Dagaal America ee la Vietnam, sababaha. taariikhda Vietnam War leh Maraykanka, sano, kuwaas oo ku guuleystay

Sababaha sababtoo ah kuwaas oo dagaal ee America iyo Vietnam, sida ku jiifay oo dhan in iska hor imaad u dhexeeya laba nidaam siyaasadeed. Wadamada Asia dhaceen fikirka communist iyo dimuqraadiyadda reer galbeedka. khilaafku waxay ahayd qaybtii ugu sii badan caalamka hor imaad - Dagaalkii Qaboobaa.

shuruudaha

In qeybtii hore ee qarnigii XX ee Vietnam, sida dalalka kale ee koonfur bari Asia, waxa uu ahaa gumeysi ah France. Amarkan ayaa waxaa carqaladeeyey by dagaalkii labaad ee dunida. First Vietnam ayaa degan Japan, ka dibna waxaa jiray taageerayaasha wadaag, ka dhanka ah mas'uuliyiinta gumeystaha Faransiis hadlay. taageerayaasha Kuwani madaxbanaanida qaranka taageero buuxda ka helay Shiinaha. Waxaa, ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee dunida, xeerka communist waxaa si qeexan aasaasay.

Tegaayo Asia Koonfur-Bari, Faransiis ku aqoonsan sharcinimada dowladda ee South Vietnam. gacanta ugu communists North ee dalka ahaa. In 1957, iska hor imaad gudaha ah bilaabay dhexeeya labada hababka. Waxa aan ahaa weli dagaal America ee la Vietnam, laakiin waxa ay ahayd waqti in Mareykanka ayaa markii ugu horeysay soo dhexgalay in xaaladda ka jirta gobolka.

Waxay ahayd ka dibna at sarajooggiisuna wuxuu ahaa Dagaalkii Qaboobaa. Ma Aqalka Cad ciidamada oo dhan ka soo horjeeda dhismaha nidaam kale communist in dal kasta oo dunida ka, haddii ay tahay waxa taageeray Midowga Soofiyeeti ama Shiinaha. Under Madaxweyne Eisenhower, Americans si cad oo dhinaca ah South Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Vietnamese Ngo Dinh bedidda, inkastoo aanay weli loo isticmaalo ciidan gaar kuu ah.

hab dagaalka

Hogaamiyaha Communists Vietnamese ahaa Ho Chi Minh. Waxa uu abaabulay ee NLF - National Liberation Front of South Vietnam. In West ah, ururkan ayaa noqday si weyn loo yaqaan Cong celinta ah. Taageerayaasha Shi Ho ee Mina kiciyay guul dagaalka dhuumaalaysiga ah. Waxay abaabulay weeraro iyo ayaa handadaad ciidanka dowladda. Dabayaaqadii 1961, Maraykanka soo galay ciidamada ugu horeeyay ee Fiyetnaam. Unugyadaa, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ahaayeen kuwo yar yar. Marka ugu horeysa, Washington go'aansaday in la xadido maraakiibta in ay Ciidan Boliska Saigon iyo khabiiro.

Tartiib tartiib, xaaladda sii xumaatay, bedidda. Xaaladahan, dagaal u dhexeeya America iyo Vietnam iyo aad u badan lama huraan noqday. In 1953, bedidda lagu afgembiyey oo lagu dilay inqilaab by ciidanka South Vietnamese. In bilood ka xiga, maamulka ee Saigon kala sooc lahayn dhowr jeer bedelay. Mucaaradka ayaa loo isticmaalaa tabar cadowga iyo la wareegay dhammaan gobollada cusub ee dalka.

The dagaallada ugu horeysay

Bishii Agoosto 1964, dagaal America ee la Vietnam ayaa noqday amar of magnitude dhow ka dib markii dagaalka ee Gacanka Tonkin, taasoo soo food ah baabbi'iyuhu sahan American "Maddox" iyo toorbiidyo doomo NLF. Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Congress Maraykanka ayaa oggolaaday Madaxweynaha Lyndon B. Johnson inuu ku soo bilowdo hawlgal-buuxa ee Koonfur-Bari Asia.

Madaxa gobolka in muddo ah lagu qabtay dabcan nabad ah. tan uu ku sameeyey ka hor doorashada 1964. Johnson guuleystay mahad ololaha "aboodiga" nabadda jecel fikrado warcelin hadalkiisaa ku Barri Golduotera. Imaanshaha Aqalka Cad, siyaasi bedelay maskaxdiisa oo bilaabay inuu diyaariyo hawlgalka.

