Biography kooban oo Ivana Fedorova - horyaal, dadka waaweyn iyo caruurta ku qoran

Maanta, waxaan u noqday mid caadi ah publications - buugaag, joornaalada, wargeysyada. Iyagu waa qaali ahayn, waxaa si weyn loo heli karo, taas oo ah sababta habdhaqanka ku soo wajahan inta badan waa ixtiraam iyo taxadar la'aan. Oo mar kitaabkii ahaa ka qaalisan dahabka, waxay kaliya ee aad buu hodan u leedahay. abuurka ah ee buugga hal qaatay sannado badan, mararka qaarkood labaatan sano. Waxay ahayd shaqada adag iyo cabbudhinayo buuggan, iyo xaq u leeyihiin inay karraanigii ahaa waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay mudnaan, taas oo aan ka heli kartaa qof walba.

In Europe, wax bilaabay in la beddelo bartamihii qarnigii 15aad-ka, marka Johann Jarmal ah Gutenberg abuurtay saxaafadda daabaco. In Russia, ugu horeeyay ee saxaafadda daabaco amarada Ioanna Groznogo ee 1563 dhisay Ivan Fedorov. Waxa aynu ognahay waxa ku saabsan maanta? Biography kooban oo Ivana Fedorova - horyaal, carruurta iyo dadka waaweyn ay noqon doontaa mid aad u xiiso. Waxaa hoos lagu soo bandhigay.

asal ahaan

Waayo, taariikhyahanadu qaarkood ma oga taariikhda iyo meesha dhalashada Ivana Fedorova, oo uu sidii abtiriskoodii ahaa. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay, si kastaba ha ahaatee, in uu ku dhashay ee Moscow, meel u dhaxaysay sannadihii 1510 iyo 1530, waxaa iska lahaa Belarus Ragozina jir. cilmi badan oo nolosha horyaal ku adkaysanayaan in uu ku dhashay 1510 ee gobolka Kaluga.

Bilow Biography

Waxaa la og yahay in Ivan Fedorov bartay at the University of Cracow ka 1529 by 1532, oo helay shahaadada koowaad ee. Qoraalkan waa la ilaaliyay ee archives University. Waxaa laga yaabaa in ay ahayd halkan in marka hore uu maqlay oo ku saabsan farshaxan ah.

Back ee caasimada, Ninkii dhallintayaraa ee ku biiray Church ee St. Nicholas Gostunskii. Bartay, si fiican u akhri, si fiican u la rijeynaya, uu hoos bacdi ee Metropolitan Macarius yimid. Arintaan ayaa ku dhawaa inuu Tsar Ivan Xun, oo waxay u badan tahay in ay ahayd kii soo jeediyay in aaminaya abuurka ah ee saxaafadda daabaco ugu horeysay ee Russia nin dhallinyaro awood.

Dhismaha guriga daabacaadda Ruush ugu horeysay

Biography kooban oo Ivana Fedorova - horyaal, carruurta iyo dadka waaweyn ayaa shaaca ka qaaday xaqiiqda muhiim ah. In 1550, nolosha Fedorov sameeyey jeedo af badan. By amar of Ioanna Groznogo uu baray in uu abaabulo daabacaadda. Bilaabay howlgal ballaaran qalabka daabacaada ugu horeysay Ruush. Daacad horyaal caawiyeyaasha in hawsha adag noqday Peter Mstislavets iyo Marusha Nerefev. shuqulladii ay dhammaadaan kaliya ee 1563.

"Rasuulka The" iyo "Breviary"

April 17, 1563 odaygii bilaabay in la abuuro buugga ugu horeysay "Rasuulka The." Waxaa la dhammeeyey ku dhowaad hal sano ah. taariikhda rasmiga ah ee ay daabacaadan waxaa loo arkaa inay March 1, 1564.

Kasta Biography kooban oo Ivan Fedorov - horyaal, ee carruurta ama loogu talagalay dadka waaweyn in ay qoraan, hubi inaad sheeg kitaabkan, laakiin seego xaqiiqooyinka xiiso leh:

• buugga lahaa 268 go'yaal, kuwaas oo 262 tiriyey,
• Waxaa la sii daayay oo ku af Old Slavonic;
• daabacaadda isticmaalo cas iyo madow, magaca cas oo daabacan oo ah cutubyada;
• xarafka ugu horeeya ee bilowga cutubka kasta oo cusub waxaa la soo sawiray by gacanta by fannaaniinta;
• cutubka kasta ayaa loo sharraxay handmade wax sharraxsan, ubaxa quruxda badan,
• wareegga guud ee "Rasuulka" wuxuu ahaa 1,000 koobi, kuwaas oo 47 ka badbaaday oo keliya.

