The dhulka iyo deegaanka guud ee gobolka Tyumen ah: description iyo xaqiiqooyinka oo xiiso leh

Gobolka Tyumen, aagga dhulka taas oo saddexaad ee ugu weyn ee Russia ayaa had iyo jeer ahaa oo weli daqiiqad ah, mid ka mid ah gobollada taageeraya ee dalka. Inkastoo xaaladaha cimilada adag, waxaa lagu soo koraya marka la eego dhaqaalaha, waa in la dhiso warshad, dadka sii kordhaya. Dabcan, mid ka mid ah sababaha ugu weyn ee guusha ee gobolka waqooyi - hodan ku ah khayraadka dabiiciga ah. In uurkii gobollada goboleedka qayb ka mid lagama maarmaanka ah ee kaydka saliidda iyo gaaska ee dalka.

xaqiiqooyinka Gobolka taariikhda qadiimiga ah

U soo guurista dalka reer gobolka casriga ah Tyumen bilaabay in sare (dabayaaqadii) Paleolithic ku saabsan 43 kun oo sano ka hor. Dhab ahaantii Tani waxa ay xaqiijinaysaa natiijada la yaab leh in Baygara tuulada - nadpyatochnaya (talus) laf ka mid ah hominid ah. Cabbirkiisu waa ilaa 4.5 ilaa 5 cm, iyo waxaa leh dadka waaweyn ee da'da 20-50 sano, kuwaas oo ku noolaa ee ku yaala goobahan 43 000 oo sano ka hor. Waxaa la malaysan in hominids iska lahaa sapiens faaftay panulirus.

Waa in la ogaadaa in aagga gobolka Tyumen waa wax weyn, iyo qadiimiga ah waxay leeyihiin meel ay ku "mushaaxaan" for xaqiijinta dejinta hore ee dalalkan. Sidaas daraaddeed, fiidda ugu horeysay rug aadanaha (Ka duway ee degsiimooyinka iyo qabuuraha) ayaa laga helay on xeebaha Warta St. Andrew iyo Tours. Waxay iska leh dhaqanka Sargatka in jirey ee 7-6 qarniyo. BC. e. In Millennium ugu horeysay bilaabay dib u dejinta ee reer guuraa: qabiilka Ugrian iyo Samoyed, kuwaas oo bedelay dadyowga Turkic-hadlay koonfureed. Mingling leh qabiilooyinka hooyo wadaniga ah, waxay la aasaasay quruun cusub, gaar ahaan, Mansi iyo Khanty, Selkup, Nenets.

In 13-16 qarniyo on xeebaha Tyumenka ahaa caasimadda ah ee Tyumen Khanate Kerayit iyo tataarka. Waxay ahayd wiilkaagiiba ka mid ah gobolka bari ee Dr Makumbe Horde Golden ah. Ka dib markii burburiyo dambe galay Khanate oo kala duwan, Siberia la aasaasay ururka ugu horeysay - Grand Duchy of Tyumen. Waxa uu bedelay Khanate Siberian ah ee 1420, iyadoo ay magaalada ku Kashlyk.

Conquest of Siberia

Currently, aagga guud ee gobolka Tyumen ah (ku xiran gobollada maamulka) waa 1.464.173 km ^2, iyo share libaax this ee Siberia Galbeed. Territory waxay ahaayeen ugu horeysay oo ay jidka ku Bariga Ruush ah. Si ay yimaadaan qarnigii 16aad. Waxay la wada degganaa by Nenets dadka (dhaqatada), Hunt iyo ugaarsadaha taiga iyo kalluumaysatada Mansi. Tirada qabiil ay u kala horreeyaan ahaa oo ku saabsan 8 iyo 15-18 kun. Dadka. Koonfurta ay ku noolaayeen qabiilooyinka Turkic kuwaas oo si wadajir ah loo yaqaan "tataarka".

Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in horay Ruushka galay Siberia si caddaalad ah u baxay si nabad ah. Saas ma aha, ay soo bandhigeen in meelaha cusub, intaannu iyaga ku guulaystay. horumarinta firfircoon ee Moscow, Urals iyo Trans-Urals bilaabay ka dib markii dayrta ee Novgorod in 1478, laakiin ilaa goor dambe oo qarnigii 16aad waxaa ku koobnayn oo kaliya dhowr ah olole guul. Siberian Khanate helay xoog, oo waxay noqdeen khatar ku ah ee dalalkan Bariga. weerarkii lagu qaaday ganacsadeyaal qani lahaanshaha Stroganoff ee 1573, Kuchum abaabulay Ka dib, waxaa la dhisnayd askartii madax Ataman Ermak. Waxa uu macno ahaan jidka furay Bariga ee Muscovites ah, Fatxi ee Siberia wakhtigaas waxaa jiray joogsan jirin. Wax yar ka yar tahay qarni ah ayaa gabi ahaanba ku lifaaqan gobolka Ruush.

