Kombiyuutarada Soviet: sifooyinka brand. computer guriga

Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa maray waddo aad u adag ka abuurista tube ugu horeysay ee kombiyuutarada eheeyn oo ka raagay inuu supercomputers - xawaaraha sare, oo ku salaysan wareeggeedii dhafan. kombiyuutarada Soviet weli lagu qabtay, oo ay shaqayn karaan ku takhasusay beeraha kala duwan ee warshadaha, sayniska, iyo ma barnaamijyo kaliya. Baahida loo qabo a kombiyuutarada haboon, jaban oo is haysta baxay ee badhtamaha todobaatanaadkii ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay. Waxaa iyaga iyo warshadaha ee ciidamada, iyo meelo badan oo kale oo dhaqaalaha dalka uu u baahan yahay.

Micro-computer "Electronics"

kombiyuutarada Soviet ahaayeen horreeyey. Waxa ay ku bilaabatay kombiyuutarada dheeraad ah si demoqaraadiyad ah, baabuurta fudud in la isticmaalo iyo si caddaalad ah ee isafgaradka ka taxanaha "World". Waxay ahaayeen inta badan loo adeegsado xisaabinta injineernimada. By bartamihii todobaatanaadkii-, waxaa jiray microprocessors, iyo waxa suurto gal ah si ay u bilaabaan wax soo saarka ee "Elektronika NC" iyo "Electronics C5" - caalamiga ah micro-computer. Waxay leeyihiin siyaabo badan oo ay ahayd meel u dhow computer shakhsi, laakiin kombiyuutarada horeysay Soviet ayaa kaliya loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka - la caawimaaddooda gacanta ku habka, qalab iyo wixii la mid ah.

In ka todobaatanaadkii dabayaaqadii shestnadtsatibitnyh kombiyuutarada desktop sii daayo bilaabay heer warshadeed - ku filan oo awood badan oo is haysta. Waxaa lagu daydo sida "Electronics T3-29" iyo "Iskra 1256", oo loogu talagalay ciidanka, iyo sidoo kale lagu daydo fudud - "dhimbiil 226", "Electronics Rs-28" iyo kuwa kale. In ku tiris hore shestnadtsatibitnyh ku salaysan microcomputer-hal guddiga iyo boosteejada caadiga ah soo saaray analogs nidaamka kombiyuutarka interactive - DCK.

Mid-eightieth

In USSR bilaabmin wax soo saarka mass kombiyuutarada guud-Ujeedada sida-EU 1840, "Electronics-85," DVK-3, BK-0010 "agate", "Microsha". Computer qaliin degdeg ah horumarinta dalkeena, iyo habka tani sii socoto ilaa Midowga Soofiyeeti burburay. By dhamaadkii sagaashankii hore, soo saaray daraasiin lagu daydo.

kombiyuutarada Soviet ahaayeen noocyo kala duwan oo fasalada iyo naqshadaba oo ay ku jiraan IBM-socon oo aan ka mid ah labada kumbiyuutarada Soviet iyo shisheeye kasta oo analogues. Tusaale ahaan, "Corvette" - computer gebi ahaanba gaar ah oo "Lions PC-01", "dulinka-06C" iyo qaar kale. Tan iyo markaas, waqti gaaban ee taariikhda dhismaha computer guriga waxaa jiray dhacdooyin badan oo muhiim ah, taas oo si fiican u hadlo si.

Kiev

Fiiri la soo dhaafay. 1948 th, meel Feofania, aan ka fogayn caasimadda ah ee sii buurayn ee Ukraine, shaybaar qarsoodi ah, halkaas oo uu Sergey Aleksandrovich Lebedev - Agaasimaha oo ka mid ah Institute of korontada iyo madaxa shaybaarka oo ka mid ah Institute of Computer Engineering iyo makaanikada qiray mid ah Academy of Sciences ee Ukraine. Waxaa halkaas la joogo abuuray mishiin yar oo electronic Kombuyuutarada (SECM). Waxaa Lebedev soo jeediyay, xaq iyo dhaqan - iyadoo aan loo eegin Neumann ah - mabaadii'da aasaasiga ah ee hawlgalka ee barnaamijka computer ah lagu kaydiyaa xasuusta.

