Italy ee Dagaalkii Adduunka: qoreysa hore Talyaani

Habeeynimadii of War Adduunka First Yurub wuxuu lahaa laba isbahaysi military: Entente ah (France, Britain, Russia) iyo Isbahaysiga Triple (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka Old Adduunka marxad dhiig, dheelitirka diblomaasiyadeed ayaa la bedelay. Kingdom ku saabsan u saarney Apennine diiday in ay taageeraan Germany iyo Austria-Hungary, marka ugu horeysa dagaalka kula Serbia bilaabay, ka dibna la Entente ah. Sidaas darteed of demarche ee galay Dagaalkii Adduunka First Italy ayaa waxaa la dhigay galo. Country, ma doonaya in ay ka qayb qaataan in a deriska dagaalka, shaaca ka qaaday inay dhex-dhexaad nimada. Laakiin ka fogow weli ku guuldareystay.

Gool iyo danaha Italy

Hoggaanka siyaasadda ee Italy (oo ay ku jiraan King Victor ee Emmanuel III) dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka ka hor, waxay dooneen si ay u hirgeliyaan dhowr naqshado geopolitical. In meesha ugu horeysa waxaa jiray fidinta a gumeysiga ee North Africa. Laakiinse boqortooyada lahaa hadafka kale, taasoo ugu danbeyn sababay ee dalka ku soo galeen World koowaad. Its deriskiisa waqooyiga ahaa Austria-Hungary. Boqortooyada Habsburgs gacanta ma aha oo kaliya qeybaha dhexe oo ka mid ah Danube iyo Balkans, laakiin sidoo kale dhulka sheegtay by Rome: Venice, Dalmatia, Istria. In qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii XIX Italy ee isbahaysiga la Prussia ka qaaday qaar ka mid ah Austria lagu muransan yahay dalka. Waxaa iyaga ka mid ahaa Venice. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhan ma maamuli si loo xaliyo khilaafka u dhexeeya Austria iyo Italy.

Triple Alliance, kaas oo ka mid ahaa labada dal, waxa uu noqday xal ah. Talyaaniga ayaa rajo ka qabay in Habsburgs ah, si degdeg ah ama waqti dambe loo soo celiyay, by dalalkan oo waqooyi-bari ay. Gaar ahaan Rome isku hallaysay saameynta ay Germany. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, "ayuu walaashiis weyn" ee Austria oo aan degeen xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya laba xulafadeeda. Haddaba, marka Italy galay dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, ayaa ka dhanka ah co-worker hore ee burburkii isbahaysiga diray hub.

Heshiiska la Entente ah

In 1914-1915 GG., Iyada oo in ka boholo Yurub oo kaliya caadaysteen in ay dhiig u daadiyaan in qiyaasta ilaa haatan aan horay loo arag, dowladda Talyaaniga bakhtiistay u dhexeeya laba dhinac oo is haya, oscillating dhexeeya dano-xoog badan ay. Dabcan, dhexdhexaadnimada ahaa heer sare ah shuruud. Siyaasiyiinta loo baahan yahay oo kaliya in ay qaado kooxda, ka dibna mashiinka militarist laftiisa kasban lahaa. Italy, sida dhammaan dalalka kale ee koob weyn oo Yurub, ka hor inta a labaatan sano dhowr diyaarinaya ah saffarro dagaal universal iyo cajiib cusub.

diblomaasiyadda Roman maagganaa muddo dhawr bilood ah. Ugu dambeyntii, xanaaq hore ka dhanka ah Austria iyo rabitaanka in si won waqooyi-bari ee gobolka ku soo laabto. April 26, 1915 Italy ayaa soo gabagabeeyay iyadoo London Entente qarsoon Heshiiska. Sida laga soo xigtay heshiiska, boqortooyada ahaa in xaalad dagaal on Germany iyo Austria si uu ugu biiro isbahaysiga ee France, Britain iyo Russia.

