Yaa abuurtay penicillin? History of helitaanka iyo sifooyinka penicillin

Boqolaal noloshooda ku badbaadi inta lagu jiro isticmaalka antibiotics ku dhaqanka caafimaad. helitaanka penicillin ka dhigtay in ay fududahay in cudurada in ilaa bilowgii qarnigii XX ayaa la tixgeliyo mid aan bogsan karin samatabbixin dadka.

Daawo ku been abuurtay penicillin

Wixii qarniyo daawada ayaa awoodi waayay in uu badbaadiyo nolosha dadka bukaanka ah. Tallaabada ugu horreysa ee horumar degdeg ah a ahaa daahfurka ee xaqiiqda ah ee dabiiciga ah ee asalka ah ee cuduro badan oo. Waxaan ka hadleynaa xaqiiqda ah in cudurada ugu kici ay sabab u tahay oo ka mid ah waxyeellada daran ee sheyga. Dagdaga oo ku filan, saynisyahano ogaaday in bakteeriyada cudurka keena waa la wada dumin karaa iyadoo la kaashanayo of sheyga kale, oo muujinaya "cadaawad" in wakiilada ee cudurada.

In koorsada ee ay dhaqanka caafimaad, dhowr saynisyahano ee XIX ku gaarnay this yimid. iyaga ka mid ahaa Louis Pasteur, kuwaas oo ay ogaadeen in saamaynta qaarkood sheyga keenaysaa in dhimashada bacilli kudka. Laakiin macluumaadkan aan ku filnayn. Waxa daruuri ahayd in la helo a siyaabo gaar ah wax ku ool ah si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatada. All isku dayo by dhakhaatiirta si ay u abuuraan daawo universal guuldareysto. Oo kaliya shil daahir ah iyo hunch cajiib ah ka caawiyay Aleksandru Flemingu, in cilmiga kan abuurtay penicillin.

guryaha waxtar leh ee caaryada

Way adag tahay in ay aaminsan yihiin in caaryada ugu badan wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin bakteeriyada dila. Laakiin waa run. Ma aha oo kaliya walax meelo godgodan oo-cawlan, fungus ah cqaadir. Waxaa soo baxdo ka uurjiifka xitaa kuwa yaryar, in ay yihiin hawada. In shuruudaha wareegga hawada saboolka ah, iyo arrimo kale oo caaryada loo sameeyay. Penicillin weli ma ahaa mid u furan, laakiin qarnigii line, shuqullada Avicenna ayaa tixraacyo daawaynta cudurada carow ah iyadoo la kaashanayo of caaryada ah.

Khilaafaadka u dhexeeya labo saynisyahano

In 60-mada ay dhakhaatiirta Ruush qarnigii XIX Aleksey Polotebnov iyo Vyacheslav Manassein dhab ah ku dooday. Mawduuca ku saabsan khilaafka ka ahaa caaryada. Polotebnov rumeysan yahay in ay tahay awoowe jeermiska oo dhan. Manassein ku adkeystay on dhibic ka soo horjeeda ee view, iyo si ay u caddeeyaan in uu dambi lahayn, lagu qabtay taxane ah oo baaritaan.

Waxa uu daawaday koritaanka kudka caaryada, taas oo lagu beeray in dhul rays. Sidaas darteed, V. Manassein arkay horumarinta bakteeriyada ma dhicin dhab ah oo duurka ku ah koritaanka caaryada. Isaga oo opinion haatan la xaqiijiyay by tijaabo: caaryada dhab hakiyo koritaanka sheyga kale. Oo uu soo horjeeda ayaa qirtay in qalad uu caddaynta. Waxaa intaa dheer, Polotebnov wuxuu bilaabay inuu si dhow ula baran guryaha bakteeriyada of caaryada. Waxaa jira cadaymo muujinaya in uu iyaga si guul leh loo isticmaalo in lagu daaweeyo si liidata ayuu bogsiinayay: boogaha maqaarka. Polotebnov Nagi dhowr cutub ee uu shaqada sayniska ku tilmaamay sifooyinka caaryada. Waxa kale oo jira saynisyahan a talinayaa in la isticmaalo hab yihiin in daawada, gaar ahaan daaweynta cudurrada maqaarka. Laakiin fikrad this inaanay ahayn waxyi by takhaatiirta kale oo uu xaq daro ah illoobay.

