Biopolymers - waa ... Polymers Plant

kala duwan A weyn ee dabiiciga ah kiimikada kala duwan ee xeryahooda ahaa awoodaan in synthesize nin ee shaybaarka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, weli ugu muhiimsan oo la taaban karo u ah nolosha oo dhan, nidaamka ku nool ayaa oo sii ahaan doonto dabiiciga ah, walxaha dabiiciga ah. Taasi waa, taagoo in ay lug ku leeyihiin kun oo reactions lagmamaarmaanna jidhka gudaha iyo mas'uul ka shaqaynaya caadi yihiin.

Inta badan oo iyaga ka mid iska leh koox in uu leeyahay magaca "polymers noolaha."

fikradda guud ee biopolymers

Waxa ugu horeeya oo u sheegay in xiriir oo dhan - High, mass haysashada, karay malaayiin Daltons. Waxyaabahani - xoolaha iyo khudradda polymers, kaas oo ka ciyaaraan door muhim ah in dhismaha unugyada iyo qaababka ay, bixinta dheef, photosynthesis, Neefta, cunto iyo dhammaan hawlaha kale ee muhiimka ah ee u shaqeeyo wax kasta oo nool.

Qiimayn dheeraad muhiimadda xeryahooda sida adag. Biopolymers - yihiin walxaha dabiiciga ah ee asal ahaan dabiiciga ah, kaas oo loo sameeyay in noolaha oo waa ku saleysan oo dhan nolosha dhulkeenna. Maxay tahay xiriir ay ka mid?

biopolymers cell

Dad badan oo iyaga ka mid ah. Sayidka, ka biopolymers waaweyn yihiin kuwa soo socda:

• borotiin,
• polysaccharides,
• acids nucleic (DNA iyo RNA).

Ka sokow, kuwaas oo, halkan waxaa suurtagal ah in ka mid ah polymers badan oo isku darsanaa oo loo sameeyay ka-gaynta ee hore u qoran. Tusaale ahaan, Lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, glycoproteins iyo kuwa kale.

guryaha Common

Waxaa jira dhowr sifooyinka waa wax caadi ah oo dhan u taagoo ee su'aasha. Tusaale ahaan, waxyaabaha soo socda guryaha guud ee biopolymers:

• miisaanka weyn kelli ay sabab u formation of macrochains weyn leh lugaha in qaab-dhismeedka kiimikada,
• noocyada kala duwan ee isku xirka ee macromolecules (hydrogen, isdhexgalka Madbacada qaranka, soo jiidashada electrostatic, isku xirka disulfide, bonds peptide, iwm);
• unit dhismaha Bannaanka kasta - unit monomeric;
• stereoregularity ama ay ka maqan in qaab-dhismeedka silsiladda.

Laakiin guud ahaan, dhammaan biopolymers weli waa kala duwan oo dheeraad ah dhismaha iyo shaqooyinka, halkii ay isaga egyihiin.

borotiinada

Of muhiimadda ugu weyn ee nolosha oo dhan u khuduuca nool yihiin taagoo protein. biopolymers noocan oo kale ah - waxaa aasaas u ah dabdhaliyayaasha. Ka dib oo dhan, xataa on aragtida nolosha Oparin-Haldane ayaa on Earth ka dhibco coacervate ah, taas oo ah protein ah asalkiisu ka soo jeedo.

Dhismaha walxahan waxay ku xiran yihiin joogto adag in qaab-dhismeedka. The salaysan protein kasta ka kooban harta acid amino in ay yihiin awood u xira kasta oo kale ee ah dhererka silsilad aan la koobi karayn. Taas waxa loo sameeyaa by sameynta xiriir gaar ah - peptide. bond noocan oo kale ah waxaa la aasaasay dhexeeya afarta cunsur: carbon, oxygen, nitrogen iyo hydrogen.

Dhismaha Britain borotiinka ka mid noqon kara wax badan oo ku harta amino acid sida la mid ah ama ka duwan (a tobanaan dhowr kun ama in ka badan). All dhaca kooban noocyada amino acid, kuwaas oo xeryahooda, waxaa jira 20. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isu-gaynta kala duwan ogolaanaya protein ah in ay baraaraan in tirada iyo noocyada Halabuurka.

borotiinada, biopolymers leeyihiin conformation da'ayeen kala duwan. Tusaale ahaan, wakiilka waxaa laga yaabaa in ay jiraan qaab dhismeedka hoose, dugsiyada sare, jaamacadaha ama quaternary.