Vietcong in waqtigaas qabtay oo dhan aagga cusub ee miyiga ah. xataa waxay bilaabeen in ay weeraraan diirada Maraykanka ee qaybta koonfureed ee dalka. Number of ciidamada Maraykanka ahaa oo ku saabsan 23 kun oo qof maalin ka hor geeyo buuxa ee ciidamada. Johnson ugu danbeyn go'aansaday in uu weeraro Vietnam dib markii weerarka lagu qaaday saldhigga Vietcong American in Pleiku.

geeyo ciidamada

Taariikhda, marka dagaal la Vietnam, America waxaa loo arkaa March 2, 1965. On maanta, Ciidanka Cirka Maraykanka, waxay bilaabeen hawlgalka "Rolling Thunder" - Qaraxii caadiga ah ee North Vietnam. maalmood ka dib dhowr dheeraad ah ee qaybta koonfureed ee dalka ayaa ka degay Marines Maraykanka. Iyada muuqaalka waxaa sabab u ahaa baahida loo qabo in la ilaaliyo Airporka Danang u muhiim ah.

Hadda waxa aan ahaa kaliya dagaalka sokeeye Vietnamese, iyo dagaalka ka dhanka ah Maraykanka Vietnam. Ololaha sano (1965-1973) waxaa loo arkaa in ay muddada xiisad weyn ee gobolka. 8 bilood gudahood ka dib bilowga duulaanka reer Vietnam ahaa in ka badan 180 kun oo ciidanka Mareykanka. At height of iska hor imaad ah, tiradaasi ayaa kordhay saddex jeer.

Bishii Agoosto 1965 waxaa jiray dagaal ugu horeysay weyn Vietcong ciidamada dhulka Maraykanka. Waxa uu ahaa howlgal "Starlight". Colaadda kacday ilaa. Baaxaa A la mid ah ayaa sii waday in dayrta ee la mid ah, marka dunida oo dhan ayaa faafin news oo ka mid ah Battle of IA Drang.

"Raadi iyo dumiya"

Afarta sano ee hore ee faragelinta ilaa dhamaadka 1969, ciidamada Mareykanka ay qabatay weerar baaxad weyn oo ah in South Vietnam. istaraatijiyad ee mabda 'joogta ah Ciidamada Maraykanka ee "baadhaan oo ay baabbi'iyaan", horumariyo-sare William Westmoreland. xeeladaha American qaybsan soohdinta reer South Vietnam afar qaybood, kuwaas oo loo gudbiyo dhismayaasha.

In koowaad ee gobolladan, ku yaal si toos ah ee soo socota si ay hantidii Communists ah, u dhaqmeen Marines. dagaal u dhexeeya America iyo Vietnam, waxaa dibadda sida soo socota. Ciidamada Maraykanka dalku saddex daamood (phụ Bai, Da Nang iyo xasee), ka dibna ku daray inuu nadiifiyaan meelaha ku xeeran. Howlgalkan waxuu sii qaaday sanad buuxa 1966. Muddo dagaal ka adag halkan. Marka ugu horeysa, Maraykanka iska caabiyay ciidamada NLF. Laakiin markaas dalka reer North Vietnam ay la sugayay ciidanka ugu weyn ee gobolka.

Madax weyn Americans ahaa DMZ ah (zone demilitarized). iyada, Cong celinta ee lagu tuuray xagga koonfureed oo dalka tiro badan oo dadka iyo baabuurta. Taas darteed, Marine Corps lahaa, oo gacanta ku hal, in la isu geeyo daamood ay xeebta, oo dhinaca kale ah - in ay ka kooban yihiin cadowga goobta DMZ ah. In xagaagii 1966, "Operation Hastings" meel ku qaaday aagga demilitarized. Ujeeddadiisu waxay ahayd inuu soo afjaro kala iibsiga ee ciidamada NLF. In mustaqbalka, Marine Corps waxaa si buuxda diiradda on DMZ ah, dhiibteen xabsiga Coast ciidamada American cusub. Ciidamada u korodho oo aan istaagin. In 1967, in South Vietnam, waxaa la sameeyay 23-kii lugta Division of United States, riixay lagay ka dib guuldaradii of Reich Saddexaad ee Europe.