Xulafadooda xaqiijisay Italy ku biiro dhulalka qaar ka mid ah. Waxa uu ahaa ku saabsan Tyrol, Istria, GORIZIA iyo Gradisca, iyo dekedda muhiim ah oo Trieste. tanaasulaad waxay ka bixinta ku biiro colaadda. Italy daabacay shaac-dhawaaqista xaalad dagaal ah oo ku saabsan May 23, 1915. Sidoo kale wafdi Roman ku heshiiyeen in ay wada hadlaan xaaladda xiisaha ay Dalmatia iyo gobollada kale Balkan dagaalka ka dib. Koorsada dhacdooyinka muujisay in xitaa ka dib markii ay guul magacaaban Talyaaniga ahaayeen awoodin in la helo dhul cusub ee gobolka.

dagaal buurta

Ka dib markii Italy ayaa ku soo galeen Dagaalkii Adduunka, a hor cusub Talyaani, taas oo soo taagay xadka Austria-Talyaani. Waxaa jiray ku dhowaad tiixtiix la mari karin ee Alps. Dagaalka oo buuraha ka dalbaday in dhinacyada in ay xeelad khilaafka soo koraya ee, waa sicad uga duwan ku dhaqma ee West ama Front Bari. Si ay ugu deeqdo ciidamada ka soo horjeeda abuuray nidaam baabuur cable iyo funiculars. dhagaxyada la dhisay qalcado aan dabiici ahayn, taas oo uusan xitaa ma ku riyoon jiray British iyo Faransiis oo dagaal ku yaal bannaanka dalka Belgium.

Italy ee Dagaalkii Adduunka abuuray a climbers dagaal ciidamada gaarka ah iyo ka dacay duufaanka. Waxay qabtay qalcado iyo halaagnay silig hotooyin. xaaladaha dagaalka Mountain sameeyey caadiga ah halka diyaaradaha nugul sahan. technology Austria, wax ku ool ah loo isticmaalo on Front Bari ee Alps ayaa u dhaqmeen si aad u xun. Laakiin Italy ee Dagaalkii Adduunka bilaabay isticmaalaya sahan photo cirka ah oo gaar ah beddelka bannaanka-baabbi'in.

dagaalo mawqifyada

Bilowga xilli on qaybta hore cusub ee dagaalka fure u noqday dooxada Webiga Soca. Talyaaniga, ku simaha hoos jihada ee Chief of Luidzhi Guud Kadorny, bilaabay in ay si degdeg ah u weeraraan kaddib marka lagu dhawaaqo si rasmi ah dagaalka May 24, 1915. In si ay u ku jiraan cadowga, Austrians ku lahaa si degdeg ah meelaynaayo ku regiments West kuwa ku Jahaaday Galicia la ciidamada dalka Ruushka. jirka ka mid ah ayaa la siiyaa Germany. unugyada Austro-Hungarian on hore ee Talyaaniga, dhigay amarka General Franz von Gettsendorfa.

In Rome, waxa aan rajeynaya in element ah ee la yaab leh ka caawin doontaa ciidamada guurto intii suurtogal ah, galay territory ee Empire Habsburg ah. Sidaas darteed, bishii kowaad ee ciidanka Talyaani suuragashay in ay qabsadaan bridgehead a on webiga Soca ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa ugu dhakhsaha badan caddaatay in dooxadii ee dhicisoobay noqon doonaa meel dhimashada kun oo kun oo askari. Total waayo 1915-1918 sano. on bangiyada of Isonzo ahaa ku dhawaad 11 dagaal.

Italy ee Dagaalkii Adduunka sameeyey qaladaad yar. Marka hore, qalabka farsamo ee ay ciidanka si cad Ree ka dambeeya soo horjeeda. Gaar ahaan dareemi jiray kala duwan yihiin in madaafiic ah. Second, in marxaladaha hore ee xilli ciyaareedkan aan dareemay la'aanta ah ee waayo-aragnimo ah ee ciidanka Talyaani, iyadoo Austrians isku mid ah iyo Jarmalka kuwaas oo u diriray sannaddii labaad marka la barbar dhigo. Saddexaad, in badan oo weerar la kala firdheen, waxaa muujiyey istiraatijiyadda shaqaalaha impotence xeeladeed.