The ugu fudud oo toosan hal - aasaasiga ah. Waxa si fudud waa tirada isku xigxigta, amino acid isku wada dheggan yihiin.

conformation Secondary leedahay qaab ka sii adag, tan iyo protein guud macrochains bilaaban helical, la xirrira gariiradda. Laba macrostructures yaalla meel u dhow yihiin soo socda in kasta oo kale oo lagu qabtay ay sabab u tahay isdhexgalka hydrogen iyo covalent u dhexeeya kooxaha reer atamka ka. Kala Alfa iyo beta galool dhismeedka sare ee borotiinada.

Qaab dhismeedka Tertiary waa gariiradda ah, namana daaliyaan in protein ah macromolecule (silsilad polypeptide). network aad u adag ee isdhexgalka gudahooda globule ah tani waxay u oggolaanaysaa in ay ahaato mid si fiican oo deggan iyo sii foomka heshay.

conformation Quaternary - waa silsilado polypeptide dheeraad ah oo namana daaliyaan gariiradda spirally swirled oo sidaas oo kale u wada sameeyaan xiriir badan oo kala duwan. The qaab-dhismeedka globular ugu adag.

Shaqooyinka taagoo protein

1. Gaadiidka. Waxaa la fuliyay qayb ka mid ah borotiinka unugyada xuub plasma. Waxay sameeyaan channels ra'iyi, kaas oo ay awoodi karaan in ay gudbaan taagoo qaarkood. Sidoo kale, borotiinada badan oo ay qayb ka yihiin dhaqdhaqaaqa organelles of protozoa iyo bakteeriyada, sidaas darteed, waxaa si toos ah uga qayb qaataan dhaq-dhaqaaqa.
2. Shaqada tamarta waxaa toogasho xogta waa u taagoo aad u firfircoon. Mid ka mid ah garaam oo borotiin ah ee Dheef dhigan 17.6 KJ. Sidaa darteed, isticmaalka dhirta iyo xayawaanka alaabooyinka xeryahooda kuwan, waa mid muhiim u ah noolaha.
3. feature Construction waa ka qaybgalka taagoo protein ee dhismaha inta badan dhismayaasha gacanta ee naftooda, unugyada, xubnaha, iyo wixii la mid ah unugyada. Shiidaa cell kasta waxaa asal ahaan loo dhisay ka, kuwaas oo u taagoo (cytoskeleton cytoplasm, xuub plasma, ribosome, mitochondria iyo dhismayaasha kale ee ku lug leh dhismaha xeryahooda protein).
4. Shaqada horseed waxaa lagu fuliyaa by ensaymes, kaas oo, by ay dabiiciga ah kiimikada, waa wax aan waxba sida borotiinada. Haddii aan falgalka noqon lahayd wax aan macquul aheyn inta badan dareen diidmo lagmamaarmaanna u ah ee jirka ku, tan iyo markii ay yihiin - Xoojiya noolaha in nidaamka nool.
5. Receptor (kale oo ay muujin), function ka caawisaa unugyada in ay maraan oo ay ka jawaabaan wixii isbeddel ah ee deegaanka, labadaba si farsamaysan iyo kiimikada.

Haddii protein ah ee su'aasha si qoto dheer weyn, waxaa suurto gal ah in loo qoondeeyo qaar ka mid ah hawlaha more sare. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ku qoran yihiin aasaasiga ah.

acids nucleic

biopolymers noocan oo kale - waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah unug kasta, haddii prokaryotic ama waxa eukaryotic. Ka dib oo dhan, acids nucleic ka mid ah DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) iyo RNA (ribonucleic acid), kuwaasoo mid walba uu yahay element aad u muhiim ah, waayo, xayawaankii.

By ay dabiicadda kiimikada ee DNA iyo RNA isku xigxiga waa nucleotides lala by bonds hydrogen iyo buundooyinka phosphate ah. Halabuurka waxay ka kooban tahay nucleotides DNA sida:

• adenayn;
• thaymiin;
• gu'anayn;
• saytosayn;
• deoxyribose sonkorta pyatiuglerodisty.