First uu abuuray mishiinka lahaa xusuusta, unugyada xisaabta, iyo sidoo kale qalabka aqbasho, ay gacanta ku soo saarka. Waxay ahayd inay awoodaan inay encode iyo barnaamijyada dukaanka ee xasuusta, sida tirada. Waxay isticmaalo nidaamka binary in encode amarradiisa iyo lambarrada, iyo si toos ah u qabata xisaabinta. Waxaa goob joog ka ahaa iyo barnaamijyada xisaabta iyo macquulka ah. Waxay lahaa in la dhiso kaydinta hab jaranjaro. Waxay ahayd fududahay in la isticmaalo hababka tiro si ay u hirgeliyaan xisaabinta. Design, rakibaadda iyo debugging lagu sameeyay laba sano, koox ka mid ah toddoba iyo toban qof - shan farsamo iyo laba iyo toban cilmi. baarka ayaa la qabtay bishii November 1950, iyo 1951 bilaabay hawlgal joogto ah. Waxaa bilaabay sida kombiyuutarada Soviet.

dheeraad ah Kiev

1965 - sano abuurka mishiinka for xisaabinta injineernimada Computer "WORLD", ku dhiirigelinayaan in uu ay ahaayeen cilmi ka tirsan machadka Kiev ee Cybernetics - Glushkov, Annunciation, Losev, Letinskiy, Pogrebinsky, Molchanov, Rabinovich, Stogniy. Isla mar ahaantaana, waayo, mishiinka ayaa la hirgeliyey on luqadda barnaamijyada heer mikrokomandnom - Almir-65. Kombiyuutarku wuxu ahaa awoodaan in ay soo saaraan kun qaar ka mid ah hawlaha per labaad, talooyinka iyo macluumaadka wax soo saarka la isticmaalayo teeb koronto kaydinta xasuusta on diirkja ferrite iyo dibadda ah - on cajalad feeray.

In 1969 wuxuu bilaabay inuu soo saaro kombiyuutarada shakhsi "Mir-2", wuxuu qotomiyey in meel ka mid ah in Kiev. Waxaa soo baxay model ah la casriyeeyay, waxaa ku shaqeeya in ka badan toban jeer ka dhakhsi badan hore. Waxaa kor u kacay iyo si joogto ah, iyo RAM. Haddaba kombiyuutarada ayaa ku xiran Intaa waxaa dheer in ay cajalad iyo dulinka teeb bandhigay feeray graphic isagoo qalinka fudud iyo kaararka magnetic. luqadda Barnaamijyada noqday falanqeeye ah - waa la odhan karaa in ay "awow" Almir-65.

microprocessors

In 1974 wuxuu sii daayay ka microprocessors Soviet hore - daydo qeybaha kontoroolka firmware iyo qaybta afarta ama siddeed lambar. Taxanaha K532, tusaale ahaan, waxaa lagu gartaa isticmaalka awoodda yar yahay, noocyada badan ee voltages sahayda iyo xawaare ilaa laba boqol iyo konton kun oo hawlgallada per labaad.

taxane K536 A qoreysa kharash yar ee technology, isticmaalka awood sidaas ma aha mid aad u sareeya, laakiin waa sidaas ma ay ahayn oo degdeg ah. Iyada oo ku saleysan kit K532 isla markiiba microcomputers hexadecimal ayaa soo saaray ( "Elektronika NC"), iyo K536 sidoo kale ahaa ku salaysan wax soo saarka serial ah Soviet universal micro-computer marka hore "Electronics C5" hexadecimal.

bas-kulanka

Waxa uu ahaa computer ugu horeysay ee Soviet! microprocessors qeybaha ayaa loo arkaa rajo maxaa yeelay waxa ay u ogolaanaya in la abuuro computer-ku-saleysan ee si qoto dheer wax xoogaa ka mid ah sideedii in ay laba iyo soddon. Oo markii waxaas la ogaaday by hab kasta oo firmware maareynta nidaamka amarka.

Laakiin ka dib, by dhamaadka tiris ah, microelectronics si degdeg ah horumariyo awoodooda, iyo warshadaha ee computer Soviet waxaa loo jeediyo kombiyuutaro analogues shisheeye. Processor qeybaha Universal ayaa qallocan daydo chip hal. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, muddo dheer loo isticmaalo ku-kulanka baska, gaar ahaan in industry ee ciidamada.

computer Soviet

In 1977, qalin sideed qayb-hal chip K580VM80A microprocessor, taas oo ahayd analoogga dhamaystiran oo model aad si fiican u yaqaan Intel 8080. processor Tani ma aha in loo isticmaalo mainframe ah, waxaa loo isticmaalaa in ay gacanta of micro-kombiyuutarada, micro-ilaaliyaal, xorroyad iyo farsamooyinka cabbirka - Meelo badan codsiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa uu ahaa mid raqiis ah oo si sahlan, laakiin maxaa yeelay, ma jiro mid ka mid ah akhristayaasha Soviet of majaladda "Radio" ayaa loo dhisay ay saldhig computer guriga.