The Battle of Asiago

By guga ee 1916 amarka Talyaani mar hore ka go'an shan isku day noqotay on dooxada Soca ah, laakiin ay la kulmaan Buuqa ah. Dhanka kale, Austrians ugu dambayntii nolaleed ee counterattack halis ah. U diyaar garowga weerarka socday muddo dhowr bilood ah. In Rome aan ogaa waxa ku saabsan, laakiin Italy intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Adduunka Waxaan mar walba dib ay u eegto xulafadiisa, iyo in 1916 rumeysan yahay in Austrians ma halis lahaa anshaxa hawlaha firfircoon ee Alps, marka iyagu ma ay ogayn inta kale ee Front Bari.

Sida ay ciidamada of Boqortooyada Habsburg guul counter-weerar on jihada sare qorshaysan keeni lahaa in Buuloburde ayaa ka mid ah cadowga ee Valley ee muhiimka ah Soca. Austrians Hawlgalka ayaa ku urursan gobolka Trentino 2000 qori iyo 200 oo guuto lugta. Lama filaan ah bilawga, loo yaqaan Battle of Asiago, bilaabay May 15, 1916 oo socday muddo laba toddobaad ah. Ka hor inta in, Italy inta lagu jiro dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka weli ma iyadoo la isticmaalayo hubka kiimikada wajahay, ayaa hore u kasbatay caan furinta galbeed. weerar gaas sun ah yaabay dalka oo dhan.

Markii hore, Austrians ku dhoola nasiib - waxay u guurtay 20-30 kilomitir. Dhanka kale, si kastaba ha ahaatee, in ay tallaabo ka qaadaan bilaabay ciidamada dalka Ruushka. Waxaa bilaabay caanka Brusilov Offensive in Galicia. maalmood gudahood Austrians ilaa iyo haatan u gurteen inay lahaa in ay dib u kala iibsiga-qaybo xagga galbeed iyo bari.

Italy ee Dagaalkii Adduunka khilaafeen in aan qaadan karto faa'idaystaan fursadaha in la siiyay shuruudaha. Sidaas inta lagu guda jiro Battle of ciidanka Asiago Luidzhi Kadorny ayaa ka hortag sameeyay at xaaladaha ugu guulaha badan, laakiin waxa uu ku guuldareystay inuu ku soo laabto ay hore daafaca. labadii toddobaad ee dagaalka ka hor Trentino ka dib waxaan joojiyay ku dhowaad dhexe ee jidka u gudubtay Austria. Sidaas darteed, iyo tiyaataro kale oo dagaal, mana dhinac ee isku dhacu ay ku hor Talyaani ma qabsan karo, guul muhim ah. Dagaalka noqday more mawqifyada iyo waqti lumis.

The Battle of Caporetto

In bilood ka xiga, Talyaaniga sii isku day falayaal in la beddelo safka hore, halka-Austro Hungary si taxadar leh u difaacay. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen a hawlaha yar oo ku tiil dooxadii Soca oo waxay dagaal oo Buur ortigara in June - July 1917. Waxa uu horey u noqday si la yaqaan oo ah wax uu is beddelay si weyn dayrta ee isku. Bishii Oktoobar, Austrians ah (waqtigan la taageerada xoogga leh ee Jarmalka) ay bilaabeen weerar weyn ee Italy. Fidiyey dagaalka December (Battle of Caporetto) ka hor waxa uu noqday mid ka mid ah ugu weyn ee Dagaalkii Adduunka First oo dhan.

Hawlgalka ayaa bilaabay la xaqiiqada ah in on October 24, duqeyn ah oo madaafiic xoog badan boosaska badan oo Talyaani ah ayaa la wada baabbi'iyey, oo ay ku jirto amarka xarumaha, waddooyinka iyo godod. Markaas, lugta Jarmalka iyo Austria guurtay weerar daran. Front ahayd la jebiyey. weerarka soo qabtay magaalada Caporetto.