goobta dhuleed iyo bedka gobolka Tyumen ah

Sida aynu hore u kor ku xusan, degaanka ee gobolka Tyumen waa 1.464.173 km ^2, gobolka kaalinta saddexaad ee size, ka dib markii Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) iyo Territory Krasnoyarsk ah. Waxay kala bilaabo bari ilaa galbeed iyo waqooyi ilaa koonfur waa 1400 km oo 2100 km siday u kala horreeyaan. Gobolka Tyumen waxaa ku yaalla qaybta koonfur-galbeed ka mid ah dhulka hoose ee Siberian West Bannaankii. Nuqdada waqooyi - cape a Skuratov on Yamal Peninsula ah, koonfurta ah - in Degmada Sladkovsky, galbeedka - source of webiga Severnaya Sosva, bari - Degmada Nizhnevartovsk ah. Qayb ka mid ah meelaha laga maydho biyihii Badda Kara ah, soohdimaha kale on Krasnoyarsk Krai, Kurgan, Omsk, Sverdlovsk, Tomsk iyo Oblast Arkhangelsk ah, Komi Republic, iyo Kazakhstan by. Its magaca casriga ah ee gobolka ka helay August 14, 1944.

qeybinta Siyaasadda

laba degmo oo madaxbannaan oo ku yaalla gobolka: Yamalo-Nenets iyo Khanty-Mansiysk. In 1993 ay heleen xaaladda, u dhigantaa in maadooyinka RF ah, laakiin si rasmi ah weli waa qayb ka mid ah gobolka Tyumen ah. Waxay ku yaab leh size: 769 250 km ² iyo 534 801 km ^2, siday u kala horreeyaan. Meesha ee gobolka Tyumen iyada oo aan degmooyinka goboleedka ma aha mid aad u ballaaran - kaliya 160 122 km ^2.

Gobolka waxaa ka mid ah 29 magaalo, ugu weyn iyaga ka mid ah: Tyumen (720 575 PERS.), Surgut (348 643 PERS.), Nizhnevartovsk (270 846 PERS.), Nefteyugansk (125 368 PERS.), Novy Urengoy (111 163 oo qof). , Noyabrsk (106 631 PERS.). Close in sumaddii 100 000 Tobolsk (sawirka) iyo Khanty-Mansiysk. Waxaa ka mid ah magaalooyinka Dadwaynaha yar - ilaa 50 kun oo qof .. Aagga 38 qaybsan yahay meelaha 480 ka shaqeeya degmooyinka.

Cimilada ee qaybta waqooyi ee gobolka

Sababo la xaqiiqada ah in aagga gobolka Tyumen waa weyn yahay, cimilada ee meelaha qaarkood waxaa laga yaabaa in si xooga ku kala duwan yihiin, dhirta iyo ugaarta labada. territory badan ku yaal aaga cidlada cidhifka woqooyi, kaynta-Dhuldhoobo iyo Dhuldhoobo, taiga, steppe iyo kaymaha isku qasan. Meesha waxa lagu gartaa cimilada xad-dhaaf ah ee qaybo badan. Waayo, meelaha of North Fog ka mid ah-Yamalo Nenets, Berezovsky oo meelaha Beloyarskii KhMAO-Yugra, ka hartay units maamulka ee dambe iyo degmada Uvat u dhigantaa iyaga.

Gobolka Waqooyi taliso Arctic ah (kala horjeeda) la sanadka oo dhan cimilada heerkulka hawada xun. Waxaa la go'aamiyey by dhawaanshaha of Sea Kara iyo jirkiisa qabow, tiro badan oo webiyaasha, biyagaleenka ahuba iyo harooyinka. Waayo, cimilada Arctic waxa lagu gartaa jiilaalka dheer (ilaa 8 bilood ah.), A xagaagan aad u gaaban, roobab yar yahay iyo dabaylo xoog badan. heerkulka sanadlaha celcelis ahaan waa negative, oo ku saabsan -10 ° C ee xilliga qaboobaha, marinka hoose fadhiya qiyaastii -70 ° C. Meesha ee gobolka Tyumen ku yaalla, kuwaas oo xaaladaha cimilada, waa in ka badan kala bar tirada guud ee (ogsoonow map kor ku xusan, ao hadhka leh).