Performance ayaa sare, nidaamka fari universal, oo sidaas daraaddeed noqday microprocessor ah mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu caansan ee USSR. Waxa intaa dheer in computer shakhsi ahaaneed, wuxuu soo dhawaaday qalab kale oo badan oo microprocessor, sidaa darteed in qeybtii labaad ee ku tiris ah oo qarnigii la soo dhaafay, processor this ayaa loo isticmaali jiray in ku dhowaad boqol oo lagu daydo ee baabuurta Soviet - computer guriga this, iyo tababar, oo aan model ah oo khibrad leh.

"Electronics-60"

hexadecimal micro-computer-xawaaraha sare "Electronics-60" waxa uu ku dhashay 1978. Sida laga soo xigtay nidaamka amarka "Electronics-60" waxay la jaan qaada ee DEC PDP-11 / LSI-11 - kombiyuutarada American. Performance - ilaa iyo hal milyan oo hawlgallada per labaad. mashiinada noocan oo kale ah ayaa la isticmaalay ee wax soo saarka, xakameeyo geedi socodka, inuu ka dhaco CNC iyo - ugu muhiimsan - shaqo oo dheer iyo daacad ah ee sayniska iyo warshadaha difaaca.

In 1983, magazine leh million nuqulo ka mid ah "Radio" daabacay nidaamka ah hiwaayadda computer "Micro 80" la K580IK80A processor, in uu ahaa talaabada ugu horeysa ee hiwaayadda microprocessor hiwaayad raadiyaha iyo computer technology weyn. Waqtigaas, kombiyuutarada shakhsi Soviet ahaayeen in la cajalad kasta oo u shaqeeya kaydiyo xogta iyo barnaamijyada awood, iyo TV kasta oo u adeegay sidii loo fiirsado.

Dhab ahaantii xiiso leh

Waa iyadoo la kaashanayo "Electronics-60" ee 1984 Alekseem Pazhitnovym ciyaarta uu jecel yahay oo dhan "Tetris" la qoray. In ku hawlan xarunta computer ka mid ah Academy of Sciences aqoonsi hadalka USSR iyo dhibaatooyin kale oo ka mid ah sirdoonka macmal ah, waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in ay shaqadooda xujo ah ee orodka ee fikrad.

Later, ciyaarta ayaa la dib-u-qoraal ah PC IBM ee barnaamijyada Turbo Pascal luqada oo waxay ka dhigeen lix iyo toban iskuul Soviet - Vadim Gerasimov, kuwaas oo hadda ku nool Australia oo ka shaqeeya Google.

The Aqbaarta waxbarasho ugu horeysay

In tiris ah, waxaa la soo saaray oo la sii daayay Dufcaddii ee fudud, taasina waa ay heli karaan kombiyuutarada shakhsi guud guriga iyo dugsiga isticmaalka. Waxa uu ahaa, dabcan, shestnadtsatibitnaya "BC-0010 Electronics", halkaas oo ay soo gaabiyay ee loo qoondeeyey BK computer guriga. Waqtigaas, ma weli dunida ka mid ah kombiyuutarada shakhsi in Processor hexadecimal ah.

Waa maxay gaar ah oo ku saabsan? ASICs leh Heer sare ah ee is-dhexgalka - Arrays iridda, oo waxay u adeegeen sidii xakamaysada ah ee shaashadda, keyboard, xusuusta, iyo wax ka badan. Waxa uu isticmaalaa interpretaror luqadda "xilsaaran". monochrome taageerayaan naqshadeynta-xalinta sare iyo Afar midabka. Kuwanu waa baabuurta marka hore lagu rakibay waxbarasho sayniska kombiyuutarka, iyo Faracoodii ilaa 1993 adeegay sidii reerka ugu weyn iyo kombiyuutarada waxbarasho ee Midowga Soofiyeeti.

Akademgorodok

Novosibirsk dugsiyada ay ku lug lahaayeen xarunta computer ee Branch Siberian ee Academy USSR ee Sciences, oo ay ka qayb toos ah u muuqday nidaamka software dugsiyada, iyo waxaa loo yaqaan - "Girl School" for "agate" computer shakhsi. Waxay ka shaqaysay la "ilowsiiyay" iyo "Robic" luqadaha barnaamijyada, waxaa ka mid ah nidaamka "seef" garaafyada iyo noocyo kala duwan oo baakadaha barnaamijyada tababarka.

"Agate" - maaxdey ee 1984, loo arkaa computer ugu horeysay mass-soo saaray shakhsi, jaan II Apple ah + oo hore u matalaan RAM halis ah PC in a boqol iyo siddeed iyo labaatan kilobyte drives disk kumbiyuutarka, iyo monitor midab, bandhigay lix iyo toban midabada. Waxa ay ahayd sanadkii 1984, ay Goluhu golaha dhexe ansixiyay qaraar, ka dib markii taas oo bilaabay computerization waxbarashada dugsiga.

sano lagu qaybsanyahay

In 1985, dalka oo dhan dareemay in aan jabiyay, ma qaabayn, oo ha laakiin taaban karo ka howgala kombiyuutarka. Qaar badan oo model halyeey kombiyuutarada Soviet lagu soosaaray waqti. Horumarinta arrin si guul shestnadtsatibitnye sare "Electronics", lagu daydo cusub DVK ahaayeen socon kombiyuutarada IBM Soviet. Gaar ahaan caan ku time trohprotsessornaya this "Istra-4816" - ilaa afar megabytes ee RAM, iyo calculator jeebka Hexadecimal "Elektronika MK-85".

