralayda maqsuud kala duwan this sidoo kale wax-soosaarkooda si joogto sare iyo caabiga Barafka. On xarumaha taranta iyo xanaanada of geedo midho wax Bellefleur-suuf sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa sida rootstock a geedi socodka hybridization ah, sidaas darteed waxaa la abuuray oo ku saabsan 13 noocyo cusub.

Ujeedooyinka iyo ahdaafta waxbarasho helo dhirta hybrid jiho

Iyada oo ku saleysan xaqiiqda kor ku xusan, waxaa si cad u aad u muhiim ah shaqo tijaabo I. V. Michurina, oo aan kaliya horumariyo hab mentor ah, laakiin sidoo kale isaga mid ka mid ah taasoo keentay in taranta ee noocyo cusub oo miro iyo khudaar yar dalagga sameeyey.

Tijaabo u hadha saynisyahan - E. S. Stroeva, E. N. Sedova iyo shaqaalaha kale ee All-Ruush Sayniska Research Institute of dalagga midhaha taranta soo koobay ujeedooyinka in la gaaro iyada oo sababtu tahay codsiga ah ee hababka loogu talagalay waxbarashada of geedo hybrid.

The ugu weyn ka mid ah kuwan ka mid ah: dheellitir sifooyin phenotypic kasin in shaqsiyaadka hybrid, iyo sidoo kale ammaanka guryaha la doonayo qofka in dhirta noocyo soo saaray. Guud natiijada badan taranta dhirta, cilmi waxgarashada sharciyada qaarkood in raaci isticmaalka talaalka ku dhaqanka yimid. Aynu u baaro si faahfaahsan.

Xaaladaha loo helo Beelaha daaqsinka

Isticmaalka habka of mentor ee taranta xoolaha, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah inay tixgeliyaan xeerarka soo socda:

• dhirta, taas oo qaadan jirida ama buro (Scion) waa in ay ahaadaan vegetatively dhalinyaro ah, ma ka weyn yahay 1-2 sano, iyo sida mentor ah sannado badan oo isticmaalka farcankii geedka,
• dhow baxsado inoculum daaqsinka daruuri ceshan tiro badan oo ah laamaha rootstock, siinta saamaynta on dhirta sifooyin educability phenotypic.

Sababo la xiriira shuruudaha kore breeders karin si ay u sameeyaan midhaha iyo berry dalagga dhaqaale guryaha qiimo leh. Sida mid ka mid ah siyaabaha ugu caansan oo caadi ah oo afgembi noocyo cusub oo ka mid ah dalagga, habkan, nasiib darro, weli si liidata fahamsan yahay by Kimisteriga yaqaan casriga ah iyo Cytology.

Engineering nudaha

On su'aasha ah ee xoolaha dhaqmaadka ah loo isticmaalo habka ay u mentor ama ma, jawaabtu waa maya. Interesting saaraysa jira baaritaano on Gadzhiyev oo la xiriira bayotechnoolajiyadda, i.e. ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee maxalka furta oo (hal ama in ka badan unugyada degaaankaaga), nuqul buuxa u shaqeeyo ah. Xaaladdan oo kale, eegtahay la faafinta daaqsinka ah ee dhirta noolaha foomka, sida xoolaha dheefay Gadzhiyev oo ka kooban unugyada genotype dhqaalaha. Tijaabo berrinkii nudaha iyo injineernimada hidde waxaa lagu fuliyaa iyaga oo sii kordhaya ee dhexdhexaad ah nafaqo. Koromosomis diirkja kaydiyaa macluumaad dhan la iska dhaxlo ee u shaqeeyo ah, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in aad ka heli kartaa oo kaliya hal unug aan xad lahayn tiro badan oo ka mid ah shaqsiyaadka - koobi.

farsamooyinka taranta xoolaha sifo

I. V. Michurin horumariyo hab mentor a si gaar ah loogu isticmaalo tijaabo la noolaha dhirta, haddii si gaar ah, waa a dalagga miro iyo khudaar yar. Sida aynu hore u sheegay, cilmi xoolaha uu leeyahay gaarka ah u gaar ah. Ugu horeyn waa la'aanta ah ee faafinta daaqsinka ku vertebrates sare.

Waa in aan xasuusnaano in jidhkooda waxaa lagu gartaa heerka sare ee is-dhexgalka dhammaan xubnaha iyo nidaamyada, si isbedel ee jirka gaar ah hal sifo sarkhaansan mentor ah ciday ku keeni doontaa in rabshooyin halis ah in nidaamka ka midka oo physiologically la xidhiidha. In dhaqanka, hirgelinta ay ku haboontahay in la xayawaanka soo socda hababka, kuwaas oo ka shaqayn: inbreeding (inbreeding) iyo hybridization fog. Asal ahaan loo isticmaalo si ay u abuuraan khadadka nadiif ah oo dheeraad ah ka heli saamaynta heterosis iyo labaad loo isticmaalo iyo tobanaad ah eyda xoolaha cusub.