Talyaaniga loola cararay Isagpp liidata abaabulay. Wada jir ah ula ciidamada ka tagay kun oo qaxooti ah. Wuxuu fowdo arag waddooyinka boqor ku ahaa. Germany iyo Italy ka dib markii Dagaalkii Adduunka si siman u saameeyeen dhibaatooyinka, laakiin in dayrta ee 1917, waxay ahayd kooxda Jarmalka ay awoodaan si ay ugu dabaal liibaanta dheer la sugayay. Waxay Austrians hormartay by 70-100 kiiloomitir. Horumarinta la joojiyey kaliya on webiga Piave ah, marka dhawaaqay abaabulka ugu weyn ee dagaalka oo dhan amarka Talyaani. Dhanka waa neobstrelyannye wiilasha 18-sano jir ah. By December, isku dhacu waxa uu noqday dib-u-meel. Talyaaniga ayaa laga badiyay 70 kun oo qof. Waxa ay aheyd guuldaradii ugu daran, taas oo aan weli ahaan karto mid aan cawaaqib.

The Battle of Caporetto yimid taariikhda ciidamada sida mid ka mid ah isku day guul yar in ay jebiyaan oo Jarmalka iyo Austrians hore booska. Waxa ay gaari this, ma ugu yaraan marayo diyaarinta madaafiic ku ool ah, iyo inay dhawrayaan sirta adag dhaq-dhaqaaq ciidan ah. Sida ay sheegayaan qiyaasaha kala duwan, ayaa ku saabsan 2.5 milyan oo qof oo ku nool howlgalka on labada dhinac. Ka dib guuldaradii Italy bedelay sare (meesha of Luidzhi Kadorny qaaday Armando Diaz), iyo Xulafada go'aansaday in ay u diraan si ay u auxiliaries Apennines. The contemporaries iyo farcankiisa ka mid ah miyir mass oo ka mid ah Battle of Caporetto xusuustay gaar ahaan sabab u ah sheeko dunida caan ah "oo sagootiyey A in Arms." Its qoraaga Ernest Hemingway diriray on hore ee Talyaaniga.

Battle of River Piave ah

In guga ee 1918 ciidanka Jarmal ahayd markii ugu dambeysay isku dayeen in ay jebiyaan oo ah Front Western booska. Jarmalka ayaa dalbaday in Austrians ay u bilaabaan in ay weerar gaar ah ee Italy inay xidhxidhaan waxaa sida ugu badan ee suurto galka ah ee ciidamada Entente.

Dhinaca mid, Empire Habsburg la farxisay by xaqiiqada ah in bishii March, Bolsheviks ee Russia ka soo bixiyey dagaalka. hore Eastern mar dambe ma ahaa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, aad u Austro-Hungary mar hore ayaa la si weyn u dhammaaday by sano oo dagaal, oo muujisay in ay Battle of Piave (15-23 June 1918). Weerar ayeey ka yar maalmood ka dib ka dib markii bilowgii hawlgalka. Saameeyeen ma aha oo kaliya ballaarinta ciidanka Austria, laakiin sidoo kale geesinimada Talyaaniga waalan. Xarakada kuwaas oo muujiyay dulqaadasho cajiib ah, ayaa loo yaqaan "caimans Piave".

guuldaradii ugu danbeysay ee Austria-Hungary

In xilliga dayrta waxay ahayd markeeda weerar Entente ku jagooyinka cadowga. Halkan waa in aan dib u soo yeeran sababaha dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka. Italy baahan yahay gobollada waqooyi-bari ee dalka, iska leeyihiin Austria. Habsburg boqortooyadiisa dhamaadka 1918 ayaa hore u bilaabeen in ay muuq beelayo. State Plurinational way taagnaan kari waayeen dagaalka mudada dheer ee lisanka ah. Gudaha Boqortooyada Austro-Hungarian ka qarxay isku dhacyada gudaha: Hungary ka tegey hore Slavs dalbaday madax-bannaanida.

Waayo, Rome, xaaladda hadda ahaa ugu fiican si loo gaaro hadafka ah kaas oo labada soo baxay Italy ee dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka. yiqiin kooban la tirooyinka dagaalka ee la soo dhaafay muhim ah Vittorio Veneto ku filan si ay u fahmaan in xulafada la ururiyaa si ay ugu guuleystaan oo dhan ka hartay gobolka ciidan. Ay ku lug lahaayeen in ka badan 50 kala qaybsanaanta Talyaani, iyo sidoo kale 6 kooxihii Xulafada (Britain, France iyo Mareykanka ayaa ku biiray).