Laakiin ma aysan joogsan shaqada iyo PC ah, kaas oo ku salaysan yahay fudud Processor sideed-bit. Sidaas waxaa jiray model "takhasus leh", "Ocean-240", "Irisha". Computers ahaayeen octet. Tani macnaheedu ma ah in ay ku xun yihiin? No. Waxaa ka mid ah sideed-model waxay ahayd oo kaliya cajiib ah, iyadoo ay jirto in processor waxaa wax yar ka dhacsan. Tusaale ahaan, "Corvette" - computer oo kaliya ganaax.

"Microsha" iyo kuwa kale

computer ee ugu midabo iyo dhex guriga Soviet baabuurta shakhsiga ah vociferous - waa sideed-bit "dulinka-06C". Mar kale, majaladda "Radio" daabacay dhowr wareeggeedii of microcomputer ee "Radio 86RK" ee sannadka 1986 iyo model this ahaa sidaas u fudud in isla markiiba helay taageero aad u weyn. analogs u muuqday, oo kala duwanaansho, ka mid ahaayeen dhowr ah oo ka mid ah, kaas oo u heshay wax soo saarka warshadaha. Tusaale ahaan, "Microsha" - computer leh magaca kalgacal. "Radio 86RK" si fiican u weheliso "Micro-80", sidaa waxaa u muuqday.

Mid ka mid ah PC guud ee waxbarasho - "Corvette". Kombiyuutarku wuxu ahaa mid aad u dhib badan iyo multi-functional, inkastoo ay sideed-bit. RAM waa yar yahay - 257 KB oo keliya, laakiinse waxaan u sameeyey waayahaas waxay ahayd tiradaasi qurux badan. Waxaa intaa dheer, sawiro midab leh xallinta sare oo ku filan - 512h256 dhibcood, dardargelinta hardware, video text dirato, matoor dhawaaqa - IBM analog PC, LAN, mouse, joystick, printer, drive disk - waxan oo dhan iyo in ka badan markii hore hubaa. Sidoo kale wanaagsan ahaa hiwaayadda ah "Oriyon-128", sidoo kale sideed abuuray dhow hiwaayadda radio Moscow Vyacheslav Safronov iyo saaxiibbadiis. Sannadkii 1990, waxay ku daabacay horumarinta "Radio" magazine.

ruxruxo ugu danbeysay ee

tiris ah Mid ay astaan u kaca ah oo aan caadi ahayn ee dhismaha computer guriga, waxaa jiray tiro badan oo fikrado asalka ah oo qurux badan. Waxa ay u muuqatay - horumar degdeg ah a! Laakiin waxaa ay ahayd. Gorbachev ee Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo isku daya ee dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah ma keeni dalka barwaaqo. liddiga ah - horjeeda dhacay. computer Guriga iyo warshadaha korontada ayaa laga badiyay dhammaan guulaha ay horusocod ah.

Waxaa ahayd guuritaan weyn on arrinta muddo dheer la dhacsan oo lagu daydo fudud - Spectrum-socon. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, model ugu fudud socon IBM, waxaa sidoo kale soo saaray. Laakiin Gaarna horumarinta Soviet oo dhan joojiyeen 1992. All saarayaasha wareegay heer caalami ah hal - saari kombiyuutarada shakhsi IBM-socon oo keliya.

natiijooyinka

On hardware qoyska ay go'aansadeen in ay si xun u hadlo in labaatankii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Kaliya saabsan xumaantay hantiwadaagga iyo dhaqaalaha la qorsheeyey, taas oo aan la "tagay weligiis", laakiin ku saabsan xaqiiqada ah in West ah, technology ayaa had iyo jeer ugu fiican, laakiin Ruush - Krivorukov iyo kombiyuutarada ma aan samayn karo.

Laakiin weli, macno ahaan oo dhan sumadda kombiyuutarada Soviet kor ku xusan ma aha waxay ahaayeen horumar fiican. kaliya waxay ahaayeen baahsan. Dhab ahaantii, korantada ee USSR horumartay arrin heer caalami ah oo siyaabo badan ka hor warshadaha isla West ah, waxa markhaati kaci karaan barnaamijyada military iyo meel our.