Heerarka bilowga ah ee horumarinta nolosha on Earth

cilmiga dabiiciga ah waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu caawiyo Dadka si ay u ogaadaan sida nafteena iyo adduunka inagu xeeran iyo, dabcan, si aad u ogaato sida on dhulkeenna nolosha asalkiisu ka soo jeedo ee dhammaan noocyada iyo daliilka ay. Aan tegaya uu aamino diinta abuurniinta xoog ugu sareeya xagga ruuxa - Ilaah, waxaan ku baran doonaa la xiqiijiyay in asal ah ee arrinta ku nool, kuwaas oo ka hawlgala bayoolaji. Marxaladaha ugu muhiimsan ee horumarka nolosha on Earth naga caawin doontaa in ay soo bandhigaan dhibaatada ay ka soo jeedo iyo muujinta ee dunida.

saynisyahano matalaad ku saabsan horumar ah ee duur-joogta

Haddii aan soo ururiyo wada dhan noocyada of noolaha, labada casriga ah iyo bakhtiyeen, oo aad ka heli tiro ah sumalka uguma - hal bilyan oo noocyada. Ma aha la yaab leh in saynisyahano, kuwaas oo ku noolaa in waqtiyo kala duwan, waxay dooneen si ay u aqoonsadaan marxaladaha ugu muhiimsan ee horumarka nolosha on Earth, taasoo keentay in soo bixitaanka oo ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee noolaha, iyo sidoo kale in ay formation of sawirada casriga ah ee dabiiciga ah. Founder of Taxonomy Karl Linney qarnigii 18aad oo ku salaysan mabaadi'da sayniska this "ku nool nool," kaas oo ku dooday in nolosha kaliya walax pre-jira nool ka kici karaan. Linnaeus uma ay oggolaan xitaa oggayn qarnigan waxa loogu yeero isxilqaamay ee noolaha. nin cilmiga nafleyda barta Jarmal Ernst Haeckel ugu horeysay soo jeediyay fikrad ah ee monophyletic a - asalka ah ee noolaha oo dhan ka hal awoowe ah. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ayaa sidoo kale difaacay fikirka ah ee foomka unicellular isirka, dhacdo ee ka dhacay marxaladaha hore ee horumarinta nolosha on Earth. Koobaya kor ku xusan oo dhan, waxaa lagu murmi karaa in sayniska jira on xiqiijiyay in asalka ah ee nolosha waxaa loo kala saaraa laba kooxood. First - abiogenic, waxaa ka mid ah fikradaha ku saabsan dhismaha arrinta nool oo dabiici ah walax (Alexander Oparin, Haldane, D., S. Miller). Kale - biogenic, waxaa ka mid ah fikradda ah muuqaalka kore ee xayawaankii kaliya by dhala u gaar ah (Virchow, Linnaeus, Darwin).

Haddii noolaha hoose lahaa qaab caadi ah ay isirka

The heerka koowaad ee horumarinta nolosha on Earth, iyo waxa abiotic (kiimiko), ka dibna muddada muuqaalka kore ee biopolymers (borotiinada iyo acids nucleic) yeedhay prebiological iyo, ugu dambeyntii, marxaladda ee horumar nafleyda (formation of noolaha hal-unuglaha hoose). Waxay ahaayeen biireen oo la odhan jiray biopoeza. Qaar ka mid ah cilmi (tusaale ahaan, D. Bernal, S. Miller) la soo jeediyey fikrad ah ee progenote - awoowe, kaas oo ah archaea, eubacteria, unugyada nucleated. cilmi Qaar kale waxay aaminsan yihiin in eukaryotes ma kacay ka progenote, oo waxay ahaayeen natiijada khaasatan, ama sameeyay sida ka dhalata isbeddellada ku protobionts xuub dibadda ah. Tixgeli fikrad this si faahfaahsan.

xiqiijiyay of Oparin - Haldane

Waxaa ka mid ah qoraalkii badan oo cilmi ah, isku dayayaan in ay sharaxaad ka ifafaale, lagu yaqaan in ay sayniska sida marxaladda pre-noolaha ee horumarinta dunida nolosha, coacervate la xiqiijiyay in aad loo jecel yahay dhibciyo. Waxaa la diyaariyey by saynisyahan Ruush A. I. Oparinym. fikrado la mid ah ayaa muujiyay sida ay cilmi British D. Haldane. fikradaha Seynisyahanno soo noqnoqonayey dheer-yaqaano ee la xiqiijiyay in biology qarnigan lama filaan ah nolosha.

