Neefta gacanta iyo photosynthesis. Hawada Neefta gacanta

Photosynthesis iyo Neefta - laba hannaan ka danbeeya nolosha. Waxay labada dhaca unugyada. Midkii kowaad wuxuu u - in dhirta iyo qaar ka mid ah bakteeriya, labaad - iyo in xoolaha iyo dhirta iyo fangas, iyo bakteeriyada.

Waxaan dhihi karnaa in Neefta oo photosynthesis gacanta - geedi socodka soo horjeeda midba midka kale. In qayb ka, taasi waa sax, tan iyo in ogsijiin ugu horeysay u nuugo oo la sii daayay carbon dioxide, iyo labaad - on lid ku ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, labadan hab ayaa si fiican u la barbar dhigo sida ay u dhacaan organelles kala duwan isticmaalka muqaadaraadka kala duwan. Ujeedooyinka kaas oo ay loo baahan yahay, sidoo kale, way kala duwan yihiin: photosynthesis u baahan yahay nafaqo, iyo Neefta gacanta - tamar.

Photosynthesis: meesha iyo sida tani dhici?

reaction Tani kiimikada loogu talagalay in lagu helo walxaha organic ka imanba. shardi A waa joogitaanka qoraxda photosynthesis socodka, tan iyo markii ay tamar u dhaqmo sidii qaar kaaliya.

dabeecad Photosynthesis ee warshadda, lagu sheegi karaa in isla'egta soo socda:

• 6Sidaa aawadeed ₂ + 6 saac ₂ O = C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + ₂ 6D.

Taasi waa, lix u taagoo carbon dioxide iyo tiro la mid ah u taagoo biyo ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen warshad qoraxda laga yaabaa inay helaan hal Britain of glucose iyo lix oxygen.

Tani waa tusaale ugu fudud ee photosynthesis. Sidoo kale sonkorta iyo kuwa kale ee la samaysan karin in dhirta, carbohydrates ka sii adag, iyo sidoo kale walxaha organic ka soo fasalada kale.

Halkan waxaa ku qoran tusaale ka mid ah wax soo saarka ee acids amino xeryahooda ka imanba:

• 6Sidaa aawadeed ₂ + ₂ 4H O + 2Sidaas ₄ ^2- + 2NO ₃ ^- 6 saac + ⁺ = 2C ₃ H ₇ O ₂ NS + ₂ = 13 °.

Sida laga arki karo, lix u taagoo of carbon dioxide, afarta taagoo biyo, labo ka mid ah udhigo sulfate, udhigo amooniyam, laba iyo lix udhigo hydrogen isticmaalka tamarta qorraxda laga heli karaa laba taagoo of cysteine iyo toban - oxygen.

Geedi socodka ah ee photosynthesis dhacdaa organelles gaar ah - chloroplasts. Waxay ka kooban chlorophyll Midabka ah, kaas oo u dhaqmo sida Hannaan falgalka kiimikada. organelles Kuwani heli karaa oo keliya in unugyada dhirta.

Dhismaha chloroplast ah

organelle Tani, taas oo uu leeyahay kubad qaab elongated ah. size chloroplast caadi 4-6 microns, laakiin unugyada algae qaar ka mid ah waxaa lagu ogaan karaa plastids Rafaa - chromatophores, kuwaas oo size waa 50 microns.

Tani waxa ay tilmaamaysaa dvuhmembrannym organelle ah. Waxaa ku hareereysan ee qolofka dibadda iyo gudaha. Waxay ka go'day meel kasta intermembrane kale ah.

deegaanka gudaha ee chloroplast ee loo yaqaan "stroma". Waxaa ku jira thylakoids iyo lamellae.

Thylakoids - a kiishashka disc-qaabeeya guri xuubka, oo waa chlorophyll. Tani waa meesha photosynthesis qaadataa meel. Galaan ku dagtay, thylakoids sameeyaan grana. thylakoids Number at qarka u kala duwanaan kartaa 3 ilaa 50.

Lamellae - dhismeedka ama xuubka. Waxay wakiil ah channels network jahaysteen kuwaas hoose shaqo - si ay u bixiyaan xiriir ka dhexeeya wejiyadii.