Sidaas darteed, weerar Entente ku dhowaad cidina. Ciidamada Austria ee quusta ah, kala firdhiyey farofareyn by news guriga, ayaa diiday in ay la dagaallamaan horyaalka ka dib markii ay horyaalka heerka. Horraantii November, ciidanka ayaa si buuxda u casaanka ka. heshiis xabbad joojin la saxiixay 3 lambarada iyo 4 ee dagaalka joojiyay. Toddobaad ka dib guuldaradii of Germany iyo aqoonsan yahay. Dagaalka dhamaaday. Hadda waa waqtiga guuleed diblomaasiyadeed ee Liibaanay.

isbeddeladda Degaanadda

geedi socodka gorgortanka, taas oo bilaabay ka dib dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, ma jirin wax ka yar muddo dheer ka badan dhiig dhabta ah ee harqiyay World Hore. Masiirka ee Germany iyo Austria si gooni gooni ah looga hadlay. Habsburg boqortooyadiisa burburay inkastoo bilawga nabadda dheer la sugayay. Haddaba dalalka Entente ayaa wada xaajood la galaan dawladda cusub ee Jamhuuriga.

diblomaasiyiinta Austria iyo xulafadooda ku kulmay magaalada Faransiis of Saint-Germain. Wada qaadatay dhawr bilood ah. Ay sabab u ahayd Saint-Germain Treaty. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, Italy ka dib markii Dagaalkii Adduunka helay Istria, South Tyrol iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalmatia iyo Carinthia. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Wafdiga oo ka mid ah dalalka guul doonayay dhimis dheeraad ah oo isku dayay in la kordhiyo tirada Austrians ku qabtay dhulal. Sidaas darteed of dagaaleed tababarka ku guulaystay ayaa sidoo kale lagu wareejiyo qaar ka mid ah jasiiradaha xeebaha Dalmatia.

Oo weliba, inkastoo dhammaan dadaalada diblomaasiyadeed ee dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, natiijooyinka ee Italy dhergi waa dalka oo dhan. Maamulka ayaa rajo ka qabay waxa uu noqon doono in la bilaabi ballaarinta ee Balkans iyo si aad u hesho ugu yaraan qayb ka mid ah gobolka dariska ah. Laakiin ka dib markii ay burburtay ee Austria ka Empire hore, waxaa la sameeyay Yugoslavia - boqortooyada seerbiyiin, Niko iyo Slovenes, kaas oo aan u socdaan in ay dhali inch ah ee dhulkooda gaar ah.

Cawaaqib xumada dagaalka

Tan iyo markii aan la gaarin gool Italy ee Dagaalkii Adduunka oo, waxaa jiray qanacsanayn dadweynaha amarka dunida cusub aasaasay by heshiis St. Germain. Waxay lahaa cawaaqib xeel dheer. Niyad jab waxaa lagu kabay luminta weyn ee nolosha iyo burburka uu keeno dalka. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in dhaqmayso Italy ka dib markii Dagaalkii Adduunka, ayay badiyay 2 milyan oo askar iyo saraakiil, iyo tirada dhimashada waxay ahayd qiyaastii 400 oo kun oo qof (oo sidoo kale ku dhintay qiyaastii 10,000 oo qof oo rayid ah oo gobolladii oo waqooyi-bari). Waxaa la aasaasay socodka weyn ee qaxootiga. Qaar ka mid ah u suurtagashay in ay soo noqdaan si uu naftiisa hore meel hooyo uu.

Inkasta oo dalka uu ahaa hal dhinac la guuleystay dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, cawaaqib ee Italy ka sii xun ka badan wanaagsan. carada Public waa dhiig garaadka iyo daba iman in 1920, xiisadda dhaqaale ayaa ka caawiyay inay u yimaadaan si xoog ah Benito Mussolini iyo xisbiga Fashistadii ah. xigxiga A la mid ah dhacdooyinka la sugayo iyo Germany. Labada dal, oo raba inay dib u eegaan natiijada dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, ugu danbeyn oodda ka sii cabsi badan dagaalkii labaad ee dunida. In 1940, Italy ayaa ka baxay ballan ay huwanta u Jarmalka, iyadu waxay ku diiday in 1914