nuxurka la xiqiijiyay of coacervates

Academician Oparin soo jeediyay in kooxda ee u taagoo xeryahooda organic, taasoo ka timi habka wareega kiimikada waxay abuuri kartaa maqaarka ku filan cufan. Sidaas darteed, waxay la kala maraq qiraysaa - deegaanka biyaha badweynta hore. Kooxahan of saynisyahan taagoo yeedhay coacervates. Waxay ahaayeen awood u jiritaanka madax banaan, sii qaybsiga xalka hoose. Waayo, aad u muhiim ah, sida uu sheegay Oparin, sifooyinka coacervates loola dhaqmo awoodooda si ay u koraan iyo midnimo (taranka). D. Haldane, isku hallaysay-aragnimada Miller-Jüri, kaas oo la experimentally helay walxaha organic adag ka dar ah ee methane, ammonia, hydrogen, iyo carbon dioxide. Waxay ka koobnayd taagoo acid amino iyo sonkor fudud. Tani waxay keentay in suurtagalnimada ee dhismayaasha oo kala duwan - probiontov.

Sida laga soo xigtay Oparin iyo Haldane, heerarka bilowga ah ee horumarinta nolosha on Earth, taasoo keentay in formation of kaxeynayo hoose - unugyada progenitor, la siiyaa aasaas u ah geeddi-socodka dheeraad ah ee horumar ah ee arrinta ku nool. Waa in la ogaadaa in tijaabo ah cilmibaadhe oo si guul leh Yururb shuruudaha suurto gal ah in laga yaabo in ee jawiga iyo badaha ee aasaasiga ah, kuwaas oo heerkulka sare iyo cadaadiska, ionizing shucaaca iyo siideeyn korontada.

Probionty iyo xoolahoodii,

Marxaladaha ugu horreeya horumarinta nolosha on Earth - Hadean ah, Archean ka dibna, calaamadeeyay guurka ka coacervates is-abaabulka (probiontov) in unugyada nool hoose. Waxa uu ahaa suurto by sifooyinka gaarka ah probiontov: awood u leh inay sameeyaan xuub go'doonsan, waxaa macquul ah noocyada fudud faafin, sarrifka aasaasiga ah habka dibadda deegaanka. taagoo Is-abaabulan nucleoprotein, taasoo keentay ka stage kiimikada, bixiyo muujinta probiontov ka mid ah guryaha ugu muhiimsan ee arrinta ku nool - awood u leh inay u gudbiyaan macluumaad hidde.

Astaamaha u gaarka ah ee noolaha ugu horeysay ku nool

Muddo dheer (oo ku saabsan 3.5 billion sano ka hor) la sameeyey korsiiya taas oo raad nolosha organic la helay. Waxay ahaayeen qaab cyanobacteria iyo qolofka calcareous harta mureinovyh derbiyada gacanta bakteeriyada. xaaladda goobtaa ku lithosphere ka Zaman Archean waxaa si joogto ah la beddelo, sidaas oo kale ayaa prokaryotes ecosystem hoose si ay ula qabsadaan iyaga by raasamaal ee kala duwanaansho badan oo phenotypic. Photosynthesis waxaa lagu fuliyaa by algae buluuga ah-cagaaran (cyanobacteria), ayaa la siiyaa wax isbaddal ah ee Halabuurka gaaska ee jawiga qiraysaa dhulka ku, jidaynayey waayo dadkuba wax soo saarka dheeraad ah oo degaanka biyaha dhulka. Waxqabadka noolaha ugu horeysay prokaryotic, oo ay inta badan ahaayeen baaruud iyo birta ah bakteeriyada, waxa ay keentay in la dhiso ma aha oo kaliya of Texas, laakiin sida saliidda iyo gaaska dabiiciga ah.

