Waa ay fududahay in ay ka jawaabaan su'aasha ah: Waa maxay fashiistaha?

Ka dib markii labaad ee caalamiga ah ayaa ku dhintay hoos, eray sida "fashiistaha" waxa uu noqday qiimaha si cad u xun, iyo haatan xilli ciyaareedkan wax badan oo xad-gudub, si wacaya soo horjeeda siyaasadda iyo ku deldesheen oo sumadaha ay. Dhinaca kale, sida qeexid caddayn of this ifafaale looga cabsado sida xaqiiqada ah ogolaanaya nooleynta xisbiyada garabka midig, taas oo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, sidaas darteed ma waxay isugu yeedhaan, inkastoo ay caqiido waa mid aad u dhow in ay fashiistanimo ama ku jira qaybo ka mid ah fikirka this. Laakiin waa ay fududahay in si cad u qeex waxa fashiistaha, iyo calaamadee xuduudaha muddada?

fashiistaha Classic, la, in dareenka cidhiidhi ah taariikhiga ah ee erayga, ee 1922, wuxuu noqday adag Italy ka dib markii caanka ah "March on Rome" Blackshirts Benito Mussolini. Magaca "fashiistaha" xidido ku leeyahay dalka Talyaaniga, oo ka soo jeeda erayga "Fascio» (fascio), ie, shirkadaha, ururrada shaqaalaha. A xag siyaasadeed urur madax Mussolini, la odhan jiray Midowga Halganka (Fascio di combattimento). Fascio, markeeda, ku xiran yahay la fascis Laatiin (farabadan, farabadan) - waxa loogu yeero saraakiishii hub sharaf, ilaalada Jamhuuriyadda Roomaanka. By habka, fascia wali waa la joogo in calaamadda ee maamulka gobolka ee dalalka qaar ka mid ah (tusaale ahaan, in astaan ka mid ah Service miis Federaalka Ruush). Laakiin calaamadaha - calaamad u ah, iyo waxa ay hadda loo arkaa in ay calaamad u ah dhaqdhaqaaqa yiinta Nazi Jarmal. Laakiin waxa fikirka ah fashiistaha, iyo waxa ay tahay sifooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee fikirka this?

dhaqdhaqaaqa Blackshirts xaqiiqo ah oo la odhan karaa talisnimo, wadaniyad, iyo isticmaalka rabshado aad sida foomka caadiga ah ee halganka siyaasadeed. Laakiin, tusaale ahaan, anti-Nacayb iyo cunsurinimada ee fashiistaha Talyaani ma ay joogsan safka hore ee ay fikirka, sida la naasiga Jarmalka ahaa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tan iyo fashiistaha Talyaani lahaa jihada aalladda xaq cad, xisbiyada bidixda ka fiirsan waxa loo baahan yahay in ay ku weerarto this fikirka siyaasadeed, mararka qaarkood overreaction oo wacaya sida soo horjeeda, xitaa tartameen xerada bidix, tusaale ahaan, qaar ka mid ah Communists yeedhay xisbiga Sooshal dimuqraadiga "fashiistaha bulshada." Qadiimiga ah "tagay" qeexidda waa maxay Farta, on VII Congress of Comintern siiyey Georgi Dimitrov: '... talisnimada argagixiso oo ka mid ah hay'adaha socodnimo ee caasimada maaliyadda ... In siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda, fashiistaha - waa islawayni iyo habka ugu fiicnayn in beeraysaa nacayb makaanka dhinaca quruumaha kale ah ".

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qeexidda tani si cad u ma kala duwanaayeen sifooyinka fikirka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa, taas oo noo reebay si cad sifaha waxa fashiistanimo. sayniska casriga ah ayaa isku dayay in uu buuxiyo farqiga this iyo sameeyey liiska astaamaha, joogitaanka kaas oo barnaamijka ama fikradda xisbiga ogolaanaysaa u wac faashistihii. Tani rabid anti-wadaag, waddaniyadda xagjirka ah iyo xitaa xag-jirnimada, militarism, traditionalism, leaderism, statism, uuga oo ka mid ah "quruun -Gudoomiyaha" iyo takoorka furan dhanka ah qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay, waxyaalaha aasaaska ah ee loona keenay oo caddaysanaya ilaalinta dadweynaha guud (si kastaba ha ahaatee, dembi xisbiyada badan). Laakiin feature ugu weyn ee kaas oo xisbiga Nazi xoog yimid ayaa totalitarianism in gacanta guud ee gobolka, guskiisa galay dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha aadanaha.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xataa qeexitaankan ee fashiistaha waxay fursad u yeedho erayga sida a Xisbiyada nationalist badan oo gumaysiga (tusaale ahaan, nidaam Taliban ee Afghanistan) iyo xitaa bandhigayaa muddo saaxadda sida fashiistaha Yuhuudda, lagu dabaqo siyaasadda bayaan takoorka ee gobolka reer binu Israa'iil.

Fahan (qeexo) waxa fashiistaha waa, ka caawisaa in ay bartaan sida la xiriira kacay oo ku saabsan la mid ah nooca classical Talyaani dhaqdhaqaaqa oo Mussilini iska kaashaday ama gelin dhaqdhaqaaqa Blackshirts ah oo tusaale u ah in ay halgan u gaar ah. In Germany, waxa ay ahayd Socialism Qaranka (oo naasigii), Spain - falangizm iyo Francoism, Portugal - Dawladda cusub ee Hungary - "Arrow Cross", in Romania - ka "Iron Guard" ee Brazil - integralism (in kasta oo ay fikradda waxaa jiray midab lahayn), Bulgaria, Austria, Belgium iyo versions Japanese ah fashiistanimo.