Exploration of Moon ah. sahaminta bannaan. daahfurka

Dadka had iyo jeer ku mashquulsan yihiin meel. Moon dhow caalamka, wuxuu ahaa jirka kuwa samadu kaliya on taas oo qofka soo booqday. Sidee si ay u bilaabaan waxbarasho ah oo ka mid ah dayax, iyo kii ku guuleystay oo timir ah ee dhulka ku dayaxa?

satellite dabiiciga ah

Luna - jirka ah samadu in uu weheliyo dhulkeenna qarniyo. Waxa aanu iftiin ma dhaadheer, oo kaliya waxa ay ka tarjumaysaa. moon waa satellite ah oo ka mid ah dhulka, taas oo u dhow qorraxda. In samada ee dhulkeenna waa shayga labaad ifka.

Waxaan had iyo jeer arki dhinac isla bishu ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in waxa la beehsa la wareeg ee wareeg dhulka ku wareegsan dhidibka. The guuro Moon wareegsan dhulka u di'in - waa dhaqaaqin, ka dibna iyada u dhowaanin. Maskaxda weyn dunida ayaa muddo dheer dhalisay maskaxdooda on waxbarasho ee ay dhaq-dhaqaaqa. Tani waa hab cajiib ah oo adag oo la saameeyeen fidsanaan Dhulka iyo Qorraxda soo jiidashada.

Ku saabsan sida dayaxa sameeyay, saynisyahano weli ku doodi. Waxaa jira saddex qeybood oo, mid ka mid ah oo - hoose - ayaa la bilaabay ka dib markii helo noocyo ka mid ah ciidda dayaxa. Waxay ugu baaqday saameynta aragtida Rafaa. Waxay ku salaysan tahay male ah in ka badan 4 bilyan oo sano ka hor, soo wajahay laba planetesimals iyo Qurub Hargeysa ay ku xayiran kastana falagiisuu dhex Earth si ay u sameeyaan Moon muddo.

Aragti kale oo soo jeedisay in Earth iyo satellite dabiiciga sameeyay ay sabab u tahay daruur ciidda waqti isku mid ah. Taageerayaasha aragti saddexaad soo jeedinaya in dayaxa kacay ka fog dhulka, laakiin waxaa qabtay dhulkeenna.

sahaminta Laga bilaabo of Moon ah

Xitaa wakhtiyadii hore, waxaa jira jidh samadu Dadka ku dabataagan. The waxbarashada koowaad ee Moon weli ahaayeen ee II qarnigii BC, Hipparchus, isku day in aad ku tilmaami ay mooshin, size iyo fogaanta ka Earth.

In 1609 Galileo abuurtay xoqad ah, iyo sahaminta ee Moon (ugu yaraan muuqaal ah) lagu wareejiyay heer cusub. Waxa uu noqday suurtagal ah inaad wax ka barato dusha sare of our satellite, arki craters iyo Buurahana. Tusaale ahaan, Dzhovanni Richchioli la oggol yahay si ay u abuuraan mid ka mid ah maps horeysay Labiyo sannadkii 1651. Isla mar uu ku dhashay Erayga "badda" ee, taasoo muujinaysa meelaha mugdiga ah ee dusha dayaxa, craters oo bilaabay wacaya ka dib markii shakhsiyaad caan ah.

In qarnigii XIX si ay u caawiyaan cirbixiyeyaasha yimaado sawir u ogolaanaya waxbarasho badan oo sax ah muuqaalka guud ee dhulka. Lyuis Rezerford, Warren de la Rue iyo Per Zhansen waqtiyo kala duwan si firfircoon uga bartay dusha dayaxa la sanamyadii, iyo kan dambeba yeellay iyada "khariiradda sawiro."

Exploration of Moon ah. Isku dayaysa in ay abuuraan gantaal

The heerka koowaad ee waxbarasho oo dhamaystiran, iyo xiisaha dayaxa waa sii kulul. In qarnigii XIX ku billowda fikirka koowaad ee safarka meel ay ku qorantahay, halkaas oo story bilaabmin sahaminta of Moon ah. Waayo, diyaarad noocan oo kale ah lagama maarmaan ahayd in la abuuro qalab, xawaaraha taas oo awoodi doonaan in ay ka gudbaan cuf. Waxaa soo baxay in matoorada jira ma aha oo awood ku filan si ay u wac xawaaraha la doonayo iyo waxa ay u ilaaliyaan. sidoo kale dhibaatooyin la mashiinada dulinka mooshin ahaayeen, sida ka dib markii duushay ay duubaan doonaa in ay dhaqdhaqaaq iyo dhulka ku dhicin.

waxa uu ahaa go'aan ee 1903, markii injineer ayaa abuuray mashruuca gantaal Tsiolkovsky, oo awood u gudbo duurka ku gravitational iyo gaarto yoolka. Shiidaalka gubashada jiray bilowgii of dayuurada ee engine gantaal. Sidaas darteed, ay mass noqotaa mid aad u yar, iyo mooshinka qaadeen daayo tamarta.