Cimilada of qayb ka mid ah bartamaha iyo koonfurta gobolka

maado gobolka Bartamaha iyo Koonfurta Tyumen in cimilada dhexdhexaad ah, kaas oo la sameeyay Northern Hemisphere ee. Waxaa lagu gartaa kala duwanaansho soo noqnoqda oo la taaban karo oo ah cadaadiska Hawada, heerkulka hawada, isbedel jihada dabaysha. All tani waa natiijada hawl aad u daran ay duufaantaasi. cimilada ee qoraxda ayaa afar xilli ciyaareed la cadeeyay, jiilaalka iyo xagaaga (ugu weyn), dayrta iyo guga (dhexe). Winter dhigay cover baraf joogto ah. Cimilada laga yaabaa in darajo darraanta kala duwan ka fudud si ay u af badan-qaaradda. Sayidka, dhererka waqtiga heerkulka hawada ka hooseeyo 0 ° C waa 130 maalmood sannad kasta ee gobolka caasimadda. aagga koonfureed ee gobolka Tyumen waa qiyaastii 1/3 dhulka oo dhan.

macdan

Gobolka Tyumen waxay leedahay kaydka ee Consort, waxa muuqda on heer caalami ah. Waa xiidmihiisii ay qayb ka mid lagama maarmaan ah oo gaas iyo saliid ah ee dalka. mugga guud ee qodista shidaal dhaafto 45 million mitir cubic ^3. Oil oo la soo saaray oo inta badan ku umuliya ah, iyo gaaska ee North ah. Iyadoo geedi socodka la xiriira horumarinta deg deg ah ee gobolka. The kayd ugu caansan oo badan oo hydrocarbon ah - waa Fyodorovskoye, Mamontovskoye, OB, gaaska Samotlorskoye - Yamburgskoye, Urengoiskoye, Bear. Peat, ciid quartz, sapropel, shamiindo iyo jawharad dhagaxyo fulin, ore biraha (chromite copper, lead).

khayraadka biyaha iyo kaynta

Gobolka ayaa stock cajiib ah oo biyo cusub oo la urursan ee webi ee ugu waaweyn - Irtish iyo umuliya (leeyihiin qiimo navigable) Tobol, Great Lakes Uvat, meesha Black et al Area Tyumen in sq M.. km degan kaymaha, loo siman yahay 430 000 (43 milyan oo hektar). Sida laga soo xigtay tilmaamahan, waxaa dhigeysa dhammaan gobollada dalka saddexaad. In koonfureed yihiin ilaha biyaha oo kulul, kaas oo heerkulka biyaha u dhaxeysa 37 ilaa 50 ° C, weliba waxay hantiyi guryaha balneological iyo aad ayaa loo jecel ma aha oo kaliya dadka deegaanka, laakiin sidoo kale dalxiisayaal ka soo gobollada deriska.

dadka gobolka Tyumen

Ka dib markii barashada ku saabsan waxa goobta gobolka Tyumen ee darajayn ee gobollada, sida weyn waa, mid xawilaan kartaa in dadka waa in ay ahaataa badan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa in iyada ka samaysaa wax ka beddelka ah in xaaladaha cimilada xun ee waxaa aad u adag in ay ku noolaadaan. Gobolka Tyumen leh dadka ka mid ah 3.615.485 dadka (sida ee 2016, oo ay ku jiraan degmooyinka goboleedka) ma xitaa dhici ee labaatan top of rating ee gobollada Ruush iyadoo ay sabab u tira koobkii ugu dambeeyay. Markaasaa waxaa taas ay jirto xaqiiqda ah in ay ahayd meesha saddexaad. mugga dadweynaha oo aad u yar - 2,47 qof kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran. Inta badan dadka ku nool magaalooyinka - 80,12%, taas oo waa wax macquul ah, sida in ay jirkiisa iyo Dhuldhoobo badbaadaan tuulooyinka iyo magaalooyinka adag fog.

Sida Halabuurka qaranka, inta badan ee dadka, sida ay sheegtay tirakoobka 2010 - a Ruush (69.26%). On tirada labaad iyo seddexaad ee ugu Tatar (7.07%) iyo Ukraine (4.63%). Bashkirs Xitaa yar iyo Azerbaijanis, 1.37% iyo 1.28% siday u kala horreeyaan. quruumaha kale la wadaagaan in ka yar 1%. The dadka wadaniga ah ee woqooyi, Nenets, Khanty iyo Mansi wakiil 0,93%, 0,86% iyo 0.34% siday u kala horreeyaan.