Maxaa ka dhigay suurto gal ah ee unugyada eukaryotic

Sida aynu hore u soo sheegnay, hawl photosynthetic bakteeriyada baaruud cagaaran iyo guduud, iyo bakteeriyada birta gacan ka formation of gaashaankii Lakabka Allena iyo soo bixitaanka of unugyada eukaryotic laylinta. In si kale loo dhigo, 3-da heer ee hore ee nolosha dunida keentay in formation of biocenosis ku jiraan noolaha eukaryotic unicellular iyo multicellular. saynisyahano intooda badan u muuqdaan in ay aaminsan yihiin in ay tahay muuqashada dhacay oo ku saabsan 600 milyan oo sano ka hor. Markii hore noolaha nuclear ayaa wakiil ka ah foomamka flagellate hal-unuglaha. Sidaas darteed of kala iyaga ka yimid dhirta marka hore - algae iyo protozoa iyo fangaska. opinion oo xiiso leh cilmi qaar ka mid ah in prokaryotes tahay evolutionary dhintay-dhamaadka, maxaa yeelay, iyagu ma beddelmin badan ku jira marxaladaha hore ee horumarinta nolosha on Earth. Biology weeraryahanka dhigeysa laba sababood la'aanta ah ee horumarinta evolutionary of noolaha aan nuclear.

Midkii kowaad wuxuu iyaga ku saabsan awood of unugyada prokaryotic si loo hagaajiyo ururka oo kaladuwan. Sababta labaad - adag adag prokaryotes wax la iska dhaxlo oo kaliya soo gudbiyo Britain DNA wareeg ah, u yeedhay plasmid ah.

Khaasatan, taas oo keentay in isbedel kacaan in dabeecadda

Imaansho unugyada nucleated ee wareegyada sayniska si ay u sharxaan symbiogenesis meel - aragti jeediyey by A. Shimperom. Tan iyo markii formation of bu'da unugga, joogitaanka kaas oo feature ugu muhiimsan ee eukaryotes, iyo sidoo kale dhismaha mitochondria iyo chloroplasts waxaa suurto by isbeddel ah bakteeriyada laylinta qaarkood. Kakeentay cell hoose la ah walax hidde xuub gaar ah, bakteeriyada waxaa beehsa ay shiid la cell ciidanka. Sidaas darteed, waxay ka badiyay awooda ee jiritaanka madax banaan oo ka baxsan gacanta oo bilaabay organelles ay khasab ah. Xusid mudan waa la xiqiijiyay in uu sharaxayaa muuqaalka kore ee chloroplasts. Waxaad ma halmaami karno in asalka ah ee organelles kuwaas hubiyaa ifafaale nafaqada autotrophic iyo photosynthesis. Ka dib markii A. Shimperom saynisyahano sida fiican u yaqaan Ruush sida KS Merezhkovsky, BM Kozo-Polyansky iyo kuwa kale oo seefqaad ah in koox ka mid ah bakteeriyada photosynthetic awood khaasatan la unugyada heterotrophic dareenka. Marka cytoplasm ah, waxay sida muuqata u hayeyna la shiid gacanta iyo shaqada sida organelles steel, ka dib yeedhay chloroplasts. Isu unugyada heterotrophic joogaba galay a algae cagaaran hal-unuglaha, noqday eukaryotes horeysay autotrophic.

Biogeocoenoses Vendian

Sidaa darteed, wada noolaansho ee dhawr nooc oo ah non-nuclear noolaha - bakteeriyada - keeni karta in formation of nidaam cusub oo nool - unug eukaryotic. Sii inaad wax ka barato marxaladaha hore ee horumarinta nolosha dhulka, aynu Vendian da'da Proterozoic, kaas oo bedelay Archean ah. In deegaanka biyaha, - u ishaartay xaggiisa ugu weyn ee nolosha adduunka, ee biogeocoenoses ugu horeysay sameeyay. Saarayaasha waxay ahaayeen bakteeriyada photosynthetic iyo algae cagaaran unicellular iyo gumeysiga.

Waxay la go'doomiyay oxygen, dhexsameeysmo walxaha organic loo isticmaalo by noolaha heterotrophic: protozoa unicellular iyo foomamka multicellular: coelenterates iyo trilobites. muddo Vendian dhamaadeen heerka koowaad ee horumarka nolosha on Earth. Eram iyo muddada u socda, lahaa in dheeraad ah loo fuliyo geedi socodkii horumar ee dabiiciga ah oo ku nool, oo dhan ku salaysan kala duwanaanshaha hidaha iyo doorashada dabiiciga ah.