Yaa marka hore?

qarnigii XX ay astaan u dhacdooyinka military oo baaxad weyn. All iman kara sayniska jeeday track a military oo waxbarasho ah oo Moon lahaa hoos u dhigi. Biloowday 1946, dagaalkii qaboobaa ayaa lagu qasbay cirbixiyeyaasha iyo injineerada in ay mar kale qabaa ku saabsan safarka bannaan. Mid ka mid ah arrimaha ee xafiiltanka Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Maraykanka waxay ahaayeen kuwa soo socda: oo ahaa kii ugu horeeyay ee dalka ku dayaxa?

Hoggaanka la dagaallanka for sahaminta ee dayaxa iyo meel bannaan oo dibadda u baxay inuu Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo October 4, 1957 ayaa la sii daayay ugu horeysay satellite Earth macmal ah, iyo laba sano ka dib si Moon ka baxay idaacadi ugu horeysay oo meel "Luna-1", ama sida loo yeedhay, "Dream" .

Bishii Janaayo 1959, AMC ah - saldhigga interplanetary automatic - qaaday oo ku saabsan 6000 kiiloomitir Moon, laakiin waxay ahayd in dhulkii karin. "Dream" helay on falagiisuu ku heliocentric, noqday macmal satellite Sun. Muddada ay kacaanka agagaarka ak tirsan yahay 450 maalmood.

Moon degtey ku guuldareysatay, laakiin la helay xog aad u qiimo badan oo ku saabsan suunka dibadda shucaaca ee dhulkeenna iyo dabaysha qoraxda. Waxa la ogaaday in satellite dabiiciga ah ee beer yar oo magnetic.

Ka dib markii Midowga bishii March 1959, Mareykanka soo saartay Pioneer-4 ah, kaas oo u duulay 60,000 km ka dayaxa, garaacid kastana falagiisuu dhex qoraxda.

horumar degdeg ah Tani yimid on September 14 sannaddaas, marka pride ah "Luna 2" ka dhigay a "caga moon" ee ugu horeysay ee adduunka ee. Idaacadda lahaa qiimo lahayn, oo sidaas daraaddeed dhulka ahayd adag, laakiin la taaban karo. Ka dhigay "Luna 2" oo u dhow badda Roobabka.

Baadhitaanka ayaa ah expanses Labiyo

degtey First jidka u bannaysay for cilmi baaris dheeraad ah. Ka dib markii ay "Luna 2" waxaa loo diray "Luna-3" si kastana falagiisuu dhex satellite ah iyo sawirada ka mid ah "dhinac madow" ee caalamka qaado. kaarka madow waxa uu noqday dhamaystiran, waxaa u muuqday craters magacyada cusub: Zhyul Vern, Kurchatov, Lobachevsky, Mendeleyev, Pasteur, Popov iyo kuwa kale.

idaacadi ugu horeysay oo Mareykan ah ku degay satellite Earth kaliya ee 1962. Waxay ahayd Ranger Station-4, taas oo dhinaca dayaxa dhacay.

Next "Rangers" American iyo Soviet "Moon" iyo "probes" markeeda weeraray expanses runtan, markaas samaynta Telefoto dusha dayaxa, xubnihii waxaa ka mid ah breaking. The degtey ugu horeysay jilicsan ka farxisay saldhiga "Luna-9" in 1966 iyo "Luna-10" noqday satellite ugu horeeyay ee Dayaxa. Albaaka meeraha 460 jeer, "satellite Saaxiibkiis" jejebiyey la xidhiidha dhulka la.

"Luna-9" baahin saamaxaad si toos ah telecast. Iyada oo screens TV daawade Soviet daawashada toogtay expanses cidlada qabow.

Dowladda Mareykanka ayaa soo raacay koorsada la mid ah sida in Midowga. In 1967, saldhigga American "Surveyer-1" ka dhigay a degtey labaad jilicsan ee taariikhda astronautics.

Si dayaxa iyo dib

Wixii dhowr sano ah cilmi-Soviet iyo American u suurtagashay in ay gaaraan guul aan la qiyaasi karo. nalka habeenkii dahsoon yididiila miyir qarniyo badan sida maskaxda weyn, iyo jacaylka rajo la'aan. Talaabo talaabo, Moon la qaadan dhow iyo ka badan ay heli karaan aadanaha.

