Experience jejebinta Rutherford qayb Alfa (gaaban)

Ernest Rutherford - taasi waa mid ka mid ah aasaasayaasha waxbarista asaasiga ah ee qaab-dhismeedka gudaha eb ah. Wuxuu cilmiga ku dhashay England, in qoyska ka mid ah muhaajiriinta ka Scotland. Rutherford ilmo afraad ee qoyskiisa, waqti isku mid ah cadeeyay inuu yahay ka ugu tayada. ka qayb gaar ah oo laga yaabaa inuu si aragti ah ee qaab-dhismeedka qaaradda.

fikradaha horudhac ah oo ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka eb ah

Waa in la ogaadaa in ka hor lagu qabtay tijaabo caanka Rutherford ee jejebinta qayb Alfa, xukuma waqti in fikradda ah qaabka la eb ahaa model ah ee Thompson. saynisyahan Tani waxa ay ahayd kalsooni ku qaba in ay amarka u wanaagsan waa isku qabanaysa mugga oo dhan la eb ee. The electrons xun lagu soo eedeeyay, Thompson u maleeyey, waxay ahaayeen sida la sheegay firidhka u galay.

Shuruudaha in kacaanka sayniska

Markii uu ka tagay iskuulka, Rutherford sida ardayga ugu kartida badan helay deeq dhan £ 50 waayo, tababar dheeraad ah. Taas darteed, wuxuu ahaa inay kuliyad ee New Zealand karin. Next, a scholar imtixaanada yar yar ee Jaamacada Canterbury oo si dhab ah waxay bilaabeen inay bartaan physics iyo kimisteriga. In 1891, Rutherford dhigay warbixinta ugu horeysay on mawduuca "Evolution ee canaasiirta." Waxaa la qoondeeyey fikrad markii ugu horeysay taariikhda in la eb waa dhisme kakan.

Markaas Dadwaynaha fikradda ah Dalton in atamka qaybin karo ee wareegyada sayniska. Kuwii Gaararkiisa ahaa Rutherford, inuu fikradda u muuqday kuwo ku waalan. saynisyahan Young si joogto ah u lahaa inaan raaligelin u diro asxaabta ay "walax." Laakiin 12 sano ka dib, Rutherford weli u suurtagashay in ay caddeeyaan kiiska. In Rutherford lahaa fursad ay ku sii cilmibaadhista ee Laboratory Cavendish ee England, halkaas oo uu bilaabay in uu barto habka of ionization hawada. helitaanka hore ee Rutherford ahaayeen rays Alfa iyo beta.

la kulmaan Rutherford

Si kooban oo ku saabsan furitaanka si sheegi kara: in 1912, Rutherford iyo caawiyayaashiisa uu tijaabo caanka - qurubyada alfa ka isha of hogaanka timaada. All qayb kuwa muuqday nuugo hogaanka, dhaqaaqin weheliyaan channel ka go'an marka laga reebo. Ay dhacdo il dhuuban on lakabka khafiifka ah ee bireed. line Tani waa dadab iyo in ay xaashida. Experience Rutherford jejebinta qayb Alfa caddeeyeen in kuwa Qurub oo dhex xaashi of-bireed dhex maro, si loo yaqaan scintillation sababay shaashadda.

screen waxaa la dahaarka leh kula qalab gaar ah oo glows marka dhuftay by walxaha Alfa ah. bannaan oo u dhaxeeya lakabka of -bireed dahab iyo daaha ahaa vacuo buuxiyeen inay qayb ka Alfa firidhsan yihiin hawada. qalab noocan oo kale ah ayaa loo ogol yahay si ay u dhawraan cilmi qayb ka yihiin kala firdhiyey dhex xagal 150 °.

Haddii bireed looma isticmaalo caqabad u dogob qayb Alfa, shaashadda sameeyay goobo dhalaalaya oo scintillations. Laakiin oo kaliya ka hor inta aanay gelin dogob caqabad of-bireed ah oo dahab ah, sawirka uu is beddelay. Dillaacay muuqday oo keliya ma aha meel ka baxsan wareegga this, laakiin sidoo kale dhinaca ka soo horjeeda ee bireed. Experience Rutherford jejebinta qayb Alfa muujisay in inta badan ee qayb ka dhex mari bireed aan isbedel lagu dareemi karaa in dhabbihii.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar ka mid ah qayb ka yihiin kubad by xagal caddaalad ah oo waaweyn, iyo xitaa dib ugu tuuray. On kasta 10 000 oo xor ah oo dhex marayay lakabka ah ee Qurub dahab bireed kaliya hal duwan by xagal aad iyo aad 10 ° - sida marka laga reebo ka mid ah mid ka mid ah qayb ka ah kubad xagal.