RNA waxa lagu gartaa in thaymiin la bedelay uracil, iyo sonkorta - ribose.

Sababo la xiriira ururka dhismaha gaarka ah ee DNA ee Britain samayn karo tiro ka mid ah hawlaha muhiim. RNA sidoo kale kaalin muhiim ah in unugyada.

Functions acids sida

acids Nucleic - biopolymers in mas'uul uga yahay hawlaha soo socda waa:

1. DNA waa haye iyo gudbiye macluumaad hidde in unugyada noolaha. In prokaryotes, Britain ayaa waxaa lagu qaybiyey cytoplasm ah. The unug eukaryotic waa gudaha karyotheca yaruna kala soocay.
2. Britain DNA Double-ku xayiran qaybsan yahay qaybo - hiddo-ka uu ka samaysan yahay qaab-dhismeedka koromosoomyada ah. Hiddo-ee midba midka foom gaar ah code a hidde kaas oo calaamadaha oo dhan Windows XP u shaqeeyo.
3. RNA waa saddex nooc - furta, ribosomal iyo gaadiidka. Ribosomal lug ee ereygu iyo shirkii reer taagoo protein ah oo ku saabsan qaababka kala duwan. Matrix iyo Gaadhsiinta macluumaadka akhriyo ka DNA iyo rayi macnaheeda noolaha.

polysaccharides

xeryahooda Kuwani - inta badan waa polymers cuntada, taas oo ah, waxaa la helay in unugyada flora. Waxaa si gaar ah hodan ku polysaccharides of derbiga unug, taas oo ka kooban cellulose.

By ay dabiicadda kiimikada, polysaccharides - dhismeedka a macromolecule adag oo carbohydrates. waxay noqon kartaa mid toosan, Geedka Dhalxiga ah conformations crosslinked. Monomers shan fudud, inta badan sonkor lix-carbon - ribose, glucose, fructose. Muhiim u yihiin xayawaankii, tan iyo qayb ka mid ah unugyada ay yihiin dhirta reserve nafaqo waa dhegay in ay sii daayaan xaddi badan oo tamar.

Muhiimadda wakiilada kala duwan

polymers noolaha aad u muhiim ah sida noqde, cellulose, inulin, glycogen, chitin iyo kuwa kale. In ay yihiin ilo muhiim ah oo tamarta noolaha.

Sayidka, cellulose - qayb khasab ah oo derbiyadaada unugyada dhirta bakteeriyada qaarkood. Waxaa siiyaa xoog, qaab gaar ah. In warshadaha, nin wax soo saarka ee waraaqaha loo isticmaalo, macdantaa copolymer.

Budada - warshad nafaqo u tudhin, kaas oo sidoo kale waa wax soo saarka cuntada qiimo leh, waayo, dadka iyo xayawaanka.

Glycogen, ama xoolaha baruur, - nafaqooyinka reserve ee xayawaanka iyo bini'aadanka. Waxaa qabata shaqo ee ningax kaamerada, ilaha tamarta, ilaalinta farsamo.

biopolymers Mixed ee halabuurka ah ee xayawaankii

Waxa intaa dheer in kuwa aan ka fikiray, waxaa jira isu-gaynta kala duwan ee xeryahooda sare-kelli. biopolymers noocan oo kale ah - dhismeedka isku dhafan ee borotiinada iyo subaga (lipoprotein) ama polysaccharides iyo borotiinada (glycoproteins). isku-dar ah subaga iyo polysaccharides (lipopolysaccharides) sidoo kale waa u suurtoobaan.

Mid kasta oo ka biopolymers waxa uu leeyahay noocyo badan oo oofin in xayawaankii tiro ka mid ah hawlaha muhiimka ah: gaadiidka, seylaanyenta, receptor, sharciyeed, enzymatic, dhismaha iyo qaar kale oo badan. Waxa ay qaab-dhismeedka kiimikaad ahaan waa mid aad u adag oo dhan wakiilo kuma decrypted, sidaas function waxaa si buuxda ma loo qeexay. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, waxaa la og yahay oo kaliya in ay ugu badan, laakiin wax badan oo ka mid ah hadhaagii xuduudaha aqoonta aadanaha.