Dagaalka buuraha

Taatikada Zone II Corps saameeya meelaha buurtayda ku xiga si ay xuduudda la leh Laos. Iyada oo dalka reer Vietcong ah daalaeday bannaanka xeebta. In 1965 buuraha Annamskih bilaabay 1-dii hawlgalka iyo awr Division. In meesha oo ka mid ah dooxada Ya-Drang ayay joojiyeen weerarkii ciidanka North Vietnamese.

Dhamaadkii 1966 oo buuraha ka yimid 4aad lugta Division, United States (1-dii iyo awr lagu dhaqaaqay gobolka Bindan). Waxay ahaayeen ay taageerayaan ciidamo South Korean, oo sidoo kale soo gaaray Vietnam. Dagaalka Maraykanka, sababta oo ah waa diidan ee dalalka reer galbeedka u dulqaadan ballaarinta of shuuciyad saameeyeen iyo xulafadooda Asian. South Korea dib 1950 la kulmeen ay iska hor imaad dhiig ku daatay gaar ah la North Korea iyo dadkeeda ka fiican tahay dadka kale u fahmaan qiimaha ay leedahay khilaafka noocan oo kale ah.

dulucdii cadaawadda in II Corps ahaa dagaalka Dactyl ee November 1967. Americans u suurtagashay in ay khasaare culus in ay carqaladeeyaan weerar celinta Cong. dhabarjab ugu weyn qiyaasayey ku 173rd hawada Brigade.

falalka dhuumaalaysiga

dagaal daba dheeraaday America ee la Vietnam sanadihii la soo dhaafay ma joojin kari waayay, maxaa yeelay, reer dhuumaalaysiga ah. Ciidamada Vietcong socod weeraray kaabayaasha cadowga iyo si fudud ku qarsoon, asked ah. Hawsha ugu wayn ee Maraykanka dagaalka ka dhanka ah jabhada waxay ahayd in cadowga laga difaaco Saigon. In gobollada oo ku xiga si ay u sanduuqa battariga ee aagga magaalada III waxaa la aasaasay.

Waxa intaa dheer in South Korea, xulafadooda Maraykanka ee Vietnam ahaayeen dadka Australiyaanka ah. Ciidamo ku salaysan ee gobolka dalka Fuoktuy ah. Halkan beenta ugu weyn ee waddada tirada 13 oo uu bilaabo in Saigon, iyo darfihiisa ee xadka ay la Cambodia.

In mustaqbalka, in South Vietnam maray dhowr hawlgallo waaweyn: "Attleborough," "kulankooda City" iyo "Cedar Falls". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dagaalka dhuumaalaysiga sii. meesha ay ugu weyn ahaa Delta ee River ka badnaan-ka. Goobtani waxa ka buuxa biyagaleenka ahuba, kaymaha iyo kanaalada. Muuqaalka caan ku waxaa ka mid ah xitaa halka dagaalka ku hadhay mugga dadweynaha sare. Sababo la, kuwaas oo dhan duruufo waayo, sidaas dheer iyo si guul sii dagaalka dhuumaalaysiga ah. Maraykanka iyo Vietnam, ee gaaban, haddaannan raagin badan sii dheer tahay markii hore la filayay in Washington.

weerar Christmas

Bilowga 1968, Vietnamese North bilaabay hareereeyo oo ka mid ah saldhig American Marine Corps Kheshan. Sayidka bilaabay Offensive TET ah. Waxa ay magaca ka bilaabo sannadda cusub ee maxalliga ah helay. Sida caadiga ah kordheen TET colaadda hoos. Tani wakhtigaagu wuxuu ahaa kala duwan - ay weerar xaaqan oo dhan Vietnam. Dagaalka Maraykanka, sababta oo ahayd intransigence oo ka mid ah laba nidaam siyaasadeed, ma waxaa lagu dhammayn karaa ilaa inta labada dhinacba ma daalan khayraadka. In uu bilaabay a baaxad weyn oo weerar ku meel oo ka mid ah cadowga, ka Vietcong halis ku dhowaad dhammaan heli ciidamada.

La weeraray magaalooyin fara badan, oo ay ku jiraan Saigon. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, communists waxay ahaayeen awoodaan in ay qaataan oo kaliya cado ah - mid ka mid ah caasimadaha qadiimiga ah ee dalka. On meelaha kale ee weerarka ayaa si guul ah ka dhiidhiyaan. By March, weerar ayeey ka. Waxa aan gaari ay ujeedada ugu weyn: afgembiyaan dawladda South Vietnam. Waxaa intaa dheer, Maraykanka qabsaday cado. dagaalka ayaa ahaa mid ka mid ah yihiim dagaalka. Vietnam iyo Maraykanka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, sii dhiig. In kasta oo ay si dhab ah ku guuldareystay, waxaa uu saameyn weyn ku niyad ah ee Maraykanka.