Yaa abuurtay penicillin

mudnaanta waxaa iska leh cilmiga caafimaadka Aleksandru Flemingu. Wuxuu ahaa professor ah ee shaybaarka ee Isbitaalka ee St. Mary ee City of London. theme ugu weyn ee uu shaqada sayniska - waa koritaanka iyo sifooyinka ✰Malax mid. helitaanka penicillin uu ka go'an shil. Fleming daryeelka weyn ma caan ah, halkii ay lid ku ah. Maalin maalmaha ka mid, ka tago suxuunta desktop dhaqin la dhaqamada bakteeriyo ah, dhawr maalmood ka dib ayuu yiri caaryada ka dhalanaya. Isaga oo xiiso xaqiiqada ah in meel bannaan oo ku wareegsan bakteeriyada caaryada ayaa la burburiyey.

Fleming siiyey magaca oo ah walaxda la sii daayay by caaryada. Waxa uu ku magacaabay penicillin. Ka dib markii fulinta tiro badan oo ah tijaabo, saynisyahano noqday qanacsanahay in walax this dili karaa noocyo kala duwan oo bakteeriyada.

Maxaa sano abuurtay penicillin? In 1928, Aleksandra Fleminga daawashada dunida siiyey waa mucjiso at walax waqtiga.

Production iyo Codsiga

Fleming ma baran karin in penicillin, si tababar ugu horraysay ee daawo aan waa mid aad xiiso u helay. Kuwa abuurtay penicillin sida daawo ahaayeen Govad Florey iyo Cheyn Ernst. Waxay, oo ay la socdaan saaxiibadii go'doonsan penicillin saafi ah, oo ku salaysan waxa on antibiotic ugu horeysay ee adduunka ee.

In 1944, inta lagu guda jiro dagaalkii labaad ee dunida, Maraykanka, saynisyahano ayaa awooday in ay ka heli jidka warshadaha penicillin. Baaritaanka daroogada ayaa xoogaa waqti qaatay. Ku dhawaad islamarkiiba, penicillin bilaabay in ay isticmaalaan ciidamada qalabka sida ee xulafada oo lagu daaweeyo dadka dhaawaca ah. Markii uu dagaalku dhamaaday, dadka rayidka ah ee Maraykanka ayaa sidoo kale ka iibsan kari lahaa daawo mucjiso ah.

kuwaas oo abuurtay penicillin All (Fleming, Florey, Chain) noqday milkiilayaasha ee Nobel Prize ee Medicine.

Penicillin: taariikhda daahfurka ee Russia

Markii dagaalkii Great Patriotic weli socda, I. V. Stalin ayaa isku day badan oo ay ku iibsadaan laysanka soo saarka ee penicillin ee Russia. Laakiin Maraykanka ayaa la xarfaha hore u dhaqmeen. First mid wadarta loo magacaabay, waa waxaan idinku leeyahay, makii ah. Laakiin markii danbe waxa uu labo jeer kor u kacay, sharxaya korodhka oo ka mid ah xisaabaha khaldan hore. Sidaas darteed, wada xaajoodka ku guuldareystay.

On su'aasha ah ee kii been abuurtay penicillin in Russia, halkaas waa jawaabta hal lahayn. Helitaanka siyaabo in ay soo saaraan analogues ayaa lagu eedeeyay biolojiste Zinaida Ermoleva. Waxay ahayd heli karo walaxda, ka dib yeedhay krustozinom. Laakiin hantida daroogada tani waa badan liita penicillin, iyo technology ee wax soo saarka ahaa shaqada-degdeg ah oo qaali ah.

Waxaa la go'aansaday in ay weli ku iibsan liisanka. Iibiyaha ayaa ahaa Chain Ernst. Ka dib markii in horumarinta technology oo u bilaabi galay wax soo saarka. Marxaladani waxay keentay Nikolai Kopylov. wax soo saarka warshadaha ee penicillin waxaa si deg deg ah la aasaasay. Inta lagu guda jiro this Nikolay Kopylov abaal Prize Stalin.

Antibiyootikada guud ahaan iyo gaar ahaan xaqiiqada ah penicillin leeyihiin guryaha si dhab ah u gaar ah. Laakiin maanta, saynisyahano iyo aad u badan ayaa soo bandhigeysa walaac in bakteeriyada iyo microbes badan horumariyo caabiga tallaabadan daweynta.

Dhibaatadaan ayaa hadda loo baahan yahay tixgelin taxaddar iyo xal suurto gal ah, sida runtii iman karaan waqti marka qaar ka mid ah bakteeriyada mar dambe jawaabi doonaan tallaabada of antibiotics.