In 1565, labadii koob ee la sii daayay buug labaad - ". Breviary" Oo ka mid ah 345 nuqulada in ay ka badbaaday 7 kaliya.

diyaarad

Next, Biography kooban oo Ivan Fedorov - horyaal, carruurta iyo dadka waaweyn in ay qoraan, inoo sheegayaa in uu lahaa in ay ka cararaan Moscow. Waxaa jiray dhowr sababood:

• si Pioneer iftiinka ugu sareeya diriray ka cabsi qaba in ka dhigi lahaa akhriska iyo qoraalka daabacaadda buugga ay heli karaan dadka caadiga ah iyo dadka wax bartay wax badan oo ay adag tahay in ay ku shaqeeyaan,
• Waxay ahaayeen qanacsanayn culimmada in Macaabidda Yuhuud, kuwaas oo run ahaantii ay kibis lumay;
• sheekh dhawaaqay been abuurtay falato guriga daabaco.

Riix si baxsado siiyey gubidda ee 1566, taas oo keentay in printer ugu horeysay Ivan Fedorov badiyay dhamaan hantidoodii. Oo wuxuu u kacay Lithuania.

muddo Lithuanian

Grand Duchy of Lithuania soo daabacay dahabtumayaashii. printer ugu horeeyay ee Ivan Fyodorov isticmaalaya Hetman Chodkiewicz ayaa dhisay warshad daabacaadda cusub ee Zabludovo. In 1568-1569 GG. Waxaa la daabacay "injiilka didactic", iyo in 1570 arkeen sii daayo "NAQISTA la chasoslovtsem".

Sababtan aan la garanayn qaar ka mid ah Chodkiewicz si lama filaan ah ka gooyay maalgalinta daabacaadda, Fedorov ayaa soo bandhigay tuulo yar oo lagula talinayaa in ay ku lug beeraha. Ivan Fedorov - horyaal, Biography gaaban ee carruurta iyo dadka waaweyn kaas oo lagu qeexay qodobka ah, ay weli tahay mid aamin ah si dacwaddiisa. Waxa uu soo ururiyey hanti iyo qoyska (aad ogtahay, wixii uu haystay oo xaas iyo carruur ah) u guuray magaalada.

Work in Lviv

markii saddexaad, printer ugu horeysay Ivan Fyodorov nolosha bilaabay mar kale. Waxa uu abaabulay guri daabacaadda, halkaas oo in 1574 uu daabacay 2 buugaag:

• "Rasuulka The" la daro iyo sixitaanka,
• "Primer".

Arintaan - mid ka mid ah buugaagta ugu qiimaha badan ee dunida. Ka hor inta aannu mar ayaa soo gaadhay tusaale ahaan waxaa ka mid ah 1 keliya. Maanta, waxa lagu kaydiyaa maktabadda Harvard ah.

Dhaqaaqaan iyo qorrax

In 1575, Fedorov martiqaad ka mid ah kuwii gobta ahaa taajirsan helay - Konstantina Ostrozhskogo, waxay leeyihiin saxaafadda daabacaada ah oo xarig ah in Volyn. Pioneer aqbalay dalab oo mar kale u dhaqaaqay meel cusub. Waxaa jira lacag Sirkaalkii wuxuu abaabulay saxaafadda daabaco.

Ostrog ahayd muddada ugu badan dhala nolosha Ivan Fedorov. Iyada oo 1578 iyo 1581 sano. uu sii daayay 6 buugaagta.

In 1582kii, kiisaska print sayidkiisa Ehelkiisa in Lvov, halkaas oo uu ku dhintay saboolnimada ee 1583 ku soo laabtay. Oo waxaa lagu aasay keniisad ee St. Onufrievskom. Tani waxay ku dhamaatay Biography kooban oo Ivan Fedorov - horyaal, carruurta iyo dadka waaweyn si ay u qoraan.