In Maraykanka, weerar baaxad weyn oo ka mid ah Communists ah waxa loo arkay inay tabar ah oo ka tirsan ciidamada Maraykanka. doorka A weyn ee qaabeynta ra'yiga dadweynaha ciyaari warbaahinta. dareenka badan ay bixisay Battle of Khe Sanh. Wargeysyada dhaleeceeyey dowladda kharash weyn ku dagaal macno darro.

Dhanka kale, guga ee 1968 waxa ay bilaabeen dagaal oo Maraykan ah iyo xulafadooda. Waayo, dhammaystirka wacan ee howlgallada military waxaan weydiiyey Washington inay Vietnam diro ka badan 200 oo kun oo askari. Madaxweynaha Lindon Dzhonson kuma uu dhicin in ay qaataan tallaabo noocan oo kale ah. dareenka Anti-militarist ee dalka Mareykanka ayaa noqday arrin ka sii daran in siyaasadda gudaha. Sidaas darteed, Vietnam ayaa wax yar xoojin ah, iyo dabayaaqadii Marta Dzhonson dhawaaqay joojiyo oo qaraxii ka mid ah qaybta waqooyi ee dalka.

Vietnamisation

Si kastaba ha ahaatee dheer ama dagaal baa America ee la Vietnam, taariikhda bixitaankii ciidamada Mareykanka ku eegan socdo. Dhamaadkii 1968 uu ku guuleystay doorashada madaxtinimada Richard Nikson. Waxa uu u ololeeyey dhigyo antiwar oo sheegay doonayay in lagu gabagabeeyo ah "nabad sharafta leh". Against asalka this, taageerayaasha Communists ee Vietnam noqday ciyaaryahankii ugu horeeyay in ay weeraraan saldhigyada iyo jagooyinka US si ay u dardar bixitaankii ciidamada Mareykanka ka dalkooda.

In 1969, Maamulka Nixon u diyaariyey siyaasadda mabda'a Vietnamisation. Waxaa bedelay cilmiga "baadhaan oo ay baabbi'iyaan". wajibaadka waxay ahayd xaqiiqada ah in ka hor inta uusan dalka, Americans ku lahaa in ay soo wareejiyaan gacanta dowladda ay ku Saigon. Talaabooyinka jihada this ay bilaabeen ku saabsan asalka ah Second TET Offensive ah. Waxaa mar kale Ciqaahtii oo dhan South Vietnam.

Taariikhda dagaalka kula Maraykanka laga yaabaa in ay ka duwan haddii Communists ma lahayn saldhig danbe ee deriska la ah Cambodia. In dalka this, iyo sidoo kale in Vietnam, maray iska hor imaad sokeeye oo u dhexeeya taageerayaasha labada nidaam siyaasadeed oo iska soo horjeeda. In guga ee 1970, awoodda in inqilaab ee Cambodia qabtay sarkaalka Lon Nol afgembiyaa King Norodom Sihanouk. Dawladda cusub ayaa bedelay dabeecad u mucaaradka communist oo bilaabay inuu baabbi'iyo ay ka magangal kaymaha. Faraxsanayn weerar ee gadaalka dambe ee North Vietcong ee Vietnam weerareen Cambodia. Lon Nola si ay u caawiyaan dalka ayaa sidoo kale soo dag ah Americans iyo xulafadooda. Isbeddelaada waxa daray shidaalka in ay dabka ee xilli dadweynaha anti-dagaal ee dalka Mareykanka ay naftooda. Laba bilood ka dib, cadaadis ka raalli ahaynba dadka Nixon amar ku bixiyay in ciidan in ay ka baxaan ka Cambodia.

dagaal ee la soo dhaafay

Qaar badan oo khilaafaadka ka mid ah Cold War dheeryahay la dhiso waxaa ka mid ah communist gumaysiga ee saddexaad dal. Waxa ay ahayd marka laga reebo lahayn, iyo dagaal America ee la Vietnam. Yaa ku guuleystay xilli? Vietcong. By dhamaadka dagaalka niyadda askari American ayaa si weyn u dhacday. Ciidamada ayaa ku faafay isticmaalka daroogada. By 1971, Mareykanka ayaa joojisay baaxad weyn oo iyaga u gaar ah, oo waxay bilaabeen inay si tartiib tartiib ah ka baxaan ciidanka.