In chloroplasts sidoo kale ku jira ribosomes ay lagama maarmaan u ah Avv borotiinka, iyo DNA iyo RNA. Intaa ka sokow, waxaa laga yaabaa in inclusions, oo ka kooban nafaqo bedelka, inta badan noqde.

Neefta gacanta

Waxaa jira dhawr nooc oo ah habkan. Ma anaerobic iyo laylinta Neefta gacanta. Dabeecadaha hore ee bakteeriyada. Anaerobic Neefta waa dhawr nooc: amooniyam ah, sulphate, baaruud, iyo birta, carbonate, fumarate. Nidaamkan waa mid u ogolaan bakteeriyada hesho tamar aan la isticmaalayo oxygen.

Neefta gacanta hawada waa dabeecadda ee dhammaan noolaha kale, oo ay ku jiraan xoolaha iyo dhirta. Waxaa la iman qaybgalka oxygen.

The wakiillo dubato Neefta gacanta ku dhacaa organelles gaar ah. Waxay yihiin yeedhay mitochondria. In dhirta sida Neefta gacanta ku dhacaa mitochondria ah.

marxaladaha

Neefta gacanta qaadataa meel saddex tallaabo:

1. wajiga diyaarinta The.
2. Glycolysis (habka anaerobic, uma baahna oxygen).
3. Qayilo (stage laylinta).

Wejiga diyaarinta

Tallaabada ugu horreysa waa in walxaha adag ee habka dheef shiidka waa la dumiyey galay fudud. Sayidka, borotiinada oo ka soo jeeda acids amino ka subaga - acids dufanka leh iyo glycerol, ka carbohydrates adag - glucose. xeryahooda Kuwan waxaa gaadiid galay gacanta, ka dibna - si toos ah mitochondria ah.

glycolysis

Waa been in xaqiiqda ah in glucose waxaa enzymatically dhegay inay pyruvate iyo hydrogen atamka. Tani foomamka ATP (triphosphate adenosine). isla'egta this lagu sheegi karaa in habkan:

• C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₃ O ₃ + 4H + 2ATF.

Sidaas darteed, in habka of glycolysis jirka Britain mid glucose heli kartaa laba taagoo of ATP.

qayilo

Marka marxaladdan, sameeyay inta lagu guda jiro glycolysis pyruvic acid enzymatically sameynayso la ogsijiin si ay u sameeyaan carbon dioxide iyo hydrogen atamka. atamka Kuwani Dabadeed si Crista halkaas oo oxidized si ay u sameeyaan biyaha iyo 36 taagoo ATP.

Sidaas darteed, in habka of Neefta gacanta la soo saaray wadar ahaan 38 u taagoo ATP 2 ee marxaladda labaad iyo 36 - on kii saddexaad. triphosphate Adenosine iyo waa isha ugu tamarta ugu muhiimsan, kaas oo la siiyo mitochondria ee gacanta.

Dhismaha mitochondria ah

Organelles taas oo Neefta qaadataa meel, halkaas oo lagu sameeyay xayawaanka iyo dhirta iyo unugyada fangas. Waxay hantidaan qaab goobaabin size ah oo ku saabsan 1 micron.

Mitochondria sida chloroplasts waxay leeyihiin laba xuubka kala meel intermembrane ah. Waa maxay gudaha xuubka of organelle ah, lagu magacaabo shax. Waxaa ku jira ribosomes, DNA mitochondrial (mtDNA) iyo mtRNK. furta tagaa glycolysis iyo tallaabada lagu qayilo ugu horeysay.

Xuubka gudaha laalaabka loo sameeyay, si la mid ah tiixtiix. Waxaa loo yaqaan cristae. Halkan waa marxaladda labaad ee wareega saddexaad ee Neefta gacanta. Intii lagu guda jiray iyada sameeyay taagoo ATP ugu.

organelles dvuhmembrannyh asal ahaan

Seynisyahanno ku caddeeyeen in dhismayaasha kuwaas oo bixiya photosynthesis iyo Neefta ayaa qafis by symbiogenesis. Taasi waa, mar waxay ahayd noolaha qaarkood. Tani waxay fasireysaa xaqiiqada ah in mitochondria ah, iyo chloroplasts leeyihiin ribosomes u gaar ah, DNA iyo RNA.