Hawlgalka ayaa macquul ah. The hawlaha macquulka aasaasiga ah

sayniska kombiyuutarka sida sayniska ee ururinta farsamooyinka, abaabulo oo loo farsameeyo noocyo kala duwan oo xog bilaabmaa si ay u horumariyaan bartamihii qarnigii labaatanaad. Inkastoo taariidhyahanadu qaar ka mid ah waxay aaminsan yihiin in bilowgii formation of science computer la dhigay ee Qarnigii 17aad, oo la been abuurtay ee calculator ugu horeysay ee farsamo, intooda ugu badan waxay la wadaajin la da'da badan oo horumarsan technology computer. In ka 40eeyaha ee qarnigii 20-aad, iyadoo dhalashada oo ka mid ah kombiyuutarada ugu horeysay, sayniska kombiyuutarka ayaa helay wadadii cusub horumarinta.

Mawduuca ku saabsan Aqbaarta waxbarasho

Waxa ay ahayd la dhalashada oo ka mid ah kombiyuutarada ugu horeysay waxa uu noqday lagama maarmaan ah si ay u horumariyaan hababka cusub ee habaynta, xisaabinta iyo processing kooxo xog weyn, iyo sidoo kale horumarinta algorithms in uu oggolaan in awood buuxda kombiyuutarada cusub. Informatics helay xaaladda ah anshaxa cilmiyeed madax bannaan, oo ka guuray ee diyaarada ee xisaabta inaad wax ka barato xisaabinta guud ahaan.

Dhammaan sayniska kombiyuutarka casriga ah ku salaysan yahay howlgallada macquul ah. Waxay la odhan karaa waa qayb asaasi ah. In barnaamijyada, nidaamyada computer fikirka ah hawlgalka macquulka ah - waa tallaabo ah, kaas oo la ahbaa ka gaareen fikrad cusub ama qiimaha la aasaasay oo ku saleysan fikradaha jira. set A ee falalka noocaas ah kala duwanaan karaan ku xiran tahay element processor si ay u fuliyaan amarrada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira qaar ka mid ah hawlaha in ay yihiin caadi ah in dhammaan nidaamyada hadda jira. Howlgalkan waxuu sii, oo la content shaqeeyaan naftooda la qiimeeyo, sida diidmada, ama kuwa bedeli fikradaha kala soocista taranta - ku dar, kala-gooyaan, tarma, qaybi.

Operands hawlgallada macquul ah

Tan iyo markii ay macquulka algebra ka dhigan shaqada on fikradaha aan la taaban karin, ka dibna sida operands dhan hawlgallada macquul ah waa noocyada macluumaadka guud. xubno heer sare ah, la shaqeeya statements algebra waa bayaanno, been ama run. The korontada iyo barnaamijyada sharaxaad ka mid ah shuruudahan waxaa loo isticmaalaa doorsoomayaasha Boolean qiimaha run iyo been ama abyoonaha of 1 (run) iyo 0 (been ah). On isku-dar ah qiimayaashan, sida cajiib ah sida ay u muuqan kartaa, shaqada ku xidhan yahay hababka ugu adag oo baaxad weyn. All code barnaamijka la toogasho ah ku dileen on computer ama qalab kasta oo digital dynamically tarjumaysaa isku xigxiga oo ka mid ah kuwa iyo eber - code caalamiga ah kuwaas oo loo samayn karo by processing kasta.

Noocyada hawlaha macquul ah

Sidii hore, ee classical ku xusan algebra Boolean , waxaa jira 2 nooc oo ah hawlaha. The hawlaha macquul ugu muhiimsan ee noocyada xogta binary - waa falalka saameeya war laftiisa (unary, ama hal, hawlgalka). Tani waxay sidoo kale waa hawlgallada in ay curiyaan statements cusub oo ku saleysan qiimaha hadda jira (hawlgallada binary, ama mataano). Amarkan oo ka mid ah hawlaha macquul ah waa isku mid sida marka performing kasta xisaabta ka bidix ilaa midig, in view of qaansada ku ah.

Ugu fudud iyo mid ka mid ah hawlaha ugu fiican u yaqaan ee function macquulka Boolean waa diidmada. Tani hawlgalka macquulka fudud yahay qiimaha lagu soo horjeeda ee operand talooyin ah. In korontada, tallaabadan waxaa mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan inversion ah. Tusaale ahaan, haddii aad invert "runta" qawl ah, natiijadu waa "been". Oo qeybsanaan ku xigeenka - inkiraad ah ee qiimaha "been" waxay keeni doontaa in qiimaha ah "runta". Tani barnaamijyada hawlgal macquul ah waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa branching algorithms iyo hirgelinta "doorasho" of go'an ku xiga ee aad amarradayda oo ku saleysan natiijooyinka jira ama xaaladaha bedelay.

hawlgalka binary

In barnaamijyada computer oo ay isticmaalaan set kooban oo binary (binary) hawlgallada. Waxay magacooda ka bi erayada Latin helay, taasoo la micno ah "laba", oo waa nooc ka mid ah hawlaha in ay qaataan laba dood la gelin iyo soo laaban natiijo ka mid ah qiimaha cusub. Waayo, tilmaanta dhammaan hawlaha Boolean algebra isticmaalaa loox runta.

Waxay u baahan yihiin

Nidaamkan waxaa loo sameeyey dadka aawadiis xaddi gaar ah oo operands talooyin iyo qeexayaa oo dhan qiimaha keentay, taas oo noqon karin hawlgal macquulka Fundka at sheegay dhigay xuduudaheedu aqbasho.

The inta badan loo isticmaalaa hawlaha ee technology computer iyo computer waa Intaa waxaa macquul ah (disjunction) iyo isku dhufashada macquul ah (lala).

lala

Hawlgalka ayaa macquul ah "IYO" - waa shaqo of doorashada ee yaruna laba ama n aqbasho operands. On galaya shaqo ku yeelan kara laba (function binary), saddexdii qiyamka (Woodward), ama tiro aan xad of operands (hawlgal n-ary). Marka la xisaabinayo natiijada shaqada waxa ay noqon doontaa ugu yar oo ka mid ah qiyamka aqbasho bixisey.

Analoogga ee aljabra caadiga ah waa hawl-dhufasho. Sidaa darteed, hawlgalka lala waxaa badanaa loo yaqaan iskudhufashada macquul ah. Marka calaamada lagu qoro shaqo falimihiisii kale ama isku dhufashada calaamada (buundo) ama ampersand ah. Haddii aan ka dhigi miiska runta shaqo this, waxaa la arki doonaa in shaqada lagu wadaa in uu "run" ama 1, keliya runta oo dhan operands aqbasho. Haddii ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah oo xuduudaheedu aqbasho waa eber, ama qiimaha "been", natiijada shaqada sidoo kale jiri doona "been".

Tani waxay ka tarjumaysaa eegtahay isku dhufashada xisaabta: dhufashada, iyo tiro ka mid ah nooc ka mid ah tirada 0 ay sabab u tahay mar walba soo laabtay 0. hawlgalka macquulka ah Tani waa hormagalinta: Si taas oo ay hesho oo xuduudaheedu aqbasho ma saamayn doonto natiijada kama dambaysta ah ee xisaabinta.

Muuqaal kale oo ka mid ah shaqada this waa associativity, ama associativity. hantida Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa xisaabinta xigaan binary hawlgallada aanu qaadan Karin in lagu xisaabiyo si qiimaynta. Sidaa darteed, 3 ama in ka badan hawlgalka dhufashada macquul ah oo xiriir ah ma loo baahan yahay in ay tixgeliyaan oo qows ku. In barnaamijyada, shaqo this waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa si loo hubiyo in amarrada gaar ah toogasho oo kaliya haddii wadar ahaan labada lug ee xaaladaha qaarkood.

disjunction

Hawlgalka ayaa macquul ah "AMA" - qaab shaqo ah Boolean, taas oo la mid ah in ay sii dheer ee aljabrada. Magacyada kale ee shaqada this - Intaa waxaa macquul ah, disjunction ah. Sidoo kale, sida qaliinka dhufashada macquul ah, waxaa laga yaabaa in disjunction binary (si loo xisaabiyo qiimaha ku salaysan laba dood), Woodward ama n-ary.

Shaxda runta hawlgalka this macquul ah waa nooc ka mid ah in lala kale ah. Hawlgalka ayaa macquul ah "AMA" xisaabi natiijada ugu fiican ee ka mid ah dood bixisey. Disjunction helo qiimaha wax soo saarka "been", ama 0 kaliya marka dhan ku soo koobin aqbasho helay iyadoo qiimaha 0 ( "been"). Xaaladdan oo kale wax soo saarka ah waxaa laga heli doonaa by qiimaha "run", ama 1. In la diiwaan geliyo shaqo this waxaa inta badan la isticmaalo calaamad xisaabeed ee dheeriga ah ( "lagu daray") ama laba strips toosan. duwanaansho labaad waa baahsan oo ku qoran luqadaha barnaamijyada ugu doorbiday iyo sababta oo ah waxay kuu ogolaanaya in aad si cad u kala howlgalka macquul ah ee xisaabta ka.

The guryaha guud ee howlgallada macquul ah

hawlgallada macquulka aasaasiga ah, haddii ay tahay unary, binary, Woodward ama hawlaha kale, waxaa waajib ah in sharciyada iyo hantida qaar in ay sharxaan dhaqanka. Mid ka mid ah guryaha asaasiga ah sida jinnoolihii hawlaha macquulka kor ku tilmaamay ay yihiin hormagalinta.

feature Tani waxay xaqiijineysaa in shaqo permutation meelaha qiimaha operand ma beddelo. oo dhan ka shaqeeya haysan hanti this. Si ka duwan ee lala iyo disjunction in shuruudaha commutativity, shaqo -dhufasho furta ma aha, oo rearrangement ee arrimaha hawlgalka this wuxu doono natiijada isbedelka, iyo sidoo kale exponentiation.

Qaybta A dheeraad ah

Muuqaal kale oo muhiim ah, kaas oo inta badan loo isticmaalaa in korontada iyo circuitry, waa hoos jooge ka mid ah lammaane oo hawlgallada macquul ah sharciyada De Morgan.

Shuruucdani waxay ku xidhaan lammaane oo hawlgallada macquulka isticmaalaya shaqo inkiraad macquul ah, oo loo isticmaalo si uu u muujiyo hawlgal macquul ah iyadoo la isticmaalayo oo kale ah. Tusaale ahaan, function inkiraad lala a lagu sheegi karaa iyadoo negations disjunction operands gaar ah ugu. Sharciyadan howlgalka macquul ah "IYO", "AMA" iyo vzaimovyrazheny la fulin karo iyada oo kharashka ugu yar hardware. Habkaani waa mid aad u faa'iido leh in design circuit, sida ay kuu ogolaanayaa inaad si loo badbaadiyo khayraadka ee xisaabinta iyo formation of chips.