Sida laga soo xigtay siyaasadda Vietnamisation mas'uuliyadda waxa ka dhacaya dalka ee saaran garbaha dowladda ee Saigon dhacay - in February 1971 ciidamada South Vietnamese bilaabay "Operation Lam Shon 719". Ujeeddadiisu waxay ahayd inuu xakameeyo kala iibsiga askar iyo hub soo horjeeda dhuumaalaysiga ah, "Ho Shi Mina Trail". Waxaa xusid mudan in ka qaybgalka American waxaa ku jira ku dhowaad ma ay qaadan.

Bishii Maarso 1972, ciidamada North Vietnamese bilaabay a Kormaridda cusub waaweyn weerar. Wakhtigan, ciidanka 125,000th caawiyey boqollaal taangiyada - hub in ay leeyihiin NLF ku jira ma waxay ahayd ka hor. The Americans uusan ka qeyb qaadan dalka dagaallada, laakiin caawiyay South Vietnam ka hawada. Waxaa mahad this taageero, ku Communists guuleysatay inay ceshato dhabarka ciribtir. Sidaas waqti ka waqti aan joojin doonin dagaalka ka dhanka ah Maraykanka Vietnam. Cudurka of dareen pacifist oo dalka Mareykanka ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu sii waday.

In 1972, wakiilo ka North Vietnam iyo Maraykanka ayaa bilaabay wadahadalo ee Paris. Labada kooxood ayaa ku dhowaad isku raacay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xilligan la soo dhaafay uu soo dhexgalay Madaxweyne Thieu of South Vietnam. Waxa uu la aaminsiiyey Maraykanka in ay ku riday Col xaalado aan la aqbali karin. Sidaas darteed, wada dumiyeen.

dagaal Dhameystirka

The hawlaha la soo dhaafay Maraykanka ee Vietnam ahaa taxane ah oo qarax rooga of North Vietnam dhamaadka December 1972. Waxay noqday kuwa loo yaqaan "Linebacker". Sidoo kale xayiran magaca "Qaraxii Christmas" qalliinka. Waxay ahaayeen ugu weyn ee dagaalka oo dhan.

Hawlgalka ayaa bilaabay on toos ah amar uga Nixon. Madaxweynaha waxa uu doonayay sida dagaal loo dhakhso dhamaystiri karo iyo ugu danbeyn go'aansaday in ay cadaadis on Communists ah. The qaraxii kiciyey Hanoi oo kale oo muhiim ah magaalooyinka reer waqooyi qayb ka mid ah dalka. Marka dhamaaday dagaalkii Vietnam Maraykanka, waxaa caddaatay in ay tahay "Linebacker" qasbay dhinacyada si ay u yareeyaan farqiga ka jira wada xaajoodka final.

Ciidamada Maraykanka ayaa si buuxda u tagay Vietnam si waafaqsan Heshiiska Nabadda Paris, saxiixay January 27, 1973. By maalinta balse weli wadanka oo ku saabsan 24 million oo Maraykan ah. Ka bixitaanka ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyey on 29 March.

heshiis nabadeed ayaa sidoo kale loogu tala galay bilowgii xabad u dhexeeya labada qaybood ee Fiyetnaam. Dhab ahaantii, ma aysan dhicin. Aan American South Vietnam cadaato isdifaaci ka dhanka ah communists iyo badiyay dagaalka, laakiin bilowgii 1973 xataa lahaa Fadilmo tirsi xoog ciidan. Waqti ka, Mareykanka dayn inay siiyaan kaalmo dhaqaale oo si Saigon. Bishii Abriil 1975, Communists ugu dambayntii la aasaasay leeyahay awood ku baahsan oo dhan Vietnam. Sidaas dhamaaday iska hor imaad muddo-dheer ah ee dalka Asian.

Waxaa laga yaabaa in Maraykanka iyo in la jabiyo lahaa cadowga, balse ay door ee dalka Mareykanka ayaa ciyaaray opinion dadweyne oo ma jecla dagaal America ee la Vietnam (koobay natiijada dagaalka ayaa sanado badan). The dhacdooyinka ee xilli in ka tagay calaamad muhiim ah oo ku saabsan dhaqanka caanka ah ee qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii XX ah. Intii lagu guda jiray dagaalka lagu dilay oo ku saabsan 58,000 oo ciidamada Maraykanka.