Ujeedada xiga ma ahayn oo kaliya in ay soo diri saldhigga satellite meel, laakiin sidoo kale si ay u soo noqdaan dib u Earth. caqabado cusub ayaa soo food saaray injineerada. Qalabka wuxuu dib duulaya, Waxaan u lahaa in ay galaan dhulka jawiga at aad uga yaacday ilaa xagal, haddii kale waxa laga yaabaa inuu ku shido. Too ballaaran xagal, on lid ku ah, waxay abuuri kartaa saamayn ku celiska ah, iyo mar kale mashiinka inuu u duulo meel, marna gaarey dhulka.

Addag xagal dhaqmaan ayaa la xalin. taxane ah qalabka "oo baaraya" min 1968 ilaa 1970 si guul sameeyey diyaarad la soo degtey a. "Zond-6" waxay ahayd tijaabo. Oo isna wuxuu lahaa si ay u qabtaan shaqada xaqiijinta in ka dibna waxa ay qaadan karaan duuliye cir ah. unit ayaa u duulay badan dayaxa fogaan ah 2,500 km, laakiin marka soo laabtay Earth baarashuud ay goor hore u furay. Idaacadda ahayd la jebiyey, oo horyaalka ah oo cir ayaa la baajiyay.

Americans on Moon ah: lunoprohodtsy ugu horeysay

Steppe qubo ee ugu horeysay orbited dayaxa oo ku soo laabtay Earth. Animal soo diray in diyaarad meel on markabka Soviet "Zond-5" ee 1968.

Waxaa cad ka danbayso Mareykanka ee horumarinta expanses dayaxa, maxaa yeelay wax kasta iska lahaa guulihii ugu horeysay ee USSR. In 1961, Madaxweyne Kennedy Maraykanka bayaan cod weyn oo ku saabsan waxa dhici doona 1970 xuquuqda caga moon. Iyo Americans ka samayn doonaa.

loo baahan yahay si ay u diyaariyaan dhulka adag ee hirgelinta qorshe noocan oo kale ah. sawirada bartay baabuurta dusha Labiyo dhigay "Ranger", baaritaan ifafaale aan caadi ahayn dayaxa.

Waayo, barnaamijka diyaarad meel la duuliyo "Apollo" la furay, taas oo ku riyaaqay xisaabiyo dhabbihii ee horyaalka si ay Dayaxa, by Yukreeniyaan sameeyey Yuri Kondratyuk. Ka dibna, dhabbihii this ayaa loo yaqaan "Kondratyuk wadada."

"Apollo-8" dhigay diyaarad ugu horeysay imtixaanka, waaxana aan soo degtey. F. Borman, William Anders, John. Lovell sameeyey leefleefa yar agagaarka satellite dabiiciga ah, samaynta goobta toogashada for duulaan mustaqbalka. T. iyo J. Stafford. Young in "Apollo 10" fuliyo duulimaadka agagaarka satellite labaad. cir ayaa la kala unit gaariga oo joogay 15 km ka moon oo keliya.

diyaarinta oo dhan ka dib, wuxuu ugu dambeyntii loo diray "Apollo 11". Maraykanka ayaa ku degay dayaxa July 21, 1969 meel u dhow badda dajiyay xasilloonidiisii. Tallaabada ugu horreysa by Neil Armstrong sameeyey, waxaa la raacay by Edwin Aldrin. cir The joogay satellite dabiiciga ah ee 21.5 saacadood.

waxbarashada dheeraad ah

Marka Armstrong iyo Aldrin tegey moon 5 guutadii wax ka badan sayniska. Markii ugu danbeysay cir ka soo degay on dusha moon ee 1972. Maxaa yeelay, dhammaan taariikhda aadanaha waa kaliya ee ka mid ah sahamo dadka ku degay kale waxyaabaha bannaan.

Midowga Soofiyeeti ma ka tanaasulaan waxbarasho ee dusha sare ee satellite dabiiciga ah. Tan iyo 1970, wuxuu ku soo diray raadiyaha "Lunokhod" 1aad iyo 2aad taxane. Lunokhod on Moon ah ku guranayeen ciidda iyo sawiro gargaarka.

In 2013, Shiinaha noqday dalka saddexaad, taas oo ay gaareen our satellite, dhigay degtey jilicsan isticmaalaya rover ah Labiyo "Yuytu".

gunaanad

satellite dabiiciga ah ee dhulka muddo dheer waa wax xiiso ah waxbarasho. In qarnigii XX horumarinta Moon ka soo cilmi sayniska ayaa noqday loolanka siyaasadeed ah dhidid. Oo ay ku socdaalaan waxaa la sameeyey badan. Haddaba Moon waa waxyaalaha makii ugu bartay, taasoo, wuxuu haddana, nin.