Sababta qayb ka Alfa u iilata

Maxaa si faahfaahsan loo arkaa oo la xaqiijiyay track record Rutherford - dhismeedka eb ah. booska noocan oo kale ah oo muujinaya in la eb ma aha waxbarasho oo joogto ah. Inta badan qayb ka ah si xor ah ku dhex mareen bireed ka mid ah la eb qaro weyn. Oo tan iyo mass ee qurubyada alfa ku dhowaad 8000 jeer ka badan mass ee electron ah, ugu dambaysta ma yeelan karto saamayn weyn ku dhabbihii qayb Alfa. Taas waxaa la samayn karaa oo keliya marka ay xuduntii ah qaaradda - jirka ah size yar yar, ayaa ku dhowaad oo dhan mass oo dhan la'aan korontada la eb ee. Waqtigaas waxa uu ahaa a jirka dadka British horumar degdeg ah oo muhiim ah. waayo-aragnimo Rutherford ee waa mid ka mid ah tallaabooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee horumarka sayniska ee qaab dhismeedka hoose ee la eb ee.

Waxyaalaha kale ee laga heli jiro daraasada la eb ee

Cilmi-baarisyadaasi waxay noqday si toos ah caddeyn in ay amarka u wanaagsan ee la eb waa in ay xuduntii. Gobolka Tani waxay degan meel aad u yar marka loo eego size ee ay daacadnimada. mugga yar khasaarinayay qurubyada alfa u muuqday mid aad u badna. Qurub kuwa maray meel u dhow xuduntii qaaradda, tijaabiyey leexashooyinkaasi fiiqan Jidka, sababtoo ah ciidanka ay dheguhu u dhexeeya walxaha Alfa iyo xuduntii qaaradda ahaayeen kuwo aad u awood. tijaabo Rutherford ee jejebinta qayb Alfa muujisay suurtagalnimada in walxaha Alfa si toos ah uu helo galay yaruna. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, suurtagalnimada ahaa mid aad u yar, laakiin aan eber.

Waxa aan ahaa xaqiiqda ah oo kaliya in lagu tijaabiyo waayo-aragnimo ah ee Rutherford. Si kooban u bartay qaabka ay la eb iyo asxaabtii, oo isna wuxuu sameeyey dhowr ah oo daahfurtay kale oo muhiim ah. Ka sokow wax ku barayay in qurubyada alfa waa nuclei helium xawaare sare ku soconaya.

saynisyahan waxa uu ahaa awoodaan si ay u sharxaan qaabka la eb ka, taas oo xuduntii degan qayb yar oo ka mid ah mugga guud. tijaabo uu ku cadaato in shiidaa lacag dhan la eb ee waa mid isku urursan gudahood ay muhiimka ah. Marka ay taasi dhacdo labada kiis weecasho ee Alfa-Qurub iyo xaaladood oo ay isku dhaceen iyadoo halyeeyada ah.

Tijaabo model nuclear la eb ee Rutherford ee

In 1911, Rutherford kadib daraasado badan oo soo jeediyay in model ah oo qaab-dhismeedka qaaradda, oo wuxuu u bixiyey Planetary ah. Sida laga soo xigtay model this, waxaa la diyaarin gudaha core eb taas oo ka kooban ku dhawaad mass oo dhan ay qayb ka. Electrons soc xuduntii si la mid ah sida meerayaasha ku wareegsan qorraxda. Oo ka mid ah set-ka loo yaqaan daruur electron ah. Atom ayaa sidoo kale dacwad dhexdhexaad ah, sida waayo aragnimo ah ee Rutherford.

Dhismaha eb mustaqbalka of Concerned Qubarada magacaabay Niels Bohr. Waxa uu ahaa kii safeeyey cilmiga Rutherford ah, maxaa yeelay, ilaa Bohr model Planetary eb waxay bilaabeen in ay la kulmaan dhibaatooyin sharaxaad. Sida electron guuro hareeraha xuduntii kastana falagiisuu dhex leh dardargelinta gaar ah, si degdeg ah ama goor dambe waa in xuduntii eb dhici. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Niels Bohr ahaa in la caddeeyo in sharciga Farsamoyaqaan classical mar dambe firfircoon gudahood la eb